2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 1 Origin and Growth of Indian Political System

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 1 Origin and Growth of Indian Political System

2nd PUC Political Science Origin and Growth of Indian Political System Text Book Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
When did India become independent?
Answer:
India became Independent on 15th August 1947.

Question 2.
When did the constitution of India come into force?
Answer:
The constitution of India came into force on 26th January 1950.

Question 3.
When was the INC formed?
Answer:
The INC was formed 1885.

Question 4.
Which act transferred power from company to the crown?
Answer:
The sepoy mutiny took place in 1857 which led to the transfer of power to the British Crown in 1858.

Question 5.
Mention any one provisions of Morley-Minto reforms?
Answer:
One of the provisions ofMorely-Minto reforms was the act increased the strength of provincial legislative council and introduced the communal representation through seperate electrorates for muslims.

Question 6.
Mention any one provision of reforms of Government of India Act 1919.
Answer:
The act is also known as Montagu Chelmsford reforms. The act provided For Bi-cameralism the centre: it was called as Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of States.

Question 7.
What is Dyarchy?
Answer:
Dyarchy means Dual Government, Provincial subjects were divided into ‘reserved’ and ‘transferred’ subjects. The former were looked after by the executive council and the latter are entrusted to the Indi¬ans.

Question 8.
Why was the statutory commission formed?
Answer:
The British government appointed a statutory commission (Simon commission) in 1927 to enquire into the report of 1919 act.

Question 9.
What did Simon commission recommend?
Answer:
The Simon commission recommended in 1929 that ‘Dominion status’ was the goal of Indian Development.

Question 10.
When were the three round table conferences held?
Answer:

First Round Table conference in 1930 led by Gandhiji.
Second Round Table conference in 1931 led by Ambedkar.
Third Round Table conference is 1932 led by Gandhiji.

Question 11.
Mention anyone important provision of Government of India Act 1935?
Answer:
The most important provision of the Government of India Act was the establishment federal Court for India in Delhi. The first court was established in 1937.

Question 12.
Mention anyone important provision of Indian Independence Act 1947?
Answer:

The crown was no longer the source of authority.
From 15th Aug, 1947, the British crown lost all rights of paramountcy over India and Indian states were free to join either Indian union or pakistan.

Question 13.
Who was the chairman of Boundary Commission?
Answer:
The chairman of the boundary commission was Sir Syril Radcliffe.

Question 14.
When was the interim government formed?
Answer:
The interim government of India was formed in 2nd September 1946.

Question 15.
From which body was interim government drawn?
Answer:
The interim government was drawn from the newly elected constituent Assembly of India.

Question 16.
Till when did it remain in office?
Answer:
It remained in office until 15th Aug 1947.

Question 17.
Who was the vice president of the viceroy’s executive council?
Answer:
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the Vice President of the Viceroy’s executive council.

Question 18.
When were the first general elections held?
Answer:
The first general elections were held from October 1951 to February 1952.

Question 19.
Which country is considered as world’s largest democracy?
Answer:
India is considered as the world’s largest democracy.

Question 20.
What is meant by the paramountcy of Sovereignty?
Answer:
Paramountcy of so vereignity means power of the King/Queen over his kingdom. The King / Queen is the foremost ruler.

Question 21.
What is ‘Operation Polo’?
Answer:
Operation Polo – The Indian army entered Hyderabad on September 1948 to end the anarchy of the Nizam’s rule in the princely state of Hyderabad. This police action is known as ‘Operation Polo.

Question 22.
What is ‘Instrument of Accession’?
Answer:
Instrument of Accession-In October 1947, Kashmir was invaded by tribal infiltrators of Pakistan. The Maharaja of Kashmir Harisingh. was forced to seek Indian military help. India reacted positively. The Maharaja signed the ‘Instrument of Accession’ on 26th October. Sheikh Abdullah of National Conference agreed to it, and Kashmir became a part of India.

Question 23.
Which article of the constitution gives special status to Kashmir?
Answer:
The special provision of Article 370 provides separate constitution to the state along with other provisions.

Question 24.
Who is responsible for the integration of states?
Answer:
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was responsible for the reorganization of states.

Question 25.
Who is called as the man with iron will?
Answer:
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is called the man of Iron will.

Question 26.
When was the SRC formed?
Answer:
The States Re-organisation Committee (SRC) was formed in December 1953.

Question 27.
Mention the names of members of SRC?
Answer:
Justice Fazl Ali, K.M.Panikkar and Hridayanath Kunzru were the members of the S.R.C.

Question 28.
When was SR Act enacted?
Answer:
The S.R. Act was enacted in November 1956.

Question 29.
SRA created how many states and union territories in 1956?
Answer:
The S.RAct created 14 states and 6 union territories.

Question 30.
When was Bombay bifurcated?
Answer:
Bombay state was Sifurcated in the year 1960 into Maharashtra and Gujrat.

Question 31.
When was Punjab bifurcated?
Answer:
Punjab was Sifurcated into Punjab and Haryana in the year 1966.

Question 32.
Which state was bifurcated in 2013?
Answer:
The state of Andhra was Sifurcated into Telangana and Seemandhra in the year 2013.

Question 33.
Which act introduced responsible Government in India?
Answer:
Indian Independence Act of 1947.

Question 34.
Which act attempted to establish ‘federation’ in India?
Answer:
Government of India Act of 1935.

Question 35.
Who was the speaker of first Lok Sabha?
Answer:
The speaker of the First Lok Sabha was GV. Mavalankar.

II. Two Marks Questions.

Question 1.
When was Federal Court established and where?
Answer:
The first Federal Court was established in Delhi is 1937. It consisted of a chief justice and 6 additional Judges appointed by his Majesty’s Government on the basis of high legal qualifications.

It had original jurisdiction to decide disputes between the Centre and the Provinces.
Appellate jurisdiction over decisions of the High Court.
Advisory jurisdiction to advice the Govemer General on any point of law.

Question 2.
How many states was Bombay divided into? Which are they?
Answer:
Bombay state was divided into two states. They are the Marathi speaking Maharashtra and Gujarathi speaking Gujarat.

Question 3.
How many state was Punjab divided into? Which are they?
Answer:
Punjab was divided into two states. They are the Punjabi speaking Punjab and Hindi speaking Haryana.

Question 4.
Write a short note on first Lok Sabha.
Answer:
The first Lok-Sabba had 491 seats. It was formed in the year 1952. Elections were held for 489 seats and 2 Anglo Indian members were nominated. The speaker of the first Loksabha was shri GV. Mavalankar.

The INC formed thfe first Government. Pt. Jawahar lal Nehru was the first Prime Minister. It had met for 677 sessions or 3,784 sours the highest recorded court of sitings. It lasted a full term from 17th Apijl 1952 to 4th April 1957.

Question 5.
Write a short note on Diarchy as in the Act of 1919.
Answer:
The Government of India Act 1919 failed to satisfy the aspirations of the Nationalists. The INC had become niore active and started campaign for Home Rdfe. A declaration was made by His Majesty’s Government. This declaration became the preamble of the Act, indicating the intention of the British to establish responsible Government in India. The Act is also known as the Montagu-Chelmford report.

The act provided ‘Bi-cameralism’ at the centre. It was called as central legislative Assembly and the council of states. ‘Dyarchy’ or Dual Government was introduced in the British provinces. Provincial subjects were divided into ‘reserved’ and ‘transferred’ subjects. The ‘reserved’ subjects were looked after by the executive council and the ‘transferred’ subjects were entrusted to the Indians. It allowed Indians to participate in the administration.

Question 6.
Why was Simon commission appointed?
Answer:
The Reforms of 1919 Govt of India Act foiled to fulfill the aspirations of the people of India. Mahatma Gandhi started an agitation for ‘swaraj’ to be attained by ‘non-co-operation’. A statutory commission (simon commission) was appointed in 1927 to enquire into the report of 1919 Act.

This was done as a concession to the Indian demand for and early revision of the 1919 Act. It was headed by Sir John Simon. It consisted of 7 members of the British parliament. It did not have a single Indian as a member which hurt the Indian sentiment.

Question 7.
How many articles and schedules are there in the Act of 1935?
Answer:
The Government of India Act 1935 consisted of 321 articles and 13 schedules. The important provisions are

Federation
Distribution of power
Diarchy or Centre
The Federal Legislature
Federal court
ProvincialAutonomy.

III. Five Marks Questions.

Question 1.
Write a short note on interim government.
Answer:
Interim Government of India:
The Interim Government of India was formed on 2nd sept 1946. The constituent Assembly had 389 members. It Was drawn from the newly elected constituent Assembly of India. It had the task of assisting the transition of India and Pakistan from the British Rule to Independence.

It was in office until 15th August 1947, when India gained Independence. The Constituent Assembly became a sovereign body and performed the role of the legislature for the new state. It was responsible for forming the constitution and making ordinary laws. The viceroy’s executive council transformed into the council of Ministers.

It served as the executive branch of the interim Govt. The vice-president of the council, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was bestowed with the powers of Prime Minister. The other prominent members of the council were

Pt. Nehru	Prime minister
Vallabh Bhai Patel	Dy. (P. Ministers) and Home Minister
Dr. B.R.Ambedkar	Law
Maulana Abdul kalam Azad	Education
C.H.Bhabha	Commerce
N.V. Gadgil	Mines and power
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur	Health
Rafi Ahmed Kidwai	Communication
Johnmathai	Railways and Transportation
Shyam prasad Mukherji	Industry
Jagajeevan Ram	Labour
R.K.S. Chetty	Finance
Sardar Baldev Singh	Defense
P.Deshmukh	Food and Agriculture
K.O.Neogy	Relief and Rehabilitation
Gopal swami Ayyangar

Although the British India remained under the sovereignty of British till August 1947, the Interim Govt had proceeded to establish diplomatic relations with other countries including the U.S. A.

Question 2.
Write a short note on first general elections.
Answer:
First General Elections (1951 -52):
India became a sovereign democratic Republic after the constitution was adopted on 2th January 1950. General elections to the first Loka-Sabha was held in India from October 1951 to February 1952, on the basis of universal Adult franchise. With this India emerged as the world’s largest democracy.

The provision of universal Adult franchise was an act of faith on the part of framers of the constitution in the democratic process. The holding of General elections was a bold implementation of that faith in men and democracy. The first general election was the most gigantic political experiment in the history of democracy. The following facts indicate that it was the world’s largest free election.

No. of Lok sabha seats for which elections were held – 489.
No. of electorate – 176 millions.
No. of people who million
No. of Polling booths – 2,24,000
% of votes polled – 45%
No. of political parties in the fray – 70
No. of candidates who contested – 1800

Question 3.
Explain the provisions of Indian Independence Act 1947.
Answer:
Provisions of ladian Independence Act 1947.The Indian Independence Act of 1947 was the last legislation of the British parliament with the intent of creating independent India.
The provisions ofthe act are:

The act provided that on 15th August 1947, the appointed date, two indepen¬dent dominions India and Pakistan, would be set up and the act provided for com¬plete transfer of power.
The dominion of India got the territory of Bombay, Madras, U.P, central province, Bihar, East Punjab, West Bengal, Assam, Delhi, Ajmer, Coorg etc and the rest of India except Sindh, Baluchistan, West Punjab, East Bengal, North west frontier province and sylnety in Assam which became the territories of Pakistan; for de-marcating the boundaries, Boundary com-mission was formed with Sir Syril Redcliffe as the chairman.
The crown was no longer the source of authority.
The Govemer General and provincial Govemers were to act as Constitutional Heads. They lost extra ordinary powers to legislate.
The office oi the Secretary of State was abolished.
From 15th August 1947, the British crown lost all rights of paramountcy over India and the Indian states were free to join either Indian union or pakistan.
The power of each dominion was trans- f red to the Constituent became fully sovereign from 15th aug 1947 and was absolutely tree to frame the constitution. The constituent Assemblies had a dual role i.e constituent and legisla-tive. They fiinctioned as central legislature till the new legislatures were formed.
Until the new constitution was framed, the act of 1935 would govern the centre and the provinces with necessary modifications.

Question 4.
Describe the accession of Junagadh, Hyderabad, and Kashmir.
Answer:
Accession of Junagadh, Hyderabad, And Kashmir.
Accession of Junagadh:
The Nawab of Junagadh declared accession to Pakistan much against the wishes ofthe people ofthe state. They were in favour of joining India. After the declaration of accession, they rose in rebellion against the Nawab. As a result, he fled to pakistan. A “Plebiscite’ was held in which the people voted to accede to Indian union. Later Junagadh was merged with Sourashtra.

Accession of Hyderabad:
Hyderabad, the largest of the princely states was surrounded by the Indian territory. Its rular the ‘Nizam’ wanted an Independent status. He made a ‘ Standstill- Agreement’ with India inNovember 1947 to maintain the sta¬tus quo which existed before 1947. But me Indian Government felt that an independent Hyderabad would pose security threat.

In the mean-time, there was a movement against the oppressive rale of the Nawab. The peasantry and the women joined it in large numbers. The congress and communists were named ‘Razakars’, the Nizam ostracized the entered Hyderabad in September 1946. This police action is known as ‘operationpolo’. The Nizam surrenderd and the complete accession of Hyderabad into the union of India followed.

Accession of Kashmir:
Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) war a princely state. Its ruler Hari Singh was a Hindu and the population was largely Muslims (77%). They did not want to merge with India Or Pakistan but to have an independent status for the state. There was a popular movement led by Sheikh Abdullah of the ‘National conference’ for the removal of the king.

They were against joining Pakistan also. They thought of themselves as Kashmiris. In view of geographical contiguity arid the greater numerical strength of the Muslims in the state, Pakistan was anxious to bring it under its rule. In October 1947, Kashmir was invaded by tribal infiltrators of Pakistan.

This forced the Maharaja to seek Indian military help. India reacted positively after ‘Instrument of Accession’ was signed on 26th October 1947. This was also accepted by Sheikh Abdullah. Through this Kashmir became the bone of contention between India and Pakistan.

To resolve this crisis, the Constitutent Assembly of India made special provision through Article 370 to provide a seperate constitution to the state along with other provisions. In 1951 the constituent Assembly met in the state to frame a constitution. In Febrauary 1954, the accession of the state to India was satisfied by the constituent Assembly.

In November 1956, it adopted a constitution legalising the status of J & K declared the accession of the state of India as final. As per the accord reached between the PM of India and Sheikh Abdullah, the post of the P.M of J & K was redesignated as Chief Minister of J&K on 25th feburary 1975.

Question 5.
List out the states and union territories in India.
Answer:
The union of India now has 29 states and 7 union Territories. They are.

SLNo	States
1	Seemandhra
2	Arunachal Pradesh
3	Assam
4	Bihar
5	Chattisgarh
6	Goa
7	Gujrat
8	Haryana
9	Himachal Pradesh
10	Jammu and Kashmir
11	Jharkhand
12	Karnataka
13	Kerala
14	Madhya Pradesh
15	Maharashtra
16	Manipur
17	Meghalaya
18	Mizoram
19	Nagaland
20	Odissa
21	Punjab
22	Rajasthan
23	Sikkim
24	Tamilnadu
25	Tripura
26	Uttarkhand
27	Uttar Pradesh
28	West Bengal
29	Telangana.

Union Territories
1	Andaman & Nicobar
2	Chandigarh
3	Dadra & Nagar haveli
4	Daman & Diu
5	Delhi (NCT)
6	Lakshadweep
7	Puducherry

Question 6.
What is ‘Patel Scheme’?
Answer:
The process of integration of the Indian states was three-fold and known as ‘patel scheme’.
1. Merger of small states with adj oining provices:
About 216 states were merged with provices adjoining them. Eg: Merger of 24 states of Orissa, 14 states of central province, pudukotai with Madias etc, These merged states were included in part B of the constitution.

2. Grouping of small states:
Many small states grouped themselves to form a bigger state with the ruler of most important one becoming the ‘Rajapramukhs’. eg: union of Sourashtra, patiala and East punjab states union (Pepsu) etc. These unions were called part B states.

3. Integration into chief commissioner’s provinces.
About 61 states;which were small and backward were converted into centrally administered areas’as chief commissioners provinces and where called part C. States. Eg: Himachal Pradesh, Ajmer, Coorg, Cooch- Bihar etc.

Question 7.
Give reasons for language m a basis for state re-organization.
Answer:
Integration of the internal boundaries were not drawn. This affected national consolida¬tion. Hence it was to be re-drawu, taking linguistic and cultural plurality into. federation without affecting the unity of the. Nation. As per the Mothilal Nehru cdftimittee report ‘If a province has to educate itself and do its daily work through the medium of its own language, it must be in the linguistic area Language as a role correspond th a special variety of culture, traditions and literature’.
Language as a husis for re-organisation is important bemuse.

Language is closely related to culture and customs of people.
Spread of education and literacy can occur only through Medium of Mother tongue.
To a common man, democracy car? be real only when politics and administration are concluded in his language1.
Linguistic states can provide education, administration andjudical activity ir; mother tongue.

So free india based its bo urn He s on Linguistic principles. Soon otter Independence, partition of Pakistan, political dislocatiosi. Law and Order problem and Kashmir issue also led to the consolidation of states on Linguistic basis.

Question 8.
Explain ‘Provincial A my’ conferred by Act of 1935.
Answer:
Provincial Autonomy:
This act provided the provinces to become autonomous units of Administration. By this act the provinces no longer remained as delegates of the Central Govt. The Act introduced provincial autonomy. It was introduced in 11 provinces viz. Madras, Bombay, Bengal, the United Provinces, punjab, Bihar, central provinces, Assam, the North western frontier provinces, Orissa and Sind.

As federation was not introduced in the centre, the Govt of India was represented by the Governor General. The provinces were administered by the ministers. The difference between the reserved and transferred subject was dropped. All subjects were placed under the charge of ministers, who were made responsible to and removable by the Legislative Assembly.

Thus the executive was responsible to legislature. The legislative relations between the central Govt and the provinces were regulated according to the three lists of subjects provided under the Act.

Dominion status which was promised by the Simon commission in 1929 was not conferred by this act.
The intention to establish “Federation of India” did not metorialize because of the opposition for merger from the rulers of princely states.
The degree of provincial Autonomy introduced at the provincial level was limited as central Govt, retained important powers and control. The Governor was given pivotal position, with discretionary ministry Thus the claim of conferring provincial autonomy was very limited.

IV. Ten Marks Questions.

Question 1.
Explain in detail the Government of India Act 1935.
Answer:
The Government of India Act 1935 contained 321 Articles and 13 schedules. A ‘White paper’ was prepared on the results of I, II, and III round conferences. It was examined by Joint select committee of the British Parliament and in accordance with its recommencations Government of India Act 1935 was passed.
The Important provisions of the Act are,
(A) Federation:
The Act provided for the extablishment of‘Federation of India’. It consisted of provinces of British India and Princely States as units. For the first time an attempt was made to establish a federal government.

(B) Distribution of Power:
It divided legislative powers between the central and provincial legislatures. There was a three fold division

Federal List: consisted of 59 subjects like external affairs, currency, defense etc, over which the federal legislature had leg¬islative power.
Provincial list: Consisted of 54 subjects the police, education, etc over which pro-vincial legislature had Jurisdiction.
Concurrent list: Consisted of 36 subjects like criminal1 law, civil procedure, marriage and divorce etc over which both the federal and provincial legislatures had competence.
The Residensy powers were vested with the Governor General.

(C) Dyarchy At the Centre:
The diarcy which was established in the provinces by Feb of 1919 was now adopted at the centre. The executive authority rested in the Gov-ernor-General included the following.

The administration of’reserved subjects like defence, external affairs etc was done by Governor General with the help of ‘Coun-cillors’, who were appointed by him and not responsible to the legislature.
In the matters o f transferred subjects the Governor General acted on the advice of ‘Council of Ministers’ who were responsible to the legislature.

(D) The Federal Legislature:
The Federal central Legislature was Bi-cameral consisting of Federal Assembly and the Council of states.

The council of states consisted of 260 members, of which 156 (60%) were elected from British India and 104 (40%) were nominated by the rulers of the Princely states.
Federal Assembly consisted of375 members, of which 250 (67%) were elected by the legislative assemblies and 125 (33%) nominated by the rulers of the Princely states.

The council was to be a permanant body 1/3 rd of its members were to retire after 3 yrs. The term of Assembly was 5 years. Indirect method of election was prevalent for House of Assembly. There was Bi-cameral Legislature in Bengal, Bombay, Bihar and Madras, rest of the provinces had unicameral legislature.

(E) Federal Court:
It provided for the first time the establisment of a federal court for India in Delhi It was established in 1937 and consisted of a Chief Justice and 6 additional Judges appointed by his majesty’s Government on the basis ofhigh legal qualifications.

It had original jurisdiction to decide disputes between the centre and the provinces.
Appellate Jurisdication over decisions of thehighCourt.
Advisory Jurisdiction to advice the Govemer General on any point of Law.

It was the highest court in India. After 12 years it was transformed into the ‘Supreme Court’ oflndia in 1950, under the present con-stitution. The credit of its excellent work goes to Sir Maurice Gwyer, who guided the court in its formative years as its first Chief Justice,

(F) Provincial Autonomy:
The 1935 Act provided the provinces with autonomy in administration. They thus ceased to be delegates of Central Govt. The provincial autonomy was introduced in 11 provinees Madras, Bombay, the united prov¬inces, Punjab, Bihar, Central provinces, Assam, the North Western province, Orissa and Sind. The Govt of India was represented by Governor General. The provinces were administered by ministers. All subjects, both reserved and transferred were placed under the charge of ministers. They were made responsible to and removable by Legislative Assembly. The executive was responsible to the legislature.
The legislative relations between central govt and the provinces were regulated according to three lists of subjects provided under the Act,

How ever, ‘ Dominion Status ’ which was promised by the Simon commission in 1929 was not conferred by this Act.
The intention to establish “Federation of India” did not materialize due to the opposition for merger from the rulers of princely states.
The degree of provincial autonomy in troduced at the provincial level was lim-ited as Central Govt retained important powers and control. The Govemer was given the pirotal position, with discretion-ary powers on important matters. He was not bound by the advice of ministers.The claim of conferring provincial autonomy was very limited.

Question 2.
Explain the the re-organization of states.
Answer:
Reorganisation of States:
Reorganisation of states or redrawing of Internal boundaries of Indian states was necessary because prior to 1947 the territories of India consisted of the British Indian provinces and princely states. The boundaries were drawn in a haphazard manner. There were about 500 Indian states which were merged before Independence into a dozen units. The provinces were multi-lingual and multi-cultural. No seed was paid to linguistic or cultural cohesion. With the introductionofthe Indian constitution the territories were divided into four categories.

Part A states: Andhra, Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Punjab, United provinces and West Bengal. These were former British provinces.
Part B States: Hyderabad, Jammu Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, patiala, Pepsu, Rajasthan, Sourashtra, Travancore and Cochin. These were princely states or chief commissioner’s Provinces.
Part C States: Ajmer, Bophal, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal pradesh, Kutch, Manipal, Tripura and Vindhya Pradesh.
Part D States: Andaman and Nicobar. The states under part C and D were ruled by the President with the aid ofit.Govemor or Chief Commissioner. So for national consolidation and integration of ihe internal boundaries were not drawn.

So it was to be re-drawn, taking linguistic and cultural plurality into consideration with¬out affecting the unity of the nation.
Linguistic principle As Basic of Re-organisation. The Mothilal Nehru commission report says ‘If aprovince has to. educate itself and do its daily work through the medium of its own language, it must be in alinguLstic area language as a role corresponds, with a special variety of culture, traditions and Ijterature. Language as a basis, of reorganisation of states is important because

Language as a basis, for reorganisation is closely related to customs and culture of people.
Spread of education and literacy can oc¬cur only through medium of mother tongue.
To the common man, democracy can be real only when politics had administration are conducted in his own language.
Linguistic states can provide education, administration and judicial activity in mother tongue.

It was decided that free India would base its boundries on linguistic principle. The states re-organisation committee was consistitued in December 1953. Justice FazlAli, KM Panikkar and Hrudayanath Kunzru were its members.

The States Re-organisation Act 1956:
The recommendation of the states re-organisation committee was passed in November 1956. The objective ofthe act explains ‘The states of India as they exist today have been formed largely as a result of historical accidents and circumstances and hence there was a demand for the re-organisation of the component units of the Indian union on a more national basis, after taking into account, riot only the growing importance of regional language but also finan-cial and administrative considerations.
The main features of the Act are:

Abolishing the distinction between part A,B,C and D states.
Establishment of two categories of units
- States
- Union territories.
The abolition of Rajpramukhs.
The act provided for the creation of 14 states and 6 union territories.

After 1956 not all1 states did not become linguistic states immediately. The Bombay state became Maharashtra and Gujrat in 1960. Punjab was divided into Punjab and Haryana in 1966. Andhrapradesh was divided into Seemandra and Telangana in 2013. At present there are 29 states and 7 union territories.

SLNo	States
1	Seemandhra
2	Arunachal Pradesh
3	Assam
4	Bihar
5	Chattisgarh
6	Goa
7	Gujrat
8	Haryana
9	Himachal Pradesh
10	Jammu and Kashmir
11	Jharkhand
12	Karnataka
13	Kerala
14	Madhya Pradesh
15	Maharashtra
16	Manipur
17	Meghalaya
18	Mizoram
19	Nagaland
20	Odissa
21	Punjab
22	Rajasthan
23	Sikkim
24	Tamilnadu
25	Tripura
26	Uttarkhand
27	Uttar Pradesh
28	West Bengal
29	Telangana.

Union Territories
1	Andaman & Nicobar
2	Chandigarh
3	Dadra & Nagar haveli
4	Daman & Diu
5	Delhi (NCT)
6	Lakshadweep
7	Puducherry

Question 3.
Explain the integration of states. Integration of States.
Answer:
British India consisted of British Indian provinces were directly under the control of the British Govt and was transferred to India on 15th Aug 1947. The princely states accepted British supremacy but eajoyed certain degree of freedom in their internal affairs. This was called paramountry of the British. But this lasped in 1947.

The princely states regained their independence and were free to Join either India or Pakistan. But the small states realised that it was not possible to maintain independent existence and willing to acceed to India or Pakistan. Sardar Patel took charge of the Indian states Department and V.P. Menon became secretary on 5th July 1947. They death with matters arising between central and Indran states.

All states acceeded except a few in accordence with an ‘Instrument of Accession’ by which they acceded only three subjects Defense, Foreign Affairs and Communications. The rulers of these states were promised honorable position and were assured of their rights andpriveleges of the states situated within the boundaries of dominion of India, about 565 states except Junagadh, Hyderabad, Kashmir and a few had acceded before the independence itself.
The process of integration of the Indian states was three-fold and known as ‘patel scheme’.
1. Merger of small states with adjoining provices:
About216 states were merged with provices adjoining them. eg: Merger of 24 states of Orissa, 14 states ofCentral province, pudukotai with Madras etc, These merged states were included in part B of the constitution.

2. Grouping of small states:
Many small states grouped themselves to form a bigger state with the ruler of most important one becoming the ‘Rajapramukhs’. eg: union of Sourashtra, Patila and East punjab states union (Pepsu) etc. These unions were called part B states.

3. Integration into chief commissioner’s provinces.
About 61 states which were small and backward were converted into centrally ad-ministered areas as chief commissioner’s provinces and where called part C. States. eg: Himachal Pradesh, Ajmer, Coorg, Cooch- Biharetc.

Accession of Junagadh, Hyderabad, And Kashmir.
Accession of Junagadh:
The Nawab of Junagadh declared accession to Pakistan much against the wishes of the people of the state. They were in favour of joining India. After the declaration of accession, they rose in rebellion against the Nawab. As a result, he fled to pakistan. A ‘Plebiscite’ was held in which the people voted to accede to Indian union. Later Junagadh was merged with Sourashtra.

Accession of Hyderabad:
Hyderabad, the largest of the princely states was surrounded by the Indian territory. Its rular the ‘Nizam’ wanted an Independent status. He made a ‘ Standstill- Agreement’ with India in November 1947 to maintain the status quo which existed before 1947. But the Indian Government felt that an independent Hyderabad would pose security threat.

In the mean-time, there was a movement against the oppressive rule of the Nawab. The peasantry and the women joined it in large num-bers. The congress and communists were named ‘Razakars’, the Nizam ostracized the people. The ‘Razakars’ raped, maimed, looted, murdered and targeted the non- muslims.

To end this anarcy, the Indian Army entered Hyderabad in September 1946. This police action is known as ‘operation polo ’. The Nizam surrenderd and the complete accession of Hyderabad into the union of India followed.

Accession of Kashmir:
Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) war a princely state. Its ruler Hari Singh was a Hindu and the population was largely Muslims (77%). They did not want to merge with India. Or Pakistan but to have an independent status for the state. There was a popular movement led by Sheikh Abdullah of the ‘National conference’ for the removal of the king. They were against joining Pakistan also. They thought of themselves as kashmiris.

In view of geographical contiguity and the greater numerical strength of the Muslims in the state. Pakistan was anxious to bring it under its rule. In October 1947, Kashmir was invaded by tribal infiltrators of Pakistan. This forced the Maharaja to seek Indian military help. India reacted positively after ‘Instrument of Accession’ was signed on 26th October 1947.

This was also accepted by Sheikh Abdullah. Through this Kashmir became the bone of contention between India and Pakistan. To resolve this crisis, the Constituted Assembly of India maded special provision through Article 370 to provide a seperate constitution to the state along with other provisions.

In 1951 the constituent Assembly met in the state to trance a constitution. In February 1954, the accession of the state to India was satified by the constituent Assembly. In November 1956, in adopted a constitution leaglising the status of J & K declared the accession of the state of India as final.

As per the accord reached between the PM of India and Sheikh Abdullah, the post of the P.M of J & K was redesignated as Chief Minister of J&K on 25th February 1975.

2nd PUC Political Science Origin and Growth of Indian Political System Additional Questions and Answers

I. One Mark Questions.

Question 1.
Mention some important leaders of India’s freedom?
Answer:
The important leaders were Dadabhai Naoraji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Lala Lajpat rai, Bipin Chandra pal, Bal Gangadhar tilak, M.K. Gandhi, etc.,

Question 2.
When did the sepoy mutiny take place?
Answer:
The sepoy mutiny took place in 1857.

Question 3.
What led to the transfer of power to the British crown?
Answer:
The Sepoy mutiny led to the transfer of power to the British Crown.

Question 4.
When was the Indian Councils Act passed?
Answer:
The Indian Councils Act was passed in 1909.

Question 5.
What was the result of the Indian Council Act 1909?
Answer:
It increased the strength of provincial legislative council and introduced the commu¬nal representation through separate electorates for Muslims.

Question 6.
When was the first Government of India Act passed?
Answer:
The first Government of India Act was passed in 1919.

Question 7.
What other name is given to the 1st Govt of India Act?
Answer:
The 1st Govt of India act is otherwise known as Montagu-chelmsford report.

Question 8.
When did the British Govt appoint the Simon commission?
Answer:
The British Govt appointed the Simon Commission in 1927.

Question 9.
What did the Simon commission announce?
Answer:
It announced in 1929 that ‘Dominion status’ was the goal of Indian developments.

Question 10.
Who led the Ist and IIIrd round table conferences?
Answer:
Gandhiji led the Ist and IIIrd round table conference.

Question 11.
Who led the IInd round table conference?
Answer:
Dr. B.R.Ambedkar led the 2nd round table conference.

Question 12.
What is the ‘Poona pact’?
Answer:
The ‘Poona Pact’ provided reservation for depressed classes instead of separate electorates for untouchables.

Question 13.
Who was the first chief justice of the Federal Court?
Answer:
Sir Maurice Gwyer was the first chief justice of the federal court.

Question 14.
When did the Supreme Court come into existence?
Answer:
The Supreme Court came into existence in 1950.

Question 15.
When was the Cripps mission sent to India?
Answer:
The Cripps mission came to India in 1942.

Question 16.
When did the British Govt send a ‘cabinet mission’ to India?
Answer:
The British Govt sent a ‘cabinet mission’ to India in 1946.

Question 17.
When was the Drafting committee set up?
Answer:
It was set up in the year 1946.

Question 18.
Who was the chairman Of the Draft-ing committee?
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the chairman of the Drafting committee.

Question 19.
Who was the first prime minister of India?
Answer:
Pt-Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of India.

Question 20.
When was Andhra Pradesh divided?
Answer:
Andhra Pradesh was divided into Seemandra and Telangana in 2013.

Question 21.
Who was the first chief minister of J & K?
Answer:
Sheikh Abdullah was the first chief minister of J & K.

II. Two Marks Questions.

Question 1.
What was the objective of the Indian council Act of 1909?
Answer:
The objective was to widen the basis and expand the functions of the Govt of India and to give further opportunities to the native elements of lndian Society to take part in the work of the Government.

Question 2.
Why did the Government of India Act 1909 fail?
Answer:
The Act of 1909 failed to satisfy the aspirations of the nationalists. The I.N.G became more active and started campaign for Home Rule.

III. Five Marks Questions.

Question 1.
What are the provisions made in the ‘White paper’?
Answer:

Educational facilities and Reservation in polities for depressed classes.
Universal Adult franchise
Prohibition of Social boycott
Communal representation
Separate electorate for the untouchables.

Question 2.
Mention any one provision of the Government of India Act 1935.
Answer:
Distribution of power:
It divided legislative powers between the central and provincial legislatures. There was a three fold division.

Federal list: Consisted of 59 subjects like external affairs, currency defense etc over which the federal legislature had legislature power.
Provincial List: consisted of 54 subjects the police, education etc. over which provincial legislature had jurisdiction.
Consisted of 36 subjects like criminal law, civil procedure, marriage and divorce etc over which both the federal and provincial legislatures had competence,
Concurrent list: Consisted of 36 subjects like criminal law, civil procedure, marriage and divorce etc over which both the federal and provincial legislatures had competence.
iv. Residuary powers were vested with the Governor-General.

Question 3.
What led the Indian freedom fighters to launch ‘Quit India movement’?
Answer:
The Cripps ‘proposal were rejected by both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. It led to ‘Quit India movement’.

IV. Ten Marks Questions.

Question 1.
What were the challenges India faced when it attained Independence?
Answer:
There was mass exodus of people across the borders large scale violence and communal riots. The moment when India attained Independence, it opened many challenges. The problems were multiple i.e, Agriculture and Industrial stagnation, economic backwardness, impoverishment, dismal health services, ignorance, inequality etc., Independent India had the tasks of,

Territorial and administrative integration of India.
Framing the constitution and building a responsible and representative govt.
Pushing the process of nation-building etc.