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1st PUC History Establishment of Greek and Roman Empires – Contributions Text Book Questions and Answers
Establishment of Greek and Roman Empires – Contributions
I. Answer in one word or one sentence (Each carries 1 Mark).
Question 1.
Which is the most ancient civilization of Europe?
Answer:
The Greek civilization is the most ancient civilization of Europe.
Question 2.
On which river valley did the Greek civilization develop?
Answer:
Danube.
Question 3.
What is the meaning of the word ‘Hellenes’?
Answer:
Greeks were originally called Hellens because they claimed descent from a common ancestor, Hellenes.
Question 4.
In which civilization do we find City-States?
Answer:
Greek Civilization.
Question 5.
In which city-state of Greece did democracy develop?
Answer:
Athens
Question 6.
Whose period is popularly called as the ‘Golden age’ of Athens?
Answer:
Pericles period is popularly called as the ‘Golden age’ of Athens.
Question 7.
Who is called as the father of Medicine?
Answer:
Hippocrates is called as the father of medicine.
Question 8.
Between whom was the Peloponnesian wars fought?
Answer:
Peloponnesian war between Athens and Sparta (From 431 B.C.E to 404 B.C.E).
Question 9.
Name the battle in which Alexander defeated Porus.
Answer:
Alexander defeated king Porus in the battle of Hydaspes or battle of Jhelum (326 B.C.E).
Question 10.
Which Indian King defeated Seleucus?
Answer:
Chandra Gupta Maury a defeated General Seleucus.
Question 11.
Who was Euripides?
Answer:
‘Euripides’ was a great dramatist of Greek civilization.
Question 12.
Who is the author of Peloponnesian wars?
Answer:
Thucydides is the author of Peloponnesian wars.
Question 13.
Who wrote the book ‘The Republic’?
Answer:
‘Plato’ wrote the book ‘The Republic’.
Question 14.
In which year did the Olympic Games begin?
Answer:
In 776 B.C.E the Olympic games began.
II. Answer in 2 words or 2 sentences (Each carries 2 Marks).
Question 1.
Name any two City-States of ancient Greece.
Answer:
Sparta, Athens, Macedonia, Corinth and Thebes were important city-states of ancient Greece.
Question 2.
Name any two reforms introduced by Solon.
Answer:
Important reforms of solon:
- He liberated the farmers, declared debt slavery as illegal, and cancelled all mortgages of land.
- He helped Athenian merchants by introducing coin – currency and encouraged foreign artists to settle in Athens.
Question 3.
Mention any two reforms of Cleisthenes.
Answer:
Cleisthenes reforms are as follows:
- He granted the citizenship rights to male adults. Thus poor people also got right to vote.
- He reorganized the state on democratic features.
- He ended the tribal nature of Government.
Question 4.
Where is Parthenon temple? And who built it?
Answer:
Parthenon temple or the temple of virgin was built at Athens. It was built by Pericles.
Question 5.
Name any two dramatists of Periclean age.
Answer:
Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were great dramatists who wrote tragic plays during the Periclean age.
Question 6.
Mention any two philosophers of Periclean Age.
Answer:
The Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the great philosophers of Periclean Age.
Question 7.
Name any two important Historians of Periclean Age.
Answer:
Herodotus, Thucydides and Plutarch were the important historians of Periclean age.
Question 8.
Name any two battles in which Alexander defeated the Persians.
Answer:
Alexander defeated Persians in the battle of Granicus and Issus andAruble.
Question 9.
Which are the two works of Homer?
Answer:
Homer was a great poet who wrote two epics ‘Illiad and Odyssey’.
Question 10.
Who are the two lyric poets of Greek Civilization?
Answer:
Pindar and Sappo were greatest of the lyric poets of Greek civilization.
Question 11.
Name the two works of Aeschylus.
Answer:
Aeschylus was the founder of Greek tragedy. He wrote ‘PrometheusBound’ arid ‘Agamemnon’.
Question 12.
Mention any two works of Sophocles.
Answer:
Sophocles was the greatest of the Greek tragedians who wrote Oedipus rex, Antigone and Electra.
Question 13.
Who were the mathematicians of ancient Greece?
Answer:
The ancient Greece Mathematicians are Pythagoras and Euclid.
Question 14.
Mention any two styles of ancient Greek architecture.
Answer:
The Greek architecture consists of 3 styles they are – Doric, Ionic and Corinthian styles.
Question 15.
Mention any two important philosophers of ancient Greece.
Answer:
The most famous philosophers of Greece were – Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.
Question 16.
Mention the two works of Plato.
Answer:
- The Republic
- The laws are the important works of Plato.
Question 17.
Mention the two works of Aristotle.
Answer:
- The politics
- The History Animal are the important works of Aristotle.
III. Answer in 15 to 20 sentences (Each carries 5 Marks).
Question 1.
Write a short note on city-states of ancient Greece.
Answer:
City-state was a political achievement of Greeks. Many factors responsible for the development of city-states. They are – physical features of the country. Tribal characters of the people were important reasons: Polis created to strengthen the site but after some time it was objected by the sovereign state.
A group of village people began to dwelling into larger units and promote to form a city-states. At the convenience of the city citadel or Acropolis was built for defence. And the city spread around the Acropolis. Important city-states of Greek civilization were Athenes, Sparta, Macedonia, Corinth and Thebes.
Though they were independent, they quarrelsome and Jealous. But one of the most important thing united then was, they were all Hellenes. And they used common language and literature they were all worshippers of god Zeus, Appollo, and Athena.
Question 2.
Explain briefly how democracy developed in Athens.
Answer:
In the early state city-states were controlled by few nobles with the support of military. But they realised that monarchy and digarchy was not suitable for them. With contributions of law givers like Draco, Solon and Cleisthenes democracy developed. Draco, a nobleman gave the Athenians a written document of code of laws.
It provides safety to the people from the tyranny and dishonest of judges. Solon introduced the constitution reform of democratic character. Cleisthenes broke the power of the ruling clans by granting citizenship rights. He reorganised the state on democratic trends. He expanded the constitution.
When Pericles became leader, he laid the firm foundation for democracy in Athens. He was responsible for the formation of legislative body (Areopagus). This body suggested measures to the assembly. It was freely discussed by all citizens of Athens and laws were passed.
Aboard of 10 generals elected by the assembly acted as a kind of cabinet Pericles was the president of this board. The generals were responsible to the assembly and thus they could not become dictators.
Question 3.
Why is the Porcelain age called as the ‘golden age’?
Answer:
Pericles made radical changes in political system. He strengthened the democracy. Athens was rebuilt by Pericles, became centre of art and architecture. A large buildings were constructed. The famous Parthenon or the temple of virgin was built of coloured marbles stones. He built long walls to protect the city by foreign invaders.
Many great philosophers belonging to his period Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were the greatest dramatist belongs to Pericles age Hippocrates, the father of medicine practiced in this Age.
The famous historians like Thucycidies, Phtarch were lived in Periclean age. The poets likes appho and Pindar poets lived in this Age. Above all contributed to developed the civilization. Hence perciles age is called as golden age.
Question 4.
What are the contributions of the Greeks to literature?
Answer:
Greeks contributed to epics, poetry, drama, history, medicines, lyrics etc., Homer was a great poet who wrote two epics ‘Illiad’ and ‘Odyssey’ – these epics give us a lot of information about social, Economic, political conditions of early Greek civilization. Pindar and Sappo were the greatest of the lyric poets.
Aeschylus called she founder of Greek tragedy who wrote Prometheus Bound and Agamemnon’. Sophocles, the greatest tragedy drama writer who wrote ‘Oedipus rex’ ‘Antigone and Electra. These plays are admired all over the world even today. Euripides wrote plays ‘Trojan women’, Aristophanes was the greatest comic poet.
The great historian Herodotus called as the father of history belongs to this Age. Thucydides described the war between Sparta and Athens in his famous work ‘Peloponnesian wars’ Phitarch another historian of this period who wrote ‘lives of illustrious men’.
Question 5.
Briefly explain the contribution of the Greeks to science.
Answer:
Aristotle lain the foundations of natural science. Theophrastus a student of Aristotle established ‘Botany’ as a recognised science. Hippocrates established modem medicine. He taught that diseases have natural origin and not caused by evil spirit. He is known as the father of medicine.
Herophilus is called as – ‘the father of anatomy’ Ptolemy said earth was centre of the universe. But Aristarchus propounded the theory that earth and other planets revolve round the sun. Another notable scientist Eratosthenes who calculated the circumference of earth.
Eratosthenes prepared an accurate map of the world. Pythagoras and Euclid made many contributions to Mathematics, especially to Geometry. Archimedes was also a famous scientist of ancient scientist of ancient Greece.
Question 6.
What are the contributions of the Greeks to Art and architecture?
Answer:
In the early stage Greeks used wood and later they used sun-dried bricks and marbles to build the temple. Greek Architecture can be devided into 3 styles. They are – Doric, Ionic and Corinthian tyles. The Parthenon is one of the beautiful temple built by them. Phidius carved statue of Goddess Athena, which is tall marble statue.
It was built by king Pericles. The Greeks expressed human values like beauty and courage in the sculpture. They portrayed naked, well built and muscular bodies. Myron and Phidus were the famous sculptors of this period. Greeks also expressed excellent painting on vases.
Question 7.
Explain the religion of the ancient Greeks.
Answer:
The Greeks did not believe in god. But they tended to glorify men who were more powerful and beautiful. The Gods were 12 Olympians, of them 3 were more important Zeus, Appollo, and Athena. Zeus was the master of God and father of men. Apollo was the son of Zeus, Athena was the protector of the city.
There were no churches or holy books. But they believe that mount Olympus would often visit the earth. The Greeks practiced the celebrations of Olympia festival.
IV. Answer in 30 to 40 Sentences (Each Carries 10 Marks).
Question 1.
Explain the achievements of Pericles.
Answer:
Pericles was the great grandson of Clisthenes. He made radical changes in politics. Athenian democracy reached its greatest height in his period. He laid the firm foundation for democracy. He was rebuilt the Athenes which was destroyed by Persians. Athens became a centre of art and architecture.
He built the famous Parthenon or the temple virgin. He patronized music. He built long wall to protect the city from invaders. He gave encourage to philosophers, writers, poets, dramatist and historians. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the great philosophers of his period.
Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were the greatest dramatists of his period. Historians Herodotus, Thucydides, Phitarch were comes under his period. Sappho and Pindar were the great poets during this time. Hippocrates a famous doctor practised this time and he was called as father of medicines. Apart from all the above points enough to understand the greatness of Pericles and his mle (469 – 429 BCE) was Golden rule for Greeks.
Question 2.
Discuss the contributions of Greeks.
Answer:
The contribution of Greek can be broadly divided into many headings. They are cultural contributions. They gave immense contributions to the development of Greek culture. The ideology of Greek completely dominated European culture. Literature: They gave a valuable contribution through literature.
The great dramatist, poets, Lyrist, historians published their work and influenced the life of the Greeks. Homer’s Illid and odyssey, oedipus Rey and Antigone of Sophocleks Eurripide’s Trojan women are wonderful creations of literature.
Science:
Aristotle and his student Theophrastus contributed valuable information to science. Ptolemy, Aristarchus, Eratosthenes Archimedes, Pythagoras and Euclid were the important scientists of this period. They gave valuable information to science and Mathematics.
Art and Architecture:
They developed Doric, Ionic and the Corinthian styles of architecture. The famous Parthenon temple built by them. Many statues and portrayed belongs to their period. Philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle gave valuable and memorable contribution to politics, economics, sociology and science.
They interpret many new concepts of different subject which helped to modernise the society and people. Socrates tried to break down many prejudices of his people. Plato in his book republic divided the society into 3 classes. He had the ambition to establish ‘ideal state’.
Aristotle was called as walking university and father of 3 branches of knowledge viz., Philosophy, Biology and Political science. Greeks did not believe in God but they glorify the men who were powerful and beautiful. There were no script or holy books for the aspects of their religion. The Olympic games were started by them. The first Olympic games were held in 776 B.C.E at Olympia.
1st PUC History Establishment of Greek and Roman Empires – Contributions Additional Questions and Answers
Question 1.
Write a brief note on socrates.
Answer:
Socrates was the philosopher who taught the western world to think logically. Socrates known for intellectualism and rationality. He gave a philosophical basis for early Greeks thought. He believed in political social justice, morality, religion, patriotism democracy, humanity and ethics. His life was a struggle of suffering and adventure.
His intellectualism was mainly ethical, knowledge is virute, virtue is knowledge this was the foundation of Socratic thought. He did not develop his thought within 4 walls. He used to cany on his intellectual exercise in the form of questions and answer with strangers in crowded areas of market places, shops and streets. But he was condemned by Athens. They misunderstood that he was corrupting youth and introducing new gods. He was forced to drink poison.
Question 2.
Write short note on ‘Plato’.
Answer:
He is one of the famous philosophers of Greece. He was disciple of socrates and advocated ideas of social justice and ethics, among others. He was the architect of the idea of ‘Ideal Republic’. He was a supporter of education and started a school named ‘The Academy’ in Athens. This became famous as the first university of Europe.
He wrote important books among them the republic, the text, and history Plato’s thoughts are capable of influencing even th 21st century political view. Plato left Athens after the death of his master Socrates and traveled to Greece, Egypt and Italy. He was a great scholar who distinguished himself not only in the field of political science but also in Mathematics and Jurisprudence.
Question 3.
Write brief note on Aristotle.
Answer:
He was one of the greatest philosophers of Greek. He was the student of Plato at Academy He was the teacher of king Alexander. Socrates and Plato had a deep influence on his thought. He was a philosopher and scientist he wrote many books, he was calling as walking university. He is regarded as the father of 3 branches of knowledge viz. his Political science, Biology and Philosophy.
The structure and nature of ideal state, the status of women, slavery, the extent of property, citizenship, education revolution, socialism and democracy were some of the thoughts that Aristotle has discussed. His philosophy can be considered as the development of Plato’s philosophy.
He had a deep understanding of investigative habit in research. His important works are politics and History of Animals. A few people being prejudicial opposed him. Enemies increased in number. Faced with no alternative, Aristotle committed suicide by consuming poison.
1st PUC History The Roman Civilization Text Book Questions and Answers
The Roman Civilization
I. Answer in one word or one sentence (Each carries 1 Mark).
Question 1.
On which river bank did the Egyptian civilization develop?
Answer:
liber river
Question 2.
When was the Roman Republic established?
Answer:
The Roman Republic was established around 509 B.C.E.
Question 3.
From which word is the name ‘Rome’ derived?
Answer:
Latin word Latium. The city was named Rome (Roma) after Romulus.
Question 4.
The word ‘ Republic’ is derived from which Latin word?
Answer:
‘Respublica’ which means a thing of the people.
Question 5.
Who was Hannibal?
Answer:
He was a brilliant general. He led punic war (II) Carthage.
Question 6.
Who became the first dictator of Rome?
Answer:
Marius was the first dictator of Rome.
Question 7.
Who acted as a mediator between Julius Caesar and Pompey?
Answer:
Crassus had acted as a mediator between Caesar and Pompey.
Question 8.
Whose famous words are ‘Vini, Vidi, Vici’?
Answer:
Julius Ceasar.
Question 9.
Which was the battle in which Julius Caesar defeated Pompey?
Answer:
Julius Ceasar defeated the Pompey at Pharsalus, he further chased Pompey up to Egypt where he was killed.
Question 10.
Who was Cleopatra?
Answer:
She was a ruler of Egypt. Earlier she had love affair with Julius caesar and later with Mark Antony.
Question 11.
Who was the person responsible for the murder of Julius Caesar?
Answer:
Julius Caesar murdered by senators headed his close friend Brutus.
Question 12.
Name the greatest ruler of Roman Empire.
Answer:
Augustus Caesar was the greatest ruler of Roman Empire.
Question 13.
What was the original name of Augustus Caesar?
Answer:
Octavian Caesar.
Question 14.
What is the meaning of Augustus?
Answer:
‘Holy’ or ‘dignity’
Question 15.
Who was the emperor of Rome when Jesus Christ was bora?
Answer:
Jesus Christ was bom during Augustus Caesar.
Question 16.
Who shifted the capital of Roman Empere to Constantinople?
Answer:
Constantine (306 – 337CE) shifted the capital to Constantinople.
Question 17.
What is the modern name for Constantinople?
Answer:
Today Constantinople called as Istanbul.
Question 18.
What is Justinian famous for?
Answer:
He was famous for Justinian code.
Question 19.
Who was the greatest physician of Ancient Roman Empire?
Answer:
Galen was the greatest physician of Ancient Roman Empire.
Question 20.
Who was the first person to describe Diabetes and diphtheria?
Answer:
Aretacus was the first to describe diabetes and diphtheria.
Question 21.
Who built Saint Sophia church at Constantinople?
Answer:
Augustus.
II. Answer in 2 words or 2 sentences (Each carries 2 Marks).
Question 1.
Who founded the city of Rome?
Answer:
The city of Rome was founded by twin brothers – Romulus and Remus in 753 BCE on the Palatine hill.
Question 2.
Name the ‘first Triumvirate’ of Roman Civilization.
Answer:
Crassus, Pompey and Caesar (Trio) were called as the ‘First Triumvirate.
Question 3.
Which are the books written by Julius Caesar?
Answer:
Julius Caesar wrote ‘Gallic wars’ and ‘Civil wars’.
Question 4.
Name any two reforms introduced by Julius Caesar,
Answer:
Improvement in agriculture, reduction of taxes, removal of corrupt and oppressive governors and improve coinage system. He introduced the Julian calender. He distributed public lands and provided employment to the poor.
Question 5.
Who are popularly called the ‘second Triumvirate’?
Answer:
Mark Antony [Julius Caesar friend] Capedus [Caesar’s deputy] and Octavian [Caesar’s grand nephew]. These three legally established the ‘Second Triumvirate’.
Question 6.
What is coliseum?
Answer:
It was an amphitheatre in Rome. It was built in 80 CE by Emperor Vespasian. It can accommadate about 50,000 people. Citizens of Rome came here to watch gladiators fight or the slaying of Christians by the hungry lions.
Question 7.
Mention the two important generals of Augustus Caesar.
Answer:
The great generals of Augustus caesar Agrippa and Maecenas.
Question 8.
Name any four poets or writers who adorned the court of Augustus.
Answer:
The important writers and poets of Augustus’s period. Livy, Horace, Virgil, Ovid, Pliny and Tacitus.
Question 9.
What is Pax Romana?
Answer:
The establishment of the empire brought about great peace called Pax Romana. It includes Europe, Asia and African continents. This made the growth of Roman civilization. Rome gave peace to the entire Mediterranean world by the might of its army. For about 200 year from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius. The empire enjoyed peace (Roman peace).
Question 10.
What are twelve tables?
Answer:
The easy laws of Roman were interpreted by the priests. The first written code came in the form of twelve tables in 150 B.C.E.
Question 11.
What is Jus – Gentium?
Answer:
The Roman Laws came to completely classified and codified by the great Roman emperor Justinian. Jus Gentium, originally applying to a foreigner in Rome and to others within Roman lands, who were not given citizenship.
Question 12.
Name any two historians of ancient Rome.
Answer:
Sallust, Plutarch, Livy, Tacitus were great historians of Roman civilization.
Question 13.
What is pantheon?
Answer:
Probably the most famous and best preserved of Roman buildings is the Pantheon. It is originally built during the time of Augustus Caesar and it was fully rebuilt during the time of Hadrian.
III. Answer in 15 to 20 sentences (Each carries 5 Marks).
Question 1.
Explain briefly the Roman wars with Carthage.
Answer:
War with Carthage was the struggle for the supremacy over the western Mediterranean region that led to punic wars (264 -146 BCE) between Rome and Carthage. It was a long conflict. The first punic war was bassically a naval war, in which Rome emerged triumphant In the second punic war carthage was led by a brilliant general ‘Hannibal’.
He was victorious but could not capture Rome. The Romans used guerrila and delay tactics. Finally Carthaginians were beaten. Hannibal committed suicide. In the punic wars Rome invaded Carthaginians and totally destroyed them. From there onwards, Rome became the undisputed master of the Mediterranean regions.
Question 2.
Write a short note on Julius Caesar.
Answer:
Julius Caesar was a great general, dictator reformer and the symbol of ancient Rome. He was bold and powerful. By this time there emerged the first Triumvirate [Three men] viz Pompey, Julius Caesar and Crassus. Triumvirate disintegrated Ceasar defeated Pompey and victorious in many war.
He over threw his opponents. His message to the senate ‘vini, vidi, vici’ I came, I saw, I conquered, Caesar became dictator of Rome. He had love affair with queen Cleopatra. Caesar brought many changes in Roman administration and introduced Civil reforms. He distributed government lands to poor.
He extended citizenship rights to provincial subjects and organised Italian towns on the model of Rome. He reformed agriculture, taxes, corruption coinage system. He introduced the Julian calender He was a great orator and writer. He wrote famous books ‘Gallic wars’ and civil wars. He was murdered by senate members headed by his close friend Brutus.
Question 3.
Explain briefly the rise of Eastern Roman Empire.
Answer:
The successors of Augustus were weak and tyrants, Marcus Aurelius (161 to 180 BCE) was one of the efficient ruler. But his successors were inefficient and incompetent. The decline of Roman civilization was to some extent checked by Diocletian and his successors. Constantine shifted the capital to Constantinople.
Today is called Istanbul. He encouraged spread of Christianity and granted liberty to Christians. Justinian (527 – 567 CE) was the last and powerful emperor who had controlled eastern and western halves of the empire. He implements the Justinian code. The eastern Empire with Constantinople as its capital continued to exist till it was overthrown by the Turk in 1453 CE.
Question 4.
What is Pax Romana? Explain.
Answer:
The Roman Empire include a vast territory of 3 continents. Europe, Asia and Africa. The establishment of the empire brought about great peace called Pax Romana. This helped to develop Roman civilization. Rome was provide gave peace to the Mediterranean regions. Before the emergence of this empire, the Mediterranean region was place of wars and battles among its petty rulers.
Nearly 200 years the empire enjoyed peace. As a result trade and commerce flourished. People began to lead a prosperous life because of peace and prosperity. Cities were developed, buildings were constructed and remarkable change took place. Roman citizenship was granted. They treated equal with each other.
Question 5.
Write a short note on Roman law.
Answer:
The most important contribution of Romans was the formation of a body of laws. Their laws impact on almost all the civilized nations of the world today. These laws enabled the Romans to maintain order over a vast empire which the Greeks were unable to do.
The first written code came in the form of ‘Twelve tables’ in 150 BCE. Economic conditions were changed, commercial transaction were legalized. It established among the citizens of rome, equallity before the law.
Roman law can be divided into two parts:
- The Jus civili law, which applied only to Roman citizens.
- Jhs Gentium, originlaly applying to foreigner in Rome and to others within Roman lands, who were not given citizenship.
Question 6.
What are the contributions of Romans to language and literature?
Answer:
Latin was the language of ancient Roman empire. Latin remained the language of church, sciences, medicine, law and education. It was used for most of the written transactions in Europe, throughout the middle ages. The prose works of Cicero [CICERO] and the poetry of Catullus and Lucretins were notalble in the field of literature
Julius Caesar wrote ‘Gallic wars’ and civil wars, writing Virgil, Horace Livy and Orid were the important writings, of those period Virgil wrote ‘Aeneid’, lyrics of Horace and the natural history of livy were notable works. Livy wrote the great work of history of Rome. Tacitus wrote ‘Annals’ and histories. The well known historians were sallust and pitch marked tremendous history.
Question 7.
Explain briefly the contributions of Romans to science.
Answer:
Roman contributions in science were very limited. Most of the conclusions reached by Roman scientists were philosophical and not the result of careful experimentation. They were the first to provide free medicine to poor patients. The greatest physician was Galen (130- 200 CE). He wrote human anatomy and physiology.
The knowledge of human anatomy enabled them to conduct operations and to remove goiters and tonsils. Galen was one of the first to discover the circulation of blood. Aretacus was the first to describe diabetes and diphtheria. Roman numerals I to X are still used today.
Question 8.
What are the contributions of ancient Romans to art and architecture?
Answer:
Romans were great buildres. They built temples, theatres, fine public buildings, both and homes were built in large numbers. Pompey’s theatre was a magnificent structure – Augustus erected the Imperial palace on the Palantine one of the seven hills of Rome.
Vespasian built the Coliseum where, gladiatorial contents were held. Pantheon buildings are very important Justinian church of Saint Sophia at Constantinople is one of the magnificent building of this age.
They introduced two architectural improvements:
- a) The Arch
- Cupolas or Domes.
Water system and roads are examples of Roman engineering. Romans developed their sculptures on Greek models. Buildings were decorated with sculptures and reliefts. Painting works are not survived.
IV. Answer in 30 to 40 Sentences (Each carries 10 Marks).
Question 1.
Explain the life and achievement of Augustus Caesar.
Answer:
He was a great ruler and wise statesman. After several years of political turmoil Rome enjoyed more than 3 decades of peace. He is not only built on empire but also was a great patron art and literature. His age is called as the ‘Golden Age’ in the history of Rome.
Mark Antony, Lapedus and octavian formed ‘second Triumvirate’ they attempted to hunt down all those who had conspired against Julius Caesor. Later relationship between Mark Antony deteriorated. The war brokout between Activian and Antony. In the battle of ‘Action’(31 BCE) Antony was defeated with the conquest of Egypt, a new era began for Romans. Octavian was the sole Roman leader.
This was the beginning of the Roman Era. He established the government known as ‘principate’ government by the first citizen. He introduced many reforms which had far reaching consequences in Rome. He gave a centre to the system, a chief to the civil service, a head to the army, a sovereign to the subjects, a protector to the provinces and peace to the empire.
He reorganised the government of the conquered territories, stopped phinder and corruption and strengthened law and order. The emperor kept farmers happy. He spent money lavisly on construction of public buildings, roads, bridges, amphitheaters and fountains. Rome became one of the chief centre for trade and commerce.
He maintained diplomatic and commercial contacts with the number of countries including India and China. He encouraged art, literature, history and science. Jesus Christ was bom during his reign. Augustan Age is popularly called the golden age in the history of Rome. It was known for peace and prosperity.
Question 2.
Describe the contributions of Roman civilization.
Answer:
Pax Romana:
The establishment of the Roman empire brought about great peace called Pax Romana. It helped to growth of Roman civilization.
Roman Law:
The most important contributors of Romans were Roman Law. They formed body of a law. The first written code came in the form ‘Twelve tables’.
- The Jus civii which applied only to Roman citizens.
- Jus Gentum – It applied to foreigners in Rome and others within the Roman lands, who were not given citizenship.
Language and literature:
Latin was the language of ancient Roman empire. In the field of literature and history they made a remarkable achievement
Cicero – prose work
Lucretivs / catullus – poetry
Julius caesar’s Gallic wars and civil wars
Virgil – voice of Rome – wrote Aeneid
Livy – Natural history
Tactis – Annals
Pliny -Natura history
Science:
Their contributions to the science is limited. They provide free medicines to the poor, they built public bath, maintained cleanliness. The greatest physician ‘Galen’ wrote human anatomy and physiology. Aretacus was the first to describe diabetes and diphtheria. Roman numbers I – X are still used today.
Art and Architecture:
They built many magnificent temple and theatres and fine buildings. Vespasian built the Coliseum where gladiator contest were held. Pantheon was rebuilt by Hadrian. The Justinian church of Saint Sophia at Constantinople were important. They develop sculpture and paintings also. Most of the sculptures depicted emperors placed in the city squares as symbol of their power and authority.
1st PUC History The Roman Civilization Additional Questions and Answers
I. Answer in one word or one sentence (Each carries 1 Mark).
Question 1.
Who were the first inhabitants of Italy?
Answer:
They came from North Africa and settle down in Italy.
Question 2.
Which was language of Romans?
Answer:
Latin was their ancient language.
Question 3.
In the early ancient great which form of government prevailed?
Answer:
Republic or monarchy prevailed in the early ancient greeks.
Question 4.
Who murdered Julius caesar?
Answer:
The consipirators (senate members) headed Brutus murdered Julius caesar.
Question 5.
Who was Cleopatra?
Answer:
The Queen of Egypt who had love affair with Julius caesar.
Question 6.
Define the term ‘Principate’
Answer:
The government by the first citizen.
Question 7.
Who was the first principate of Roman empire?
Answer:
Julius Caesar was the first principate of Roman empire.
Question 8.
Name the most important Amphitheatre?
Answer:
Coliseum built at Rome was the important and significant Amphitheatre. This could accommodate about 50,000 people.
Question 9.
Who gave the idea of world state?
Answer:
Julius Caesar gave the ideas of world state.
Question 10.
Who introduced the ‘Justinian code’?
Answer:
The great emperor ‘Justinian’ (527 – 565 CE) introduced the Justinian code.
Question 11.
Where was Constantinople built?
Answer:
It was built on the ancient site of Byzantium by the king Constantine (306 – 337 CE).
Question 12.
Who discover the circulation of blood in the body?
Answer:
Galen discover the circulation of blood.
Question 13.
Define the term ‘Gladiator’.
Answer:
It is used for slaves in ancient Rome who were trained to fight against men or beasts in the arenas for the pleasure of spectators.