2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 5 Nation Building and Challenges to Indian Democracy

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 5 Nation Building and Challenges to Indian Democracy

2nd PUC Political Science Nation Building and Challenges to Indian Democracy Text Book Questions and Answers

I. One Mark Questions.

Question 1.
What is Nation-State?
Answer:
The people of common religious and traditional background, living in a definite territory, common language, culture, and history form a nation-state.

Question 2.
What is Nationality?
Answer:
Common language, culture and history, aspirations of the people of a country is Nationality.

Question 3.
What is Nation Building?
Answer:
The concept of Nation states is Nation building.

Question 4.
Which treaty initiated the process of a Nation-state?
Answer:
The Treaty of Westphalia (1648).

Question 5.
When did treaty of Westphalia sign the process of Nation-state?
Answer:
In the year 1648.

Question 6.
Which country is described as the land of ‘cultural diversity’?
Answer:
India.

Question 7.
Which country is described as the land of ‘ethnicity’?
Answer:
India.

Question 8.
Mention any one of the hindrances of Nation building.
Answer:
Poverty.

Question 9.
Write any one of the remedies of Nation building.
Answer:
Political Stability.

Question 10.
What is inequality?
Answer:
Inequality means denying opportunities and privileges to some classes, making discrimination of the basis of caste, gender etc.

Question 11.
What is caste based inequality?
Answer:
Discriminating people on the grounds of caste.

Question 12.
State a cause for caste based inequality.
Answer:
Varna system was converted into caste based in equality.

Question 13.
What is gender based inequality?
Answer:
Denial of th right to equality and dignified life to women.

Question 14.
State a cause for gender based inequality.
Answer:
‘Manu smrithi’ asserted that women should always be under the guardianship of men.

Question 15.
What is illiteracy?
Answer:
Illiteracy means inability of a person to read and write in any language.

Question 16.
Write a definition of inequality.
Answer:
Inequality is denying opportunities and privileges to some classes making discrimination on the basis of caste, religion, gender, birth place etc.,

Question 17.
Write the literacy percentage in Karnataka.
Answer:
According to 2011 census literacy rate in Karnataka is 75.36%.

Question 18.
State a cause for illiteracy.
Answer:
Poverty.

Question 19.
When was the 86th Constitution Amendment passed?
Answer:
In the year 2002.

Question 20.
Which Article was added to the Constitution by 86th Constitution Amendment?
Answer:
Fundamental Right to Education for children between 6 to 14 years of age.

Question 21.
Children of which age group have the Right to Education?
Answer:
Children of the age group of 6 to 14 years of age.

Question 22.
Expand.RTE.
Answer:
Right to Education.

Question 23.
What is Communalism?
Answer:
Communalism is an ideology of the followers of one particular religion considers the followers of other religion as inferior.

Question 24.
State a cause for Comquinalism.
Answer:
Discriminatory policies of the East India Company regarding divide and rule, destroyed the unity between Hindus and muslims.

Question 25.
What is the root word of the term Terrorism?
Answer:
The Latin word ‘Terrere’.

Question 26.
What is Terrorism?
Answer:
It is a method where by an organised group or party seeks to achieve its avowed goals chiefly through the systematic use of violence.

Question 27.
Mention anyone cause for the rise of Terrorism in India.
Answer:
Religious fundamentalism.

Question 28.
Name any one of the Terrorist organizations.
Answer:
Indian Mujahidin (IM).

Question 29.
Expand MISA.
Answer:
Maintenance of Internal Security Act. (1971).

Question 30.
Expand NSA.
Answer:
National Security Act(NSA) (1980).

Question 31.
Expand TADA.
Answer:
Terrorist and Disruptive Activities Prevention Act (TADA) 1987.

Question 32.
Expand POTA.
Answer:
Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA).

Question 33.
Expand UAPA.
Answer:
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) 2008.

Question 34.
What is corruption?
Answer:
Corruption is the misuse of authority for the consideration of personal gains.

Question 35.
Mention any one form of corruption.
Answer:
Lack of Morality.

Question 36.
When was the Prevention of Corruption Act passed?
Answer:
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 and 1988.

Question 37.
By what name Anti corruption organization is known in Sweden?
Answer:
Ombudsmen.

Question 38.
Who appoints Lokpal?
Answer:
The Presidentof India.

Question 39.
When did Lokpal institution come into existence?
Answer:
Lokpal institution came into existence on 1st January 2014,

Question 40.
What is the tenure of office of Lokpal?
Answer:
5 years.

Question 41.
Who appoints Lokayukta?
Answer:
The Govemer of the state.

Question 42.
When did Lokayukta institution come into existence in Karnataka?
Answer:
1984.

Question 43.
What is the tenure of office of Lokayukta?
Answer:
5 years.

Question 44.
Who is the Lokayukta in Karnataka?
Answer:
Y. Bhaskar Rao is the Lokayukta.

Question 45.
Who is the Upalokayukta’ in Karnataka?
Answer:
S.B. Majage is the Upalokayukta.

II. Two Marks Questions.

Question 1.
What is the meaning of Nation-state?
Answer:
Nation-state refers to a country whose people become a well-organised, united and cohesive group and the society becomes democratic and developed. The political system is autonomaus and legitimate to meet the demands and aspirations of the people and over come threats, crises and all other challenges.

Question 2.
What is the meaning of Nation building?
Answer:
The process of Nation building is an off shoot of a cocept of nation states. Nation state refers to a country whose people become a well organised, united and cohesive group and the society becomes democratic and developed. The political system is autonomous and legitimate to meet the demands and aspirations of the people and over come threats, crises and all other challenges.

Question 3.
Write a definition of Nation building.
Answer:
Nation building is a wide ranging process to build a viable, cohesive, well organised and widely acceptable society Myron Weiner.

Question 4.
What is good governance?
Answer:
Good Governance ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility and responsiveness. In addition, the use of technology has given rise it E-governance. India is one of the leading countries in the world in the adoption of the system of E-Governance.

Question 5.
What is inequality?
Answer:
Inequality means denying opportunities and privileges to some classes, making discrimi-nation on the basis of caste, religion, gender, birthplace etc.

Question 6.
What is caste based inequality?
Answer:
Discriminating people on the grounds of caste is caste based inequality. In modem society inequality is based on the available privileges for upper caste and lower caste, which has contributed to social inequality.

Question 7.
What is gender based inequality?
Answer:
Denial of the right to equality and digni¬fied life to women is gender based in equality. She is not provided education, employment, representation and property.

Question 8.
What is the meaning of illiteracy?
Answer:
Illiteracy is the inability of a person to read and write in any language. Amartya sen has described illiteracy as one of ‘un-freedoms’.

Question 9.
Why child labour is a cause for illiteracy?
Answer:
Poverty is a cause to child labour and child labour is a cause of illiteracy, children who work as labourers for a livelihood cannot get education. So child labour is a cause of illiteracy.

Question 10.
Write a definition of illiteracy.
Answer:
Illiteracy is both a curse and impediment to democracy. Illiteracy is lack of education.

Question 11.
What is the compulsory education?
Answer:
‘Compulsory Education’ is the obligation of the Government to provide free elementary education and ensure compulsory admission and attendance and completion of education to every child in the age group of 6 to 14 years.

Question 12.
Mention any two causes for illiteracy.
Answer:

Population explosion.
Poverty.

Question 13.
What is Communalism?
Answer:
Communalism is an ideology of the followers of one particular religion consider the followers of another religion as inferior. It is a theory or system of Govt in which communes or local communities on the basis of ethnic or religious basis have autonomy within a federal state – (Webster’s new world Dictionary)

Question 14.
Write any two causes for communalism.
Answer:

Policy of British India.
Hindu-Muslim Nationalism.

Question 15.
What is the meaning of Terrorism?
Answer:
Terrorism is an act of vengence, which is intended to create fear among the people and perperated for an ideological goal and deliberately targeted by disregarding the safety of non combatants. Terrorism maybe defined as pre planned, well organised act of intimidation and illegal violence by the trained group of individuals to realise a desired goal- (U.S.State department)

Question 16.
Write a definition pf Terrorism.
Answer:
It is a method where by an organised group or party seeks to achieve its avowed goals, chiefly through the systematic use of violence – Encyclopedia of Social Science.

Question 17.
How religious fundamentalism is a cause for terrorism?
Answer:
Some religious fundamentalist organisations belonging to muslims, hindus, Christians, sikhs, have been supporting and helping the terrorist activities for their long-term political gains. This has led to the rise of religious militancy.

Question 18.
Why terrorist boycott elections?
Answer:
Terrorists boycott elections to erode the legitimacy of the election system

Question 19.
What do you mean by corruption?
Answer:
Corruption is the greediness of a person who misuse authority for unofficial fees, commissions, gifts, bribes, pay-off, scam, kick-backs, speed-money, hafta, greasing of palms.

Question 20.
Write a definition of corruption.
Answer:
“Corruption is a behaviour which deviates from the formal duties of a public role because of private regarding”. – J.S. Nye.

Question 21.
How lack of moral education leads to corruption?
Answer:
When parents and elders at home, teachers in schools do not impart moral education, deterioration of values leads to corruption.

Question 22.
What is Lokpal?
Answer:
Lokpal is the Indian ombudsman at the central level. It is an institution set up to invistigate corruption charges against government employees and elected representatives. Lokpal is a 9 ihember institution consisting of a Retired Chief Justice oflndia as chairman, four members are judges of either Supreme Court dr High Court and other four members are who possess 25 years of service in the Vigilance Commission.

Question 23.
What is Lokayukta?
Answer:
Lokayukta is an anti-corruption institution at the state level comprision of a retired or active judge of Supreme Court or High Court. The Lokayukta receives petitions from the public and conduct corruption inquires against Govt officials and elected representatives.

III. Five Marks Questions.

Question 1.
Explain the various components of , Nation building.
Answer:
1. Community support:
To realize the process of Nation building, collective support and endeavour of people are essential. The quality of people reflects the quality of a nation. Discipline, work culture and patriotic feeling also contribute for nation building.

In a democracy, people are the kingmakers Hence, they are expected to elect competent and honest representatives. They formulate the sound of public opinion on important national issues. As J.S. Mill said, eternal vigilance is the price of democracy.

2. Good Governance:
Good governance ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility and responsiveness. In addition, the us of technology has given rise to e-Governance. India is one of the leading countries in the world in the adoption of the system of e-governance.

3. Committed leadership:
History depicts many examples of committed leadership eg: The us president Franklin Delano Roosevelt solved the crisis of economic Depression by adopting the New Deal policy and US became a super power at global level after the II world war. In India Nehru’s leadership largely contributed to the process of Nation building.

He formulated goals for nation building and introduced planning system, adopted industrialization Policy and socialistic pattern of society. He had vision and for signtedness for the transformation of India. Hence Nehru is called the Architect of modern India.

To attain this reservation is provided to the SCs and STs and to women at different levels of govts. It ensures social justice which is the foundation of socioeconomic democracy.

5. Political culture:
Political culture constitutes a set of values, attitudes and behaviour towards a political system. Ideal political behaviour is required for national reconstruction. Leaders have to embody the principles of National Interest, public service, probity and statesmanship.

6. Universal Education:
Development of a nation depends on the universal education of its citizens. Education enables citizens to understand their potentials and strengthens their dignity. Gandhiji has said that “Education is the light of life” It encourages citizens to develop a spirit of inquiry, the ability to analyze the National Problems and to work for National Progress. Education equips the people to shun fanaticism, parochialism, communalism, casteism and religions fundamentalism. The Rightf o Education Act 2009 implemented in 2010 is a step in that direction.

One has to acquire knowledge about the history of his motherland and its contributions to human civilizations Makers of Indian constitution have asserted the supremacy of popular sovereignity in the preamble reading with expression ‘we the people of India’.

8. Mass Media:
The fourth estate of Democracy is the mass media. It plays a vital role in nation building. It highlights ommissions and commissions of the government and the public. It is an effective instrument of political socialization, modernization and development. In India the ‘Freedom of expression’ is a fundamental right under Art 19 of the constitution.

9. Responsible Intelligentia:
The contributions of intellectuals is recognised all over the world. Research and innovations in important areas of human life have contributed to the National development. In India, the development in the field of social sciences, M.N.Srinivas, SLN. Balagangadara, Ashish Nandy, Rajiv Malhotra and others.

In science and technology Sir .M. Vishveshwara -iah, Sir C.V.Raman, Dr.Raja Ramanna, Dr.M.GK.Menon, DL’G N.R. Rao, Dr. U.R.Rao, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul,Kalam and others have greatly contributed for India’s present position at global level.

10. National Integration:
It is the process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically; Sardar Vallabh Bhai patel, Vinoba Bhave, Lai Bahadhur Shastri, J.B.Kripalini, Acharya Narendra Dev played a key role in the National integration. Nov 19th is being observed as National Integration day, the birthday of Smt. Indira Gandhi.

Question 2.
Explain the major hindrances of Nation building.
Answer:
Major Hindrances of Nation Building:
1. Poverty:
A very large population of India live in the villages and their major occupation is Agriculture. They rely upon the monsoon which is quite irregular. Hence, the output is very low. As a result more the 1/5th of the total population is living below poverty line. Poverty denies acess to good health, sanitation facilities and basic infrastructure, necessary for personality development.

2. Population explosion:
The census Reports of 2011 prove that India is overpopulated (1.2. billion). Though population is a resource, it is a burden when not utilised to strengthen the nation. Population explosion has led to unemployment, housing shortage, food and other basic amenities.

3. Regional Imbalance:
All the regions of lndia are not evenly developed. This leads to seperatist tendencies that curb National development. Eg: Marathwada and Vidarbha of Maharastra, Telangana region in Andhra Pradesh, Korapet and Kalahardi region in odisha, North east of India, and Gorkha hill regions.

4. Social and Political Disturbances:
In India social and political disturbances have become common in the recent years causing tension. Assam, Uttarpradesh, West Bengal and Kerala have become communally sensitive states Likewise, caste conflicts, terrorism, center-state, inter-state disputes have affected nations march towards development.

5. Political Crisis:
The coalition politics and the emergence of too many political parties, regional and sectarian feelings have created political crisis on many occasions. The vested interests have prevented the parliament and state legislatures to enact necessary laws for the development of nation. Money power and muscle power have led to the growth of leaders without principles and it has become a gainful employment for such unscrupulous persons.

Question 3.
Why inequality is a slur to democracy?
Answer:
‘Inequality’ is denial of opportunity and privilege to some class of people, discriminating them on the basis of caste, religion, gender, birthplace etc. Since time immemorial inequality has played a major role in Indian Society. Indian Democracy has been facing many challenges due to inequality based on caste, religion and gender.

Though the Indian Government has taken innumerable steps to eliminate inequality it is still persisting in many ways. Caste based inequality, Regional and social and cultural differences, illeteracy and conservative Mentality, sense of prestige and marriage restrictions are still prevalent. Caste based system has endangered the integration of India.

It has effected the feeling of National fraternity and consciosness of Indians. Religious atrocities and frequent disturbances have divided our society and created a sectarian society which is harmful for a democratic nation. The feeling of oneness and nationalsim has taken a beating. Moreover economic Inequality has created a gulf in between haves and have nots.

Basic human rights are badly affected. Gender inequality has led to an imbalance in representation in our Govt bodies. Gender based attrocities and the conflict between the weaker sex and stronger sex has affected development of our nation.

Question 4.
Explain the causes of caste based inequality.
Answer:
1. Varnashrama system:
Discriminating people on the grounds caste is caste-based inequality, from the ancient period, caste-based inequality prevailed in Hindu society. The Hindu Society was divided into four vamar and the contents of mann smriti followed. In modem society inequality is based on the available privileges for upper and lower caste, which also contributed to social inequality.

Since ancient period vama system is prevalent. It is based on their profession as Brahim, Kshatriya, Vysya and the Shudras. Gradually it was converted in to caste based discrimination by the law of manu later on this inequality prevailed in hindu Society.

2. Social Distance:
Due to lack of mobility among different caste, the culture, tradations, folkways, mores, food habits, social intercourse and so on are not known and practised. Hence, it is called ‘closed society’, It leads to strong caste bias among them

3. Illiteracy and Conservatism:
Illteracy and ignorance among people make them conservative, it motivates them to narrow mindedness and superstition. They believe in old customs and traditions. Such persons are very orthodox in their nature. They oppose strongly to any change in society and consider their own caste as superior, others as inferior.

4. Sense of Prestige:
The strong desire of the people belonging to a particular caste enhances the prestige their own, to get benefits and privileges from the society. Other castes which are neglected and under priviledged will suffer from social status.

5. Marriage Restrictions:
In this closed society, only endogamous marriages are accepted. Elders do not honour marriages fixed outside the sub-sect. In such a situation strong caste feeling develops and leads to inequality.

Question 5.
Describe the causes of gender-based inequality’.
Answer:
Discrimination is made on the basis of men and women, denying equal opportunities to the fairer sex are called gender-based inequality. It is the result of gender bias in favour of male throughout the ages. The prevalence of gender based inequality in family, economic, cultural, educational and political fields are seen.

Causes:
1. Manu smrithi:
Earlier the Hindu Society followed ‘Manu Smrithi’ which asserted that women should always be under the guardianship of men at different stages of her fife. He wanted her to be within the walls, restraining her from the happenings of society.

2. Male Domination:
The society is based on physical strength of man where he dominates the female. He does not want female should take over his responsibility and authority at home as well as in the society.

3. Denial of Education:
Male domination is reflected in the field of education also. Denying education for girl from many centuries made her incapable is many fields. Men occupied jobs and secured well and dominating position in the entire society.

4. Dowry system:
The practice of dowry system continues and is still contributing to gender Inequality, male children are treated as assets and the girl as a burden. This attitude also intensity the discrimination between men and women.

5. Inadequate Representation:
Women constitute 50% of total population. Female are in adequately represented in the field of politics and economics. Even though women are capable as men, they are not allowed in this respective field. Women have little or no opportunities for participation in public life.

Question 6.
Explain the remedial measures to, remove caste-based inequality.
Answer:
Remedial Measures to Remove Caste Based Inequality:
The scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes are the worst affected due to caste based inequality. In order to bring them to the main stream, the Indian constituluded certain provisions in Pan IV and XVI of the constitution. Art 15, 16, 17,46 contain revolutionary provisions for the creation of socialist pattern of society or altruism of society.

The aim of reservation policy is the establishment of an egalitarian society. The National Commission of SCs and STs are empowered exchange their socio-economic status through different provisions. The provision is made for identification of other Backward classes both by central and state Governments. They are empowered to appoint Backward Classes Commission.
1. Education:
Article 15 of the constitution provides reservation of seats to SCs and STs and Backward classes in educational institutions. Even the private aided and unaided institutions must also reserve certain seats to the students belonging to these groups as per the 86th constitutional amendment Act, 15% of seats for SCs and 3% seats for STs are reserved. Right to education has also provided reservations to these communities.

2. Employment:
Art 16 of the constitution provides equal opportunities to all in public services. Art 335 claims reservations for SCs and STs in public service both in central and state Govts. At present the reservation for Jobs in central and state Govts, for SCs and STs stand at 15% and 3% respectively. The Mandal Commission Report recommended 27% job reservation for other backward classes (OBC) in 1980. It was implemented in 1990.

3. Loksabha and Legislative Assembly:
Article 730 mid 3r Indianconsti both in Lok-Sabha and State Legislative Assembly respectively.

4. Local Bodies of Govt:
Art 243 D, of the Indian constitution seats are reserved for SCs and STs in every panchayath in proportion to their population under the same article the offices of the chairpersons in the Panchayath Raj Institutions are reserved for these groups as per law made by state Govts. For backward classes also seats may be reserved by the state Govt in any Panchayat or offices of chair-persons. Article, 243T provides for reservation of seats for these groups in urban local Govts.

5. Abolition of untouchability:
Article 17, of the Indian constitution provided for abolition of untouchability. The SCs and STs (prevention of atrocities) Act was enacted by parliament in 1989. It is known as the ‘Dalit Act’. It came to force from 30th January 1990. It specifics the attrocities which are liable for severe penalities. Under section 21 of the act, the state govts are required to take effective measures for its implementation.

Question 7.
Explain the remedial measures to re¬move gender based inequality.
Answer:
Remedial Measures to Remove GenderBased Inequality Reservations for Women As A Remedial Response,
1. Education:
Educational empowerment of women is required to remove gender based inequality. ‘SarvaShikshaAbhiyana’, was introduced by the Indian Govt in 2001 for the universalization of elementary education. Kastura Ba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Scheme provides for reservation of 75% for girls from SC/ST/OBC and minority communities.

Remaining 25% of reservation goes to girls coming from poor families. Kittur Rani Channamma Residential schools are started in Karnataka. The Karnataka Govt has adopted some schemes to encourage girls in the field of education like fee concession up to degree level, provision of scholarship, free bicycles etc.

2. Employment:
By reserving jobs, women will be eco-nomically empowered to lead an independent and dignified life. In state services, 33% of jobs are reserved for women. In banking field, some banks are fully managed by women. Recently the Central Government opened ‘Mahila Banks’ in different cities across India. Women have proved their capability as teachers, scientists, industralists, pilots, political leaders and social reformers

Some famous personalities of India are Savitri Bai Phule, SorojiniNaidu, Vijay lakshmi Pandit, Mother Theresa, Indira Gandhi, V.S.Ramadevi, Shakunthala Devi, Gangu Bai Hangal, Kalpana Chawla, Quarathul Ain Hyder, Mahadevi Varma, and many others. They cannot be described as weaker sex. Time is ripe for gender equality and respect for women.

3. Representative Bodies:
The 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments are landmarks in the political empowerment of women at the grass-root level of democracy. Art 243 D. provides 173rd reservation of seats for women in panchayath bodies. Further, out of total reserved seats 173rd of seats are reserved for SCs/STs women. 1/3rd of the total number of offices of chairpersons in the panchayaths may be reserved for women as per law made by the state legislatures.

Similar policy of political reservation is followed in urban governments under Art 243T. Many state govts including Karnataka have increased the reservation of seats to 50% of seats in local govts. The vested interests have been delaying the enactment of women’s reservation bill providing 33% reservation in Lok-sabha and State legislatures.

Constitutional provisions:
To remove inequality on the basis of gender, the Indian constitution has made provisions as under:

Provision of state discrimination based on sex (Art-15)
Equality of opportunity in public service (Art-16)
Right against exploitation (Art 23 & 24)
Equal pay for equal work (Art-39 (d))
Protection of the dignity of women [Article 5 lA(c)]
Voting right [Article 236].

The Central and State govts have appointed women commission to safeguard their Interests. The National commission, for women was set up in January 1992. India.has also signed the un convention on ‘Elimination of Discrimination’ against women on 30th July 1980 and ratified it on 9th July 1993.

Question 8.
Describe the. causes of illiteracy.
Answer:
1. Population Explosion:
India is the second most populour country in the world It consists of 17.5% of the world’s total population. The population of Karnataka has increased to boll crores. Hence, it has become a challenging task for the Govt to provide literacy.

2. Poverty:
Due to, poverty, majority of children suffer frommalutrition and anemia. Parents from poor and low income families find if difficult to send children to schools.

3. Social Backwardness:
Hierachical caste system, inferiority complex among people, ignorance about importance of education, taboos have prevented large number of people from getting literacy. Further large % of girls, particularly in the rural areas have been denied access to primary education due to customs, traditions and practise of Gender Inequality.

4. Child Labour:
Prevalace of child labour due to poor socio-economic conditions is seen all over India. According to National Crime Record Bureau Report. There were 2 crores child Labourers, across the country in 2011 . They are working in hotels, small scale industries, carpet-weaving, and fire-works etc all these hinder them from getting education.

5. Poor Infrastructure:
Most of the schools across the country have no proper buildings, lack of adequate transport facilities for school children particularly in the rural areas.

Question 9.
What are the constitutional provisions to eradicate illiteracy as found in 86th Constitutional Amendment?
Answer:
Constitutional Provisions to eradicate Il-literacy 86th constitutional amendment. Article 45 envisages states to provide free and compulsory education. It was not implemented properly hence, through 86th constitutional amendment it was made compulsory. The Parliament of India passed the 86th constitutional amendment act in 2002. Accordingly, 21A is inserted in the constitution which aimed at making right to education a fundamental right for the children between 6 to 14 yrs of age.
Its Main Provisions Are:

Attendence and completion of education to every child in the age group of 6 to 14.
It is compulsory duty of parents and guardians to send the children to schools.
The schools must have minimum facilities such as adequate pupil-teacher ratio, trained teachers, infrastructure and play-grounds.
The central govt and state Govts bear the expenditure on the basis of agreed formula (in 2013 it was in the ratio of 65:35).
The school management committee or the local authority should identify the dropouts or out of school children and admit them in classes appropriate to their age. Before admission, they have to be given special training.

As per section 12(1) C of the RTE Act, private aided and non-minority unaided schools must reserve 25% of seats for children belonging to Backward classes and disadvantaged groups in neighbor areas. (7.5% seats are for children belonging to SC community and 1.5% for ST category and 16% for other BC’s)

Question 10.
How communalism is a threat to Indian democracy?
Answer:
Communalism – A Threat to Indian Democracy:
1. Threat to National Integrity:
Hostility among various religions is a serious threat to national unity and integrity in India. Partition of the sub-continent on religious differences in 1947 has adversly affected social harmony in India. This is continued among both religious communities and leads to communalism in democratic govt.

2. Threat to Nationalism and Patriotism:
Communalism leads to various forms of religious fundamentalism and orthodoxism. Religious fundamentalists exploit their community people, breeds bigotry and religious identity. In such a social environment, national and patriotic feelings are marginalised and even forgotten. Therefore communalism endangers nationalism and patriotism

3. Impediment to National Development:
Lack of national outlook, secular attitude and holistic approach sometimes leads to their selfish ends of few religious leaders. Through their provocative speeches and writings create communal disturbances which naturally affect the national developmental programmes.

4. Weak political leadership:
Political parties and leadership have Med to arrest and contain communalism in India. Communal polities emerged by political parties which influenced by caste and communal considerations of voters create opportunities to indecisive and weak political leadership.

5. Threat To National Sovereignity:
A nation which experiences chronic internal conflicts and socio-religious divisions may become a weak country. Gradually it may lead to foreign invasion and threat to sovereignity. “United we stand, disunited we M” is the dictum to be remembered by the people and political leaders of India. Otherwise our national sovereignity may disappear.

Question 11.
Explain the various remedies of communalism.
Answer:
Remedies of Communalism:
Promotion of secularism and National Integration, Secularism:
The Indian constitution has adopted secularism in order to create sense of security and equality among different religious groups. The state also follows a policy of neutrality in religious matters. Article 26 provides religious denomination or any section has the right to establish religious institutions and manage their affairs.

In December 2013, the central cabinet approved the ‘Prevention of communal violence (Access to justice and Reparations Bill) to punish the offenders who instigate and indulge in communal riots. It is yet to be passed by the parliament.

National Integration:
It is a process of uniting the people emotionally and politically. India is a land of diversity. It is limited sense to call a nation because it has various religion, languages, caste and culture etc, So for the success of Indian Democracy promotion of National Integration is necessary.

To preserve and sustain national integration many provisions have been adopted in the constitution. Like national Integration council, Zonal councils, National security council and Armed forces play a greater role in the protection of national integratioa

Neighbourhood Peace Committees:
The attermath of Babri Masjid demolition and subsequent communal riots and social tensions in different places and ineffective governmental measures made to establish neighbourhood peace committees with eminent or prominent people as its members. These, members must be nominated from each community in riot-prone or communally sensitive areas.

The main objectives are, arresting and containing social tensions which may flare up communul riots in the neighbourhood areas, taking precautionary measures to prevent ithe eruption of communal clashes, in the aftermath of conflicts restoring normalcy andpacifying affected people, establishing harmonious relationship between the communities aid extending all possible help to affected people.

Question 12.
Examine the causes for the rise of terrorism in India.
Answer:
Causes for the rise of terrorism in India.
1. Separatist Movements:
Since partition of the country, communal forces are indulging in separatist activities. Fundamentalists in Jammu and Kashmir (1947) and Punjab. (1980). started separatist movements on religious basis. Organisations like Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), Indian Mujahidin (IM), Hurriyat Conference (HC) and other terrorist groups are involving in separatist movements.

2. Religious Fundamentalism:
Some religious fundamentalist. organisations belonging to Muslim, Hindus, Christians, Sikhs have been supporting and helping the terrorist activities for their long term political gains. It leads to the rise of religious militancy.

3. Ethinic problem in The North East:
On the basis of ethnic and regional identity, many self-interested Fundamentalists organised terrorist activities in North-east region. Eg: Mizo National Front (MNF) in Mizoram (1970-1980). United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) and Kuki’s struggle for kuki homeland in Manipur.

4. Weak political system:
Multi Party system which has led to the coalition in India has weakened the system, coalition partners belonging to various ideologies and goals are not supporting firm decisions and strong actions against terrorist activites.

5. Economic Deprivation:
The uneven economic development and the exploitation of the poor by rich people has created a great gulf between the haves and have, not Maoists, Naxalites, members of the peoples war groups have adopted terrorist path in the name of economic inequality.

Question 13.
How terrorism is a communication to democracy?
Answer:
Terrorism, A communication To Democracy:
1. Disruption of Governance:
Terrorist organisations are disrupting the democratic governance in the nation. They are indulging in violent and insurgent activities which have targeted the govt, top polictical leaders, and officers and thereby erode the legitimacy of the elected govt.

2. Disrespect for constitution:
Though the constitution is the fundamental law of the nation, the terrorist groups and organizations are violating its purview by engaging in terrorist activities. Sometimes the constitutional govt succumbs to the threats and pressures of terrorists where the govt compromises with terrorist’s demands. It is dangerous to the integrity and sovereignty of the nation.

3. Violation of Human Rights:
Terrorists have no respect for rule of law and democratic order. They kill and injure innocent people by violating human rights. They attack leaders and their families, target the public places like railway stations, airports, hotels, bus stations, and kill innocent people, to attract the attention of the world towards their unlawful demands.

4. Anti Democratic Activities:
Terrorists are always bent upon destablizing the democratic process threatening and kidnapping polling officials, voters and candidates, booth capturing and rigging the electoral process. Due to terrorist attacks several times periodical elections could not be conducted. The anti-demoratic activities create fear of psychosis and insecurity in the minds of public.

5. Obstacle to Economic Growth:
The governments are compelled to spend huge amount of money for the modernization and upgradation of military and police forces to curb terrorism It also destroys the economic development ofthe nation by diverting the fund merit for social welfare. Threat of terrorism affects tourism. Foreigners and native people feel insecure. Thus, terrorisms is and obstacle to economic growth.

Question 14.
Explain the various provisions of UAPA passed in 2008.
Answer:
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) (2008):
In the year 2008 the parliament replaced the Prevention OfTerrorisriiAct (POTA) with Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).UAPA contains the following provisions:

he words ‘Terrorist act’ are defined in sec 15 of the Act. “Any act which threatens the unity, integrity, sovereignty of India or with intent to strike terror in the people or any section of people in India or in any foreign country.
Those persons who have the intention of aiding, abilting or committing a terrorist act shall be punishable with imprisonment for 10 yrs and fine.
Punishment for raising funds for terrorist acts is 5 yrs which may extend to life imprisonment and liable to fine.
Prescribe punishment for recruitment of persons for terrorist act and their training. The punishment is 5 yrs which may extend to imprisonment for life and liable to, fme.
Every offence punishable under this Act shall be deemed, to be a cognizable offence. If the investigation cannot be completed within 90 days, the court may entend the detention period up to 80 days.
If there are sufficient grounds for detention. of an accused person under the act, no bail is granted. Further, no bail shall be granted to a foreigner who has entered the country illegally except in very exceptional circumstances and for reasons to be recorded in writing.
The central government has the power to freeze, sieze or attach funds or other financial assets or economic resources of the terrorist groups.

Question 15.
Socio-economic development a remedy to terrorism. Discuss. Socio-economic development is a remedy to terrorism.
Answer:
Socio-economic development in the terrorist prone area would provide a long lasting solution to the problem

Social Acceptance: Measures have to be taken to bring the terrorist back to the main stream of social life. They should not be made to suffer the stigma of terrorism
Education: Lack of nation oriented and moral education the young age, youth are lured by terrorist adventurism. Providing proper education would help them to realise that they are rational and human values to achieve their goals.
Employment opportunities: Generation of employment at the right age to every one avoids the undemocratic and antinational activities. By providing proper employment opportunities, youth can be effectively prevented from embracing terrorism
Financial Assistance: More and more youth should be encouraged to become self employed by financial in stitutions. Fundamentalists cannot achieve success in capturing the employed youth to their selfish motto.
Economic Equality: Government has to intiate to formulate large scale economic measure to eliminate extreme poverty and exploitation and ensure economic equality.
Rehabilitation: Government has to undertake measures to immediately compensate the uprooted and evacuated people while executing large scale national policies and programmes.
Removal of regional disparity: Not ail parts of the nation are equally developed. The government should take special measure and legislative actions to remove the regional disparity. Many terrorists originate from the regionally imbalanced and underdeveloped areas.

Question 16.
Explain the meaning and definition of corruption.
Answer:
Corruption is an age old socio-economic offence as old as human history. It as existed in human society in one form or the other. Kautilya has said that just as it is impossible . not to taste honey that finds itself at the top of the tongue. It is impossible for the Govt official not to eat up at least a bit of king’s revenue”. He had identified nearly 40 forms of corrup¬tion. This legacy has continued unabated even after India’s Independence; corruption is plaguing the Indian society and polity.

“As misuse of authority for The consideration of personal gains” – David H. Bayley.
“Corruption is a behaviour which deviates from the formal duties of a public role because 07 private regarding”. – J.S.Nye

Corruption amounts to unofficial fees, commissions, gifts, bribes, pay off, scam, kick-backs, speed money, hafta, greasing of palms. Corruption is defined as the misuse of one’s position directly or indirectly for personal benefit in the form of money or material gain.

Question 17.
Explain the causes of corruption.
Answer:
1. Greediness:
Thomas Hobbes viewed ‘Man is selfish, acquisitive, aggressive, and greedy. This encourages him to amass wealth whenever he gets an opportunity. Therefore people fight and compete for power and position. They make hay while the sun shines. In the land of Harishchandra, Buddha, Gandhi and Jayaprakash Narain, it is unfortunate that most of the politicians and bureaucrats have indulged in corrupt activities; for there ‘end justifies the means’.

Nepotism, Favouritism and cronysion are pervasive phenomena in India’s public administration. Conduct rales adopted for All India services, Central services, Railway services have not deterred the officials from corrupt practises.

2. Selfishness:
As it is said‘Service to the people is service to God’ has been ignored by the people in power. They work for their own benefits but not for the society though ‘Service is the motto’.

3. Corrupt politicians:
Though the election system is flowless, the process of implementation is corrupted, votes are being purchased and voters are driven to polling booths in order to get voters in their favour.

4. Lack of morality:
Parents and elders at homes teachers in the class rooms have to impart moral education Because it is said that destiny of the country is shaped in class rooms. In case it is not done, it leads to deterioration of values which finally leads to corruption.

Question 18.
Discuss corruption as a menace to democracy.
Answer:
Corruption As a Menace to Democracy.
1. Power Politics:
Today Nehru’s ‘goodness politics’ is replaced by power politics. Money power, muscle power has become dominant. Polities has become a gainful profession to make money and to get publicity, are some examples of political corruption.

2. Criminalization of Politics:
The prevalance of large scale criminalization of politics has increased illegal and illegitimate expenditure on elections. As this scenario is rampant it has become menace to democracy.

3. Demoralization of Bureaucracy:
Corruption takes the form of favoritism, red-tapism, nepotism. Destabilization of govts due to illegal political operations and administrative corruption by bureaucracy has become threat to democracy.

4. Violation of Social Justice:
Accumulation of wealth through corrup¬tion concentrate in a few people, violates the principle socio-economic justice. Such people enjoy luxurious life, hence majority suffer from poverty due to depriation. This causes socio-economic inequality and imbalance which is against democratic values.

Question 19.
Explain the organization and functions of Lokpal.
Answer:
Lokpal?:
Organisation:
The first Administrative Reforms Commission headed by shri morarjee Desai recommended a Sweden like Ombudsmen type of institution for preventing, investigating and punishing corrupt politicians and Government officials. The center can have Lokpal and the states Lokayukta. Since then several attempts have been made to pass the bill but in vain.

The movement ‘India Against Corruption’ led by Anna Hazare in 2011, and demands from various civil society organisations for Indians Ombudsman compelled the union govt to introduce the Bill again in 2012. The Bill became an act on 1st January 2014. The Institution of Lokpal consists of 9 members including the chairman.

Retired chief justice or sitting Supreme Court judge is eligible to head the Institution. Of the 8 members, 4 should be judges of either Supreme Court or High Courts. The remaining must pos¬sess minimum 25 years of experience in Vigilance Commission. They must be apolitical. Adequate representation must be given to SCs and STs, BCs, Minorities and women. The panel consisting of Primeminister. Speaker and Leader of Oposition in loksabha, Chief Justice of India and an eminent jurist.

Their tenure is 5 yrs. They can be removed by the President after the enquiry conducted by the supreme court. The jurisdiction of lokpal covers employees of union government including the prime minister, ministers MP’s and state legislatures.
Powers And Functions:

Lokpal has power to sanction prosecution against public servants. To register cases against corrupt officials the permission of Govt or departmental head is not necessary.
All organisations receiving donations from foreign sources come under the jurisdiction of Lokpal:
Lokpal has the power of super intendence over any probe agency for cases reffered by it.
Pro vision is included for confiscation and attachment of property acquired by corrupt means.
If corruption charges are proved, the concerned officials have to undergo 2 year jail term.
The state governments have to appoint Lokayukta within one year from the commencement of lokpal Act. They are free to make some changes.

Question 20.
Explain the organization and functions of Lokayukta.
Answer:
The Institution of Lokayukta was introduced for the first time in Odisha. In Karnataka it was introduced in 1984. It investigates the allegation against officials like corruption, favouratism, nepotism, in justice and other grievances. It does not include Judges, Speaker, Chairman, Accountant General, Chairman and Members of state public service commission, Judges of civil and criminal court.

The lokayukta receives the petition from the public and conducts enquires. It has power to raid on the houses and office of corrapt officials. The Lokayukta of Karnataka was establised by sri Ramakrishna Hegde in 1984. It comprises of retired Judge of the Supreme Court or chief justice of the High Court is appointed as lokayukta or retired judge of High Court is up Lokayukta.

The committee consisting of Chief Minister, chief justice of High Court Speaker of Assembly, Chairman of the council and Leaders of Opposition are consulted by the Governor regarding the appointment. They are appointed for 5 yrs. They can be removed from the office by the governor, on the charge of misbehaviour or incapacity proved in the state legislature. Y. Bhaskar Rao is the present Lokayukta and S.B. Majage is the Upa Lokayukta.

Powers And Functions:
Both Lokayukta and Upa lokayukta can investigate any allegation like corruption favouritism, nepotism, injustice and other grievances in public administration. The meaning of‘Public servant’ includes the Chief Minister, Ministers, Legislators and officers/officials.

But it does not include Judges, Speaker, Chairman, Accountant General, SPSC chairman and members, Lokayukta has the power to investigate corruption charges against higher level public servants. Upalokayukta inquires into a corruption charges against lower level officials. The lokayukta has unearthed many corruption cases through surprise raids and other methods.

IV. Ten Marks Questions.

Question 1.
Discuss the various components of Nation building.
Answer:
1. Community support:
To realize the process of Nation building, collective support and endeavour of people are essential. The quality of people reflects the quality of a nation. Discipline, work culture and patriotic feeling also contribute for nation building. In a democracy, people are the kingmakers Hence, they are expected to elect competent and honest representatives. They formulate the sound of public opinion on important national issues. As J.S. Mill said, eternal vigilance is the price of democracy.

3. Committed leadership:
History depicts many examples of com-mitted leadership eg: The us president Franklin Delano Roosevelt solved the crisis of economic Depression by adopting the New Deal policy and US became a super power at global level after the II world war. In India Nehru’s leadership largely contributed to the process of Nation building.

4. Power sharing:
To realize the goal political power needs to be shared among all sections of society. The concentration of political power in the hands of a few people and families, leads to the emergence of authoritarianism and dictatorship. As H.J. Laski puts it, “A decision which affects all most be decided by all”. To attain this reservation is provided to the SCs and STs and to women at different levels of govts. It ensures social justice which is the foundation of socioeconomic democracy.

7. National character:
Nationalism and patriotism are the foundation to build a national character, which denotes one’s nativity. Eg: cultural diversity of India Love and respect for country and national symbols such as national flag, national anthem and national monuments. One has to acquire knowledge about the history of his motherland and its contributions to human civilizations Makers of Indian constitution have asserted the supremacy of popular sovereignity in the preamble reading with expression ‘we the people of India’.

9. Responsible Intelligentsia:
The contributions of intellectuals is recognised all over the world. Research and innovations in important areas of human life have contributed to the National development. In India, the development in the field of social sciences, M.N.Srinivas, SLN. Balagangadara, Ashish Nandy, Rajiv Malhotra and others. In science and technology Sir .M. Vishveshwara -iah, Sir C.V.Raman, Dr.Raja Ramanna, Dr.M.GK.Menon, DL’G N.R. Rao, Dr. U.R.Rao, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam and others have greatly contributed for India’s present position at global level.

Question 2.
Discribe the hindrances and the remedial measures to eliminate Nation building.
Answer:
Major Hindrances of Nation Building:
1. Poverty:
A very large population of India live in the villages and their major occupation is Agriculture. They rely upon the monsoon which is quite irregular. Hence, the output is very low. As a result more the 1/5th of the total population is living below poverty line. Poverty denies acess to good health, sanitation facilities and basic infrastructure, necessary for personality development.

3. Regional Imbalance:
All the regions of lndia are not evenly developed. This leads to seperatist tendencies that curb National development. Eg: Marathwada and vidharba of Maharastra, Telangana region in Andhra Pradesh, Korapet and Kalahari region in odisha, North east of India, and Gorkha hill regions.

Remedial Measures to National Building:
1. Political Stability:
The govt elected by the people has to continue for the full term so as to adopt and implement the policies for development and political uncertainity. In order to maintain political stability, the constitution review commission headed by justice M.N. Venkatachalaiah suggested the adoption of conservative vote of no-confidence system in 2002.

2. Selection of Priorities:
The govt has to chose the areas of priority necessary for nation building. These priorities are to be decided on the basis of the needs of the people. Infrastructure, education, transport, employment, agriculture industries and health services maybe accorded priorities for national development.

3. Effective Implementation of Plans:
Since April 2012; Twelth five year plan is under progress. To fulfill the gap of the previous plans, it is aimed at channelising the sources and implementing effectively.

4. Mixed Economy:
Public and private partnership not only strengthens the economy but also contributes for its sustenance. The contribution of the private enterprises has been phenomenal in the economic front eg: Tata’s, Birla’s, Wipro, Infosys, and others have not only generated employment but also contributed for economic progress.

5. Implementation of Directive principles of state policy:
Part IV of the Indian Constitution emphasizes the establishment.of socio-economic democracy through the adoption of revolutionary policies. Concentration of wealth in a few hands is an obstacle for the development of SCs, STs and Backward classes to implement the ideals of egalitarian type of society. Hence implementation of Directive Principles of State policy is necessary at this juncture.

6. Role of civil society:
In India civil society organisations are playing an important role in nation building. They are fighting against political and administrative corruption, red-tapism, political apathy and anti-people policies. These activites need to be strengthened to hasten the process of National development. Movements like India against corruption, Association for Democratic Reforms election watch and other NGOs playing constructive role in this direction.

Nation building is a long and challenging process. It requires charismatic and dynamic political leadership, competent civil services, active participation of the people and vigilant media.

Question 3.
How is inequality a slur to democracy? Elucidate?
Answer:
‘Inequality’ is denial of opportunity and privilege to some class of people, discriminating them on the basis of caste, religion, gender, birthplace etc. Since time immemorial inequality has played a major role in Indian Society. Indian Democracy has been facing many challenges due to inequality based on caste, religion and gender.

Though the Indian Government has taken innumerable steps to eliminate inequality it is stillpersisting in many ways. Castebased inequality, Regional and social and cultural differences, illeteracy and conservative Mentality, sense of prestige and marriage restrictions are still prevalent. Castebased system has endangered the integration of India.

It has effected the feeling of National fraternity and consciouness of Indians. Religious atrocities and frequent disturbances have divided our society and created a sectarian society which is harmful for a democratic nation. The feeling of oneness and nationalsim has taken a beating. Moreover economic Inequality has created a gulf in between haves and have nots.

Question 4.
How is illiteracy as an impediment to democracy? Explain its remedies.
Answer:
Illiteracy-An Impediment To Democracy:
Illiteracy is both a curse and an impediment to democracy. Illiterate are easily exploited and abused by politicians and vested interests to realize their goals. The successful working of democracy depends upon political awareness which can be acquired through education.
Table 1 the percentage of literacy in 1951 and 2011

2011 census report records the literacy rate in Kerela 94%, Karnataka 75.36% and Bihar 61.80%.
1. Lack of Political Awareness:
Ulitercy would contribute for political apathy. Illiterate masses due to their ignorance and indifferences do not take part in political process. They are not able to understand the importance of Vote. They do not understand the ideologies of political parties, their manifestos, and the performance of ruling party, election rules and process.

2. Low percentage of votes:
Since first general election the percentage of polling has not crossed 60%. This is due to illitteracy and lack of political awareness. Political legitimacy cannot be achieved to a fall extent by low percentage of polling.

3. Money and Muscle ower:
The nexus between politicians and businessmen is noticable. The politicians are tactful enough to get votes from the poor people through dubious means who are illiterate. Through riging, and booth capturing and threatning the voters using muscle po wer have led to criminalization of politics.

4. Politics of Populism:
The voters in India are attracted by politics of populism. Illiteracy and poverty, force them to depend upon the facilities of the govt. They fail to understand that the populist programmes bring them into mainstream of society. Indulgence in politics of populism makes the people to depend on the govt for everything without becoming creative individuals. This becomes an impediment to national development.

5. Emergence of Dictatorship:
When people are not politically conscious, show apathy to vote, an ambitious leader trans-forms democracy into dictatorship.
Remedies:
Compulsory Education:
National Education Policy (NEP) was adopted in 1986 was modified in 1992 to be named as new education policy. National Curriculum Frame-work (2005) (NCF) was introduced.

86th constitutional Amendment:
Constitutional Provisions to eradicate Il-literacy 86th constitutional amendment. Article 45 envisages states to provide free and compulsory education. It was not implemented properly hence, through 86th constitutional amendment it was made compulsory.

The Parliament of India passed the 86th constitutional amendment act in 2002. Accordingly 21A is inserted in the constitution which aimed at making right to education a fundamental right for the children between 6 to 14 yrs of age.
Its Main Provisions Are:

Attendance and completion of education to every child in the age group of 6 to 14.
It is compulsory duty of parents and guardians to send the children to schools.
The schools must have minimum facilities such as adequate pupil-teacher ratio, trained teachers, infrastructure and play-grounds.
The central govt and state Govts bear the expenditure on the basis of agreed formula (in 2013 it was in the ratio of 65:35).
The school management committee or the local authority should identify the dropouts or out of school children and admit them in classes appropriate to their age. Before admission, they have to be given special training.

As per section 12(1) C of the RTE Act, private aided and non-minority unaided schools must reserve 25% of seats for children belonging to Backward classes and disadvantaged groups in neighbour areas. (7.5% seats are for children belonging to SC community and 1.5% for ST category and 16% for other BC’s)

Question 5.
Explain the causes and remedial measures to eradicate communalism.
Answer:
Causes of Communalism:
1. Policy of the British India:
The discriminatory policies of East India Company regarding divide and rule, destroyed the unity between Hindus and Muslims. It was manifested in sepoy mutiny (1857). During the period of viceroy Lord Curzon, Bengal was divided (1905) on the basis of religion, communal electorate for muslims was introduced during the period of Lord Minto. All these intensified the causes of communalism.

2. Hindu-Muslim Ndtionalism:
Communal organisations were formed by separatists. In 1906 Muslim Leauge and Hind mahasabha came into existence. Mohammad All Jinnah who was called as “Muslim Gokhale” of India was brain washed by the Britishers. He became the champion of two nation theory based on religion. Extremists of the Indian National Congress began to assert their demands. These developments created suspicion and distrust between Hindus and Muslims before independence.

3. Communal Riots:
Large scale communal riots tookplace in India after independence religions minorites both in India and Pakistan were exploited the situation and attacked and tortured each other. Later communal riots occured in Bhagalpur, Meerut, Kanpur, lucknow, Ayodhya, Ahmadabad, and Mumbai and in many other places.

The demolition of Babri Masjid at Ayodhya by mobs on 6th Dec 1992 largely contributed for the animosity between Hindus and Muslims. And the successive events intensified the mistrust between the two com¬munities.

4. Politically manipulated:
In India many issues are politically manipulated by leaders for their selfish gains this leds to the hatred between communities.

5. Communality In organization:
Different communities in India established their own organisations based on communality to support particularly political parties for their own interest.

Remedies for communalism:
Promotion of secularism and National Integration, Secularism:
The Indian constitution has adopted secularism in order to create sense of security and equality among different religious groups. The state also follows a policy of neutrality in religious matters. Article 26 provides religious denomination or any section has the right to establish religious institutions and manage their affairs.

The main objectives are, arresting and containing social tensions which may flare up communal riots in the neighborhood areas, taking precautionary measures to prevent ithe eruption of communal clashes, in the aftermath of conflicts restoring normalcy and pacifying affected people, establishing harmonious relationship between the communities aid extending all possible help to affected people.

Question 6.
How terrorism is posing a threat to democracy in India? Explain.
Answer:
Terrorism, A communication To Democracy:
1. Disruption of Governance:
Terrorist organisations are disrupting the democratic governance in the nation. They are indulging in violent and insurgent activities which have targeted the govt, top polictical leaders, and officers and thereby erode the legitimacy of the elected govt.

3. Violation of Human Rights:
Terrorists have no respect for rule of law and democratic order. They kill and injure innocent people by violating humanrights. They attack leaders and their families, target the public places like railway stations, airports, hotels, bus stations, and kill innocent people, to attract the attention of the world towards their unlawful demands.

4. Anti Democratic Activities:
Terrorists are always bent upon destabilizing the democratic process threatening and kidnapping polling officials, voters and candidates, booth capturing and rigging the electoral process. Due to terrorist attacks several times periodical elections could not be conducted. The anti-demoratic activities create fear psychosis and insecurity in the minds of public.

5. Obstacle to Economic Growth:
The governments are compelled to spend huge amount of money for the modernization and upgradation of military and police forces to curb terrorism It also destfoys the economic development ofthe natioriby diverting the fund merit for social welfare. Threat of terrorism affects tourism. The foreigners and native people feel insecure. Thus, terrorisms is and obstacle to economic growth.

Question 7.
Discuss the causes and the legislative measures to prevent terrorism. Causes for the. Rise of terrorism In India.
Answer:
Causes for the rise of terrorism in India.
1. Separatist Movements:
Since partition of the country, communal forces are indulging in separatist activities. Fundamentalists in Jammu and Kashmir (1947) and Punjab. (1980). started separatist movements on religious basis. Organisations like Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF), Indian Mujahidin (IM), Hurriyat Conference (HC) and other terrorist groups are involving in separatist movements.

2. Religious Fundamentalism:
Some religious fundamentalist. organizations belonging to Muslim, Hindus, Christians, Sikhs have been supporting and helping the terrorist activities for their long term political gains. It leads to the rise of religious militancy.

Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) (2008):
In the year 2008 the parliament replaced the Prevention OfTerrorisriiAct (POTA) with Unlacful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA).UAPA contains the following provisions:

The words ‘Terrorist act’ are defined in sec 15 of the Act. “Any act which threatens the unity, integrity, soverignity of India or with intent to strike terror in the people or any section of people in India or in any foreign country.
Those persons who have the intention of aiding, abilting or committing a terrorist act shall be punishable with imprisonment for 10 yrs and fine.
Punishment for raising funds for terrorist acts is 5 yrs which may extend to life imprisonment and liable to fine.
Prescribe punishment for recruitment of persons for terrorist act and their training. The punishment is 5 yrs which may extend to imprisonment for life and liable to me.
Every offence punishable under this Act shall be deemed, to be a cognizable offence. If the investigation cannot be completed within 90 days, the court may entend the detention period up to 80 days.
If there are sufficient grounds for detention. of an accused person under the act, no bail is granted. Further, no bail shall be granted to a foreigner who has entered the country illegally except in very exceptional circumstances and for reasons to be recorded in writing.
The central government has the power to freeze, sieze or attach funds or other fi-nancial assets or economic resources of the terrorist groups.

Socio-economic development in the terrorist prone area would provide a long lasting solution to the problem

Social Acceptance: Measures have to be taken to bring the terrorist back to the main stream of social life. They should not be made to suffer the stigma of terrorism
Education: Lack of nation oriented and moral education the young age, youth are lured by terrorist adventurism. Providing proper education would help them to realise that they are rational and human values to achieve their goals.
Employment opportunities: Generation of employment at the right age to every one avoids the undemocratic and antinational activities. By providing proper employment opportunities, youth can be effectively prevented from embracing terrorism
Financial Assistance: More and more youth should be encouraged to become self employed by financial in stitutions. Fundamentalists cannot achieve success in capturing the employed youth to their selfish motto.
Economic Equality: Government has to intiate to formulate large scale economic measure to eliminate extreme poverty and exploitation and ensure economic equality.
Rehabilitation: Government has to undertake measures to immediately compensate the uprooted and evacuated people while executing large scale national policies and programmes.
Removal of regional disparity: Not ail parts of the nation are equally developed. Governament should take special measure and legislative actions to remove the regional disparity. Many terrorists originate from the regionally imbalanced and underdeveloped areas.

Question 8.
Explain the various legislative measures to prevent corruption.
Answer:
Legislative measures to Prevent Corruption:
The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 and 1988, have enacted by both union and state Govt to curb corruption in public administration. Through the adoption of institutional mechanism like Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in 1963 and Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) in 1964, investigates cases of misconduct by public servants and other corporate bodies that comes under the purview of union govt.

The Institution of Lokayukta was introduced for the first time in Odisha. In Karnataka it was introduced in 1984. It investigates the allegation against officials like corruption, favouratism, nepotism, in justice and other grievances. It does not include Judges, Speaker, Chairman, Accountant General, Chairman and Members of state public service commission, Judges of civil and criminal court.

Powers And Functions:
Both Lokayukta and Upa lokayukta can investigate any allegation like corruption favouritism, nepotism, injustice and other grievances in public administration. The meaning of ‘Public servant’ includes the Chief Minister, Ministers, Legislators and officers/officials.

2nd PUC Political Science Nation Building and Challenges to Indian Democracy Additional Questions and Answers

I. One Mark Questions.

Question 1.
Give a defnition of National Building.
Answer:
Nation building is a wide ranging process to build a viable cohesive, well organised and widely accepted society – Myron weiner.

Question 2.
What is Good Governance?
Answer:
Good Governance is one which ensures accountability transparency, efficieny, responsibility and responsiveness.

Question 3.
Who is the architect of modern India?
Answer:
Pt – Jawaharlal Nehru is the architect of Modern India.

Question 4.
When was the Right to Education Act implemented?
Answer:
It was implemented in the year 2010.

Question 5.
What is ‘National character’ of India?
Answer:
‘Cultural Diversity’ is the national character of India.

Question 6.
What is the fourth estate in Democracy?
Answer:
Mass media is the fourth estate in Democracy.

Question 7.
Which Article of the Indian constitution recognises ‘Freedom of Expression’ as a fundamental right.’?
Answer:
The Article-19.

Question 8.
When is the ‘National Integration Day’ celebrated in India.
Answer:
November 19th, the birth day of Smt. Indira Gandhi.

Question 9.
What is the population of India according to 2011 census?
Answer:
1.2 billion.

Question 10.
Name two underdeveloped regions of India?
Answer:
Vidharba in Maharastra. Kalahandi in Odisha.

Question 11.
Which article of the Indian constitu-tion provides reservation for SCs, STs, and Backward classes Educational Institutions?
Answer:
Art 15.

Question 12.
When was the ‘Dalit Act’ implemented?
Answer:
30th January 1990.

Question 13.
When was the ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyana’ introduced?
Answer:
2001.

Question 14.
When was the UAPACT passed by parliament?
Answer:
2008.

Question 15.
What do you think is the main cause of corruption?
Answer:
Greediness.

Question 16.
Expand C.V.C.
Answer:
Central Vigilance Commission.

Question 17.
What is N.S.A and when was it passed?
Answer:
National Security Act, in 1980.

Question 18.
Expand RTE.
Answer:
Right to Education.

Question 19.
Expand NEP.
Answer:
National Education Policy.

Question 20.
When was the National Commission for Women set up?
Answer:
January 1992.