2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2019

Students can Download 2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2019, Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Model Question Paper with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and to clear all their doubts, score well in final exams.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Previous Year Question Paper March 2019

Time: 3.15 Hours
Max Marks: 100

Instructions:

Answer all questions.
Figures in the margin indicate full marks.
Write correct question numbers for your answer.

I. Answer the following questions in one sentences each: ( 10 x 1 = 10 )

Question 1.
When did India become independent?
Answer:
15th August 1947.

Question 2.
Which country is considered as world’s largest democracy?
Answer:
India.

Question 3.
What is Election?
Answer:
The process of electing the representatives by voters is called election.

Question 4.
Who appoints the Election Commissioner . of India?
Answer:
President of India.

Question 5.
What is social discrimination?
Answer:
Discrimination made on the basis of caste is called social discrimination.

Question 6.
Who is the Head of District Administration?
Answer:
Deputy Commission / District Magistrate.

Question 7.
On which day voters day is celebrated?
Answer:
25th January.

Question 8.
How many times National Emergency is imposed in India?
Answer:
3 times.

Question 9.
What is privatisation?
Answer:
Transferring of ownership from government to private groups is called privatisation.

Question 10.
Expand NAM.
Answer:
Non-Align Movement.

II. Answer any ten of the following in 2 to 3 sentences: ( 10 x 2 = 20 )

Question 11.
How many articles and schedules are there in the Act of 1935?
Answer:
321 Articles and 10 schedules.

Question 12.
What is All India Service?
Answer:
A group of people who are appointed by the union government and working in both union and state government is called All India Service.

Question 13.
Name the varnas that prevailed in the ancient period.
Answer:
Brahman, Vysya, Kshatriya, Shudra.

Question 14.
What is gender based inequality?
Answer:
Women are deprived from the fecilities is the society, it is called gender based inequality.

Question 15.
What is coalition government?
Answer:
Formation of government by various political parties is called coalition government.

Question 16.
What is corruption?
Answer:
Misuse of public office for personal motives is called corruption.

Question 17.
Write any two ethnic groups in Syria.
Answer:
Arabs and Armanians.

Question 18.
Name pny two members of the SAARC.
Answer:
India and Srilanka.

Question 19.
State any 2 functions of general assembly.
Answer:

It receives reports from every organ.
It elects the members of the other councils.

Question 20.
Write any two principles of Panchasheel.
Answer:

Mutual non-aggression
Peaceful co-existence;

Question 21.
Name any two military alliances.
Answer:
NATO and WARSA.

Question 22.
Who were the signatories of Simla agreement?
Answer:
Smt. Indira Gandhi and Z.A. Bhutto.

III. Answer any eight of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each: ( 8 x 5 = 40 )

Question 23.
Write a short note on first general election.
Answer:
India became a Sovereign Democratic Republic after the Constitution was adopted on 26th January 1950. General elections to the first Loksabha were held in India from October 1951 to February 1952 on the basis of Universal Adult Franchise. With this India emerged as the world’s largest Democracy. The provision of Universal Adult Franchise was an act of faith on the pari of framers of the Constitution in the democratic process. The holding of general elections was a bold implementation of that faith in man and democracy.

The first general election was the most gigantic political experiment in the history of democracy. The Election Commission of India is empowered to conduct free and fair election periodically. The Election Commission is a constitutionally autonomous body which is totally free from the control and influence of legislature and executive. So all the voters who have attained the age of 18 years can have the right to vote.

The right to vote or franchise is the pivot of the dramatic system. This right is the individual expression of sovereignty. When it is collectively exercised by the people, it implies popular sovereignty. So ours is the world’s largest free and fair election.

Question 24.
Explain the features of Indirect elections.
Answer:

In this system, the heads of the government are elected by the intelligent voters. For example the President of Itidia is elected by the members of Parliament and State Assemblies.
It avoids all sorts of evils like dirty propaganda tricks, instigation of people for petty’ issues to divide them as in the direct election system.
In this method there is no scope for illegal activities or fights during the election as it happens in the direct election.
In this system, there is no scope for members to influence the voters or misusing sensitive issues for political gains.
Since majority of the voters are ignorant, not educated and intelligent in a country like India, small group of politically educated and wise voters elect responsible representatives.

Question 25.
Discuss the features , of civil service.
Answer:
The features of civil service are as follows:

Professional body: Civil service consists of a professional body of officials who are permanent, paid and skilled. It is a whole time job and career service.
Hierarchy: As per the scalar system, each civil servant has to obey his immediate superior, where high ranking
administration officer with discretionary powers supervises their subordinates.
Political neutrality: Civil servants always refrain from political activities. They perform their duties without being aligned to any kind of political regime.
Anonymity: Civil servants work behind the screen and remain anonymous even though they work for the government. Recognition for good work or disrepute for any omission goes only to the minister and not to the civil servants.
Impartiality: The civil servants have to apply the laws of the state while performing the duties without showing any favour, bias or preference to any groups or sections of society.
Service motto: They have to work for the welfare of the society. They must be humble and service minded towards the public.
Permanent: Civil servants are called the permanent executive. They discharge duties till they attain the age of superannuation.
Jurisdiction of law: Every civil servant has to function within the prescribed jurisdiction of law. If he crosses the limit, he is met with disciplinary action.
Special training: Once the candidates are selected for civil service, they are deputed to in-service training to acquire special skills in administration.

Question 26.
What are the five functions of Deputy Commissioner?
Answer:
The Deputy Commissioner is the head of the District Administration. He also acts as District Magistrate. The functions of the Deputy Commissioner are as follows:

Law and order and magisterial powers: Deputy Commissioner also enjoys magisterial powers. Being the District Magistrate, he maintains law and order and performs other judicial functions in the district.
Revenue functions: It includes maintenance of land records and its assessment, collection of land revenue and other public dues and settlement of land disputes.
Developmental functions: It includes Public Health, Education, Rural Development, Social Welfare and welfare of Backward Classes and Minorities and protection of weaker sections of the society.
Electoral functions: Deputy Commi-ssioner is the District Election Officer and he is in charge of elections to Parliament, State Legislature and local bodies.
Municipal administration: The Deputy Commissioner is generally responsible for the supervision and proper functioning of the urban local bodies. The implementation of various developmental and anti-poverty measures for the urban poor is monitored by the Deputy Commissioner.
Disaster management: In situations like floods, famines, accidental fires, earthquakes and other natural calamities, the entire district administration is geared to meet the threat and the Deputy Commissioner assumes charge to co-ordinate the activities of various departments.
Public grievances: The Deputy Commi ssioner is the District Grievances Officer, by virtue of which he maintains the overall responsibility to ensure proper functioning of all departments in the district.

Question 27.
What are the causes for Dalit movement?
Answer:
Causes for Dalit Movement:

Social injustice: As per the law of nature, all men are bom equally. But in practice, equal treatment and equal opportunities were denied. Exploitation in society was widespread.
Economic inequality: Dalits worked in the lands of upper caste class and were responsible for the wealth of feudalist upper castes. In spite of it, they were treated inhumanly and were not given proper share.
Discrimination: It was rampant in all walks of life. They were not allowed to enter into the temples and not allowed to use the water from public ponds.
Lack of awareness: Dalits were deprived of educational facilities which lead to lack of awareness. Hence atrocities mounted up. To create awareness dalit movement started.

Question 28.
Describe the political implication of feminist movement.
Answer:
Political implications: Feminist movement tries to overcome women exploitation and atrocities. In this behalf various measures have been taken for the empowerment of women as follows:

Constitutional opportunities: Article 14, 15,15(3), 16,34(A), 39(B) and 42 of the Constitution of India provides for the removal of inequality and discrimination based on gender.
Legislative measures: Some legislative measures have been taken to eradicate gender based inequality. For example,Rape is a criminal offence under IPC Section 376, kidnapping and using women for illegal purpose is an offence under IPC Section 363-373. Torture for dowry is prohibited under IPC Section 498-A.
Other legislative measures: Family Court Act 1954, Special Marriage Act -1954, Hindu Marriage Act 1955, The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961, Protection of Women against Domestic Violence Act 2005 and Abolition of Child Marriage Act 2006 have been enforced to protect the interests of women.
Special privileges forwomen: National Women Commission was established in 1992 to recommend the government for the improvements of women.
Reservation in local bodies: Through 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts, 33% of seats are reserved for women in Local Body Elections.
National policy of the women empowerment: Department of Women and Child Welfare under the Secretariat of Human Resource Development framed a National Policy for the empowerment of women.

Question 29.
Explain the causes for communalism.
Answer:
Causes for communalism:

(a) Policy of the British rule: The discriminatory policies of the Britishers regarding divide and rule destroyed the unity between Hindus and Muslims. Bengal was divided in 1905 on the basis of religion. Communal electorate for Muslims was introduced through 1909 Act. All these intensified the causes of communalism.

(b) Hindu-Muslim Nationalism: Communal organisations were formed by separatists. In 1906 Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha came into existence. Mohammad Ali Jinnah created a sense of * separateness among Muslims and became the champion of two-nation theory based on religion. These developments led to distrust between Hindus and Muslims.

(c) Communal riots: It took place in India after independence in large scale.
Religious minorities both in India and Pakistan were exploited the situation and torcher each other. Later communal riots occurred in many places of the country which finally leads to the demolition of Babri Masj id at Ayody a on 6th December 1992.

(d) Politically manipulated: In India many issues are politically manipulated by leaders for their selfish gain. This leads to hatred among communities.

(e) Communality in organization: Different communities in India established their own organisations based on communality to support particular political parties for their interest.

Question 30.
How terrorism is a contamination to democracy? Explain.
Answer:
Terrorism as a threat to Democracy:-

(a) Disruption of Governance: Terrorist organizations are disrupting the democratic governance in the nation. They are indulging in violent and insurgent activities which target the Government, top political leaders and officers and thereby erode the legitimacy of the elected Government.

(b) Disrespect of Constitution: Though the Constitution is the fundamental law of the nation, the terrorist groups and organizations are violating its purview by engaging in violent activities. Sometimes, the Constitutional Government succumbs to the threats and pressures of terrorists where the Government compromises with their demands. It is dangerous to the integrity and sovereignty of the nation.

(c) Violation of Human Rights: Terrorists have no respect for the rule of law and democratic order. They kill and injure
innocent people by violating human rights. They attack the leaders and their families, target the public places like railway stations, airports, hotels, bus station and kill innocent people to attract the attention of the world . towards their unlawful demands.

(d) Anti-democratic activities: Terrorists are always bent upon destabilizing the democratic process, threatening and kidnapping polling officials, voters and candidates, booth capturing and rigging the electoral process. Due to terrorist attacks several times periodical elections could not be conducted. The anti-democratic activities create fear psychosis and insecurity in the minds of the public.

Obstacle to Economic Growth:

The Governments are compelled to spend huge amount of money for the modernization and up-gradation of military and police forces to curb terrorism. It also destroys the economic development of the nation by diverting the fund meant for social welfare. Threat of terrorism affects tourism. The foreigners and native people feel insecure. Thus, terrorism is an obstacle to economic growth.

Question 31.
What are the demerits of coalition?
Answer:
The demerits of coalition government are as follows :

Due to the presence of’various party leaders believing in different ideologies and policies political consistency is difficult to achieve. Hence political instability persists.
As coalition is the result of mutual consent, heads of government have no say in the formation of their own cabinet and in the formation of national policies or programmes.
In the parliamentary system of government as each coalition partner has EicawisuifcoK. its own specific electorate and has assured specific schemes and programmes.
Collective responsibility is a casualty. The ministry has to act as a unit. But in coalition government, this cannot happen. Hence, no one shoulders the responsibility for mismanagement and . maladministration.
Official secrecy cannot be maintained. Decisions taken in cabinet which are sensitive in nature are disclosed by its own signatories who cannot be curtai led by the Government.

Question 32.
Explain the nature of crony capitalism.
Answer:
The nature of Crony capitalism is as follows :

(a) Favours political authorities : Crony capitalism is a system in which close associates of the people in power who enact and execute policies, get favours that have large economic value.

(b) Cronies get capital and reward : Cronies are rewarded with the ability to charge higher prices for their output than would prevail in a competitive market. Funneled to the enterprises of cronies through Government controlled banks.

(c) Protection of assets : Crony capitalism allows government to guarantee a subset of asset holders that their property rights will be protected. As long as their assets are protected, these asset holders will continue to invest as if there were universal protection of property rights.

(d) Share in the rents generated by the asset holders : The members of the government share the rents generated by the asset holders. This may take the form of jobs, co-investments or even transfers of stock. Crony capitalism goes hand in hand with corruption.

(e) Concentration of economic power: A few business groups which are cronies influence state policies and pool their assets in private corporate sectors. Such concentration gives birth to crony capitalism.

Question 33.
What are the concepts of international relation?
Answer:
The concepts of International Relations are as follows :

(a) State Sovereignty : It is the obligation . of sovereign states to respect the sovereignty of other states. No state can dictate others and all states are equal in matters of status, dignity and honour. Based on dependence and interdependence among states, they are ‘ gaining and loosing sovereignty.

(b) National Power : It is the sum of total of the strength and capabilities of state harnessed and applied to the advancement of its national interests and the attainment of its national objectives. It encompasses population, territory, military preparedness, national character, economic and political power.

(c) National Interest: National interest is the action of the state in relation to other states. It refers to the aspirations of the state. The determinants of national interest are qualities of*personalities . and ideals of decision makers.

(d) Power Blocks : With the beginning of the Cold war, two power blocks emerged, i.e. USA and USSR. USA believes in the spread of democracy whereas the USSR sought the spread of communism. It paves the way for the creation of power blocks on the basis of ideology in the world.

(e) Polarity : In International Relations, polarities refers to the arrangement of power within the international system. The concept arose from bipolarity during the cold war between the two super powers. The disintegration of the USSR has led to unipolarity with the USA as the super power. After 2010 China emerged as a major power in the multipolar world.

(f) Balance of Power : The concept of Balance of Power refers to relative power position of states in International Relations. It is an approximately equal distribution of power and inseparable part of the power politics.

Question 34.
Explain briefly the basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
The basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy are as follows:

Non-Alignment which means not to join any military pacs and to remain independent in foreign affairs.
India is always opposing the imperialism and colonialism. It played a major role in liberating the countries from the cluches of such power.
As a founding member of UN, India has played a major role in achieving world peace through active support to-the UN.
India has stood by the principle of racial equality and opposes discrimination on the basis of race, religion, caste, colour and gender.
Panchasheel is the fundamental principle of Indian foreign policy which emphasizes five principles of peaceful co-operation.
India’s foreign policy emphasizes its concern towards small countries and sympathy towards divided countries.
It is against to the cold war to end an attitude of rivalry.

IV. Answer any two of UIC following questions in 30 to 40 sentences: ( 2 x 10 = 20 )

Question 35.
Describe the electoral reforms in India.
Answer:
Refer Page No. 35, Most Expected Q.P. – 4.
Elections in India is huge and complex. The electoral process also elaborate. In the course of the last 50 years the election process has shown a number of shortcomings which have arisen out of the politico-social, economic and cultural conditions prevailing in our country. Caste and religious factors have become predominant. Vote banks, rigging, booth-capturing, proxy voting etc., have become common. In view of these, several electoral reforms have been taken up in recent years. They may be outlined as follows:-

To provide representation to the country, the voting age was reduced from 21 years to 18 years for the Lok Sabha and Assembly elections.
To overcome various problems arising in the election process, Electronic Voting Machines have been introduced.
To discourage candidates who are not serious in contesting in the elections and to avoid multiplicity of such candidates, the deposit amount has been increased.
To deal with proxy voting, identity cards with photographs is being issued to ail voters by the Election Commission.
In recognition of the voters right to information, the Election Commission has decided on mandatory disclosure of their antecedents by the candidates.
To curb the role of money in elections and to enable the service minded persons to contest in the elections, Indrajit Gupta Committee recommended for state funding of elections.
In order to ensure free and fair elections, the candidates should furnish the details about their educational qualifications, movable and immovable property and criminal background.
In order to promote the elections more trustworthy, Election Commission of India has introduced VVPAT and VSDU devices along with EVMs during pooling.

Question 36.
Discuss the various components of Nation building.
Answer:
The components of Nation Building are as follows:

(a) Community support: To realize the process of nation building, collective support and endeavor of the people are’ essential. The quality of the people reflects the quality of a nation. Discipline, work culture and patriotic feeling in the minds of the people also contribute for Nation Building.

(b) Good governance: It ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility and responsiveness. In addition, the use of technology’ has given rise to e-Govemance.

(c) Committed leadership: History depicts many examples of committed leadership. For example In India Nehru’s leadership largely contributed to the process of nation building. He formulated goals for nation building and introduce planning system, adopted industrialization policy and socialistic pattern of society. He had vision and farsightedness for the transformation of India. Hence Nehru is called the Architect of Modem India.

(d) Political culture: It constitutes a set of values, attitudes and behavior towards a political system. It requires an ideal political behavior to national reconstruction. Leaders have to embody the principles of national interest, public service, probity and statesmanship.

(e) Power sharing: To realize the goal, political power needs to be shared among all sections of society. The concentration of political power in the hands of a few people and some families leads to the emergence of dictatorship. Hence sharing of power ensures social, justice which is the foundation of socio-economic democracy.

(f) Universal education: It is very essential for the development of a country. It enables a person to understand his potentiality and strengthens dignity. It encourages people to analyse the national problems and to work for national progress. The Right To Education Act was implemented in this regard.

(g) National character: Nationalism and patriotism are the foundation to build national character. One has to acquire knowledge about the history of his motherland and its contributions to human civilizations.

(h) Mass media: Mass media is regarded as the 4th estate in Democracy as it plays a vital role in the Nation-Building. It highlights the omissions and commissions of the government and acts as a bridge between the government and the public.

(i) Responsible intelligentia: The contribution of intellectuals is recognized all over the world. Research and innovations in important areas of human life have contributed to the national development. In India the development in different fields, Amartya Sen, Vandana Shiva, Ashish Nandy, Sir.M. Vishveshwaraiah, Sir C.V. Raman, Dr. C.N.R. Rao, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam and others have greatly contributed.

(j) National integration: It is the process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Vinoba Bhave,- Lai Bahadhur Shastri, J.B. Kripalani, Acharya Narendra Dev have played a key role in the national integration. November 19th is being . observed as National Integration Day, the
birthday of Smt. Indira Gandhi.

Question 37.
Explain the importance and political implications of Globalisation.
Answer:
Globalization is the process of integrating the economy of the country with world . economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction, integration and interdependence among people and organization across borders. The strongest manifestation of globalization has been the increasing economic integration among countries in trade and investment.

The importance of globalization is as follows:

Efficiency : Globalisation focuses on the best quality of services and goods. It encourages the global trade and commerce. It increases competitive nature which makes firms more efficient.
Transformation of technology : Through this technology, improvements are made all over the world. As a result. all countries can reap the benefits of improved technology by enhancement in income and increase in jobs.
A global village : The concept of global village mainly brings a feeling of oneness among the citizens of the world. Contacts are made easily accessible through technology and communication.
Mobility of labour force: It allows free movement of people in search of jobs or getting education at global level. Hence mobility is made simple and easy.
Emerging global competition : Global competition is emerging as a result of growing skill and techniques. The
world is looking for better opportunities ’ and performance at competitive rates.
Outsourcing : This is an important outcome of the globalization process. In outsourcing, a company hires regular service from external sources and from other countries.

The political implications of globalization are as follows :

Power subjugation : The effects of I . globalization brought lots of changes in the world economy. For small countries it is inevitable to accept the economic decisions of big; countries, which leads to power subjugation.
Affects the sovereignty : As a result of globalization in the fields of economy, trade, transportation, etc. the sovereign countries are bound by the decisions of strong countries. Hence it affects the sovereignty of a country in totality.
Cultural invasion : Culture is a complex thing and exclusive to each country. The influence of globalization in the name of cultural exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the architects of the future.
Enslavement of lifestyle : Globalization has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behavior, mutual relationships, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalization.
Elimination of subsidies : The major impact of globalization is the curtailment of subsidies to all sectors including agriculture in a phased manner. The worst-hit are the peasants who are the backbone of the country.
Political instability : The impact of globalization mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country. Hence development comes to a standstill.

Question 38.
Describe the India-ASEAN area of co-operation.
Answer:
Five areas of cooperation with India and ASEAN:

(a) Functional cooperation: ASEAN was seen by India as a rapidly growing region with an enormous potential. It could become a major source of capital, relevant technology, market and partner in areas of respective core competencies. It views India as a major emerging market and a source of knowledge, education and HRD related resources.

(b) Economic cooperation: It is considered as a fourth largest trading partner between India-ASEAN. Acknowledging this trend and recognizing the economic potential of close linkages, both sides recognized the opportunities for deepening trade and investment ties and agreed to negotiate a framework agreement to pave the way for the establishment of an ASEAN-India Free Trade Area. Hence it leads to tariff liberalization of over 90% of products. ‘

(c) Peace and security cooperation: In the political sphere, India has been actively participating in various consultative meetings under dialogue and cooperation frameworks initiated by ASEAN. The ASEAN is the forum for promoting peace, stability and prosperity in the dynamic Asia Pacific Region. With the partnership of ASEAN and India, commemorated for peace and shared prosperity.

(d) Tourism sector: The 4th ASEAN- India Tourism Ministers Meeting was held in Vietnam on January 2013 for strengthening tourism cooperation and website was launched. Visa arrival facility is extended to 7 ASEAN countries.

(e) Summit level cooperation: Various summit level meetings promotes peace, progress. Prosperity among the ASEAN countries. In the 6th meeting, India announced setting up of an India- ASEAN green fund. In the 7th meeting, India announced a contribution of USD 50 million for plan of action.

V. Answer any two of the following questions in IS to 20 sentences: ( 2 x 5 = 10 )

Question 39.
(a) Write about the ‘Independence Day’ celebration in your college.
Answer:
Refer Website MQP-1, Q. No. 39.
Independence day: Amemorable occasion for the nation was celebrated in our college this year also. Under the guidance of the teachers, students had decorated the college grounds one day before and erected a podium, as well as a stage for the cultural programmes.

Sri Seetharamaiah, the octogenerian freedom fighter was invited to be our chief guest and he was there right on time at 8.00 A.M. Our Principal and senior staff members welcomed the Chief Guest and other dignitaries with garlands and bouquets. After the invocation and the prayer, the function took off on a smooth note. After the hoisting of the Tricolour National flag by the Chief Guest, the President of the college student union read out the welcome speech. Our Principal presided over the function and freedom fighters. There was a march-past by the NCC cadets, followed by the school band. There were some cultural programmes like singing, mime act, monoacting and a skit about Jalianwalabagh Massacre. The programmes were much appreciated.

The function came to an end with the vote of thanks and sweet distribution. We all dispersed.

(b) List out the present Indian states and, Union territories.
Answer:
At present there are 28 States and 9 Union territories in India.

States:

SI.N	State
1.	Andhra Pradesh
2.	Arunachal Pradesh
3.	Assam
4.	Bihar
5.	Chhattisgarh
6.	Goa
7	Gujarat
8.	Haryana
9.	Himachal Pradesh
11.	Karnataka
12.	Kerala
13.	Madhya Pradesh
14.	Maharashtra
15.	Manipur
16.	Meghalaya
17.	Mizoram
18.	Nagaland
19.	Odisha
20.	Punjab
21.	Rajasthan
22.	Sikkim
23.	Tamil Nadu
24.	Telangana.
25.	Tripura
26.	Uttar Pradesh
27.	Uttarakhand
28.	West Bengal

Union Territories:

SI.No	Union Territories
1.	Andaman and Nicobar Islands
2	Chandigarh
3.	Dadra and Nagar Haveli
4.	Daman and Diu
5.	Delhi (NCT)
6.	Lakshadweep
7	Puducherry
8.	Jammu & Kashmir
9.	Ladakh

Note : From 31st October 2019 Jammu and Kashmir State was split into 2 Union Territories of (1) Jammu and Kashmir and (2) Ladakh

Question 40.
(a) Explain the Kashmir issue in India- Pakistan relation.
Answer:
India and Pakistan are the two rival countries in the South Asian Continent. In India’s perspective Kashmir is an integral part of the Republic of India and to Pakistan it is a disputed territory. The argument of Pakistan on Kashmir is that. since majority of population are Muslims, Kashmir should be a part of Pakistan. But India is not ready to accept this argumcnt because Kashmir is an integral part of India.

After wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. both the countries affirmed the need for negotiated peaceful settlement of disputes on a bilateral basis.

(b) Write about any one of the Chief Ministers of Karnataka.
Answer:
Sri Siddharamaiah: Sri Siddaramaiah is acknowledged as the leader of the backward class and minorities in the Karnataka social . strata. He was bom on 12th August 1948 and was the 22nd Chief Minister of Karnataka from 2013 to 2018. He was the first Chief Minister to complete a full 5 year term, in the top post in Karnataka in 40 years. Siddaramaiah was a member of various Janata Parivar factions for several years. Earlier as a Janatha Dal (Secular) leader, he was Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka on two occasions. On 13th May 2013 he was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Karnataka.

Siddaramaiah is also regarded as the leader of ‘ Ahinda’. His programmes are most popular and familar with relates to the sections of Below Poverty Live. During the time of his rule as a Chief Minister, his main popular programmes are Anna Bhagya, Ksheera Bhagya, Shaadi Bhagya, Mythri Bhagya, Indira Canteen, Arogya Bhagya, etc. Still he remained as a unquestionable leader in Indian National Congress.