2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 6 Emerging Trends of Indian Politics

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 6 Emerging Trends of Indian Politics

2nd PUC Political Science Emerging Trends of Indian Politics Text Book Questions and Answers

I. One Mark Questions.

Question 1.
Mention the root word of coalition.
Answer:
The word from latin ‘co alitio’, ‘co’ means ‘together’ and ‘Alescere’ means ‘to grow up’.

Question 2.
Expand CMP.
Answer:
Common Minimum Programme.

Question 3.
Write the meaning of coalition.
Answer:
Coalition is the act of coalescing or uniting into one body or a union of parties.

Question 4.
What is pre poll alliance?
Answer:
Several political parties who form an alliance to contest elections under a common minimum programme is called pre-poll alliance.

Question 5.
What is post poll alliance?
Answer:
Various political parties make an alliance with the dominant political party to form a government when no party gains clear majority on its own, is called post-poll alliance.

Question 6.
Who identified identity politics?
Answer:
L.A. Kauffman.

Question 7.
Who coined identity politics?
Answer:
Barbara Smith and Combance River in 1977.

Question 8.
Which movements brought legitimacy to identity politics?
Answer:
Movements of Lesbians, black civil rights, wave of feminists etc.

Question 9.
Expand LGBT.
Answer:
Lesbian. Gay, Bisexual, Transgender.

Question 10.
Mention two reformers who fought against caste discrimination?
Answer:
S wami Vivekananda and Basavanna.

Question 11.
Mention any two region based identity struggles.
Answer:
Birsa munda movement and Telangana in Andhra Pradesh.

Question 12.
What is an ethnic group?
Answer:
A group which plays identity politics based on region is called ethinic group.

Question 13.
On which day voters day is celebrated?
Answer:
25th January.

Question 14.
Expand AASU.
Answer:
All Assam Students Union

Question 15.
Mention any two national issues that you identify.
Answer:

Committed Leadership.
Moral education.

Question 16.
Can the states levy taxes on import and export?
Answer:
No, they cannot.

Question 17.
Who constitutes Finance Commission?
Answer:
Union Government.

Question 18.
Who has jurisdiction over Interstate Trade and Commerce?
Answer:
Union Government.

Question 19.
How many times National Emergency is imposed in India?
Answer:
Three times.

Question 20.
Who enjoys law making powers over state list subjects when there is state emergency?
Answer:
Union Govt of India.

Question 21.
Who has the authority to transfer a State List subject to the Union List for a one year period?
Answer:
Rajya sabha.

Question 22.
Mention two subjects mentioned in Concurrent List.
Answer:

Marriage and divorce.
Criminal Laws.

Question 23.
Who manages financial propriety during National Emergency?
Answer:
Union govt of India.

Question 24.
What is the root word of terrorism?
Answer:
The Latin word ‘Terrere’.

Question 25.
What is the root word of corruption?
Answer:
The latin verb ‘rumpere’, meaning ‘to break’.

Question 26.
Expand IAC.
Answer:
India Against Corruption.

Question 27.
Who said ‘on this earth there is enough for everyone’s need but not for greed?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhiji.

II. Two Marks Questions.

Question 1.
What is the basic cause for the identity struggles in the World?
Answer:
Crisis of Identity is the fundamental cause for the rise of identity struggles. Each individual, culture, language, religion and region are unique, to protect their identity; they form groups to struggle for adequate identification.

Question 2.
Write the meaning of identity politics.
Answer:
Identity politics is ‘a pattern of belongingness, a search for comfort, an approach to community’. It attempts to attain empowerment, representation and recognition of social groups. Identity politics is defined by one’s own identity based on race, ethnicity, gender, language, religion.

It is the politics of recognition and a movement to claim recognition. Aper- son may have multiple identities but he perceives single identity at a time.

Question 3.
What is coalition?
Answer:
Coalition is an act of coalescing or uniting into one body or union of parties. When different political parties join together coalition is formed. F. A.Ogg, describes coalition as a system where members of political parties unite to form a govt or ministry.

Question 4.
Give two examples of countries having coalition.
Answer:
India, France.

Question 5.
What is collective leadership?
Answer:
Collective leadership is distribution of power and decision making among the coalition partners who form an alliance and form the Government at the union or state level.

Question 6.
Write two instances when coalitions are formed?
Answer:
A coaliton may be formed before elections to defeat an inept or automatic political party this is called pre-poll alliance. A coalition maybe formed post.

Question 7.
Write a definition of the coalition.
Answer:
A coalition is a system of Governance by a group of political parties or by several political parties – F. A. Ogg.

Question 8.
Write the terminological meaning of coalition.
Answer:
Coalition derived from the latin word ‘coalition’, co means ‘together’ and ‘Alescere’ means ‘to grow up’. It is an act of coalescing or uniting into one body or union of parties.

Question 9.
What is Common Minimum Programme?
Answer:
Two or more political parties come together to form a government setting a side their individual political ideologies and accept a common set of ideologies to run the coalition govt to meet the national demands. This agreed common ideology is called Common Minimum Programme.

Question 10.
Mention any two coalition partners of NDA.
Answer:
National Democratic Alliance (NDA) has the BJP and Shiv sena as alliance partners.

Question 11.
Mention any two coalition partners of UPA.
Answer:
Congress (I) and NCP.

Question 12.
What is state sponsored terrorism? State sponsored terrorism is terrorism
Answer:
unleashed with the sanction of a Government of a country on another country for political gains.
Eg:

Lebonon and Palestine
Pakistan and India.

Question 13.
In which areas Central government.
Answer:

An states regarding law and order, national unity, safety and security, transportation, national highways, railways etc.,
Parliament under Articles 301-305, is empowered to appoint Interstate Commerce Commission to maintain cordial relations among the states.

Question 14.
What is corruption?
Answer:
Corruption is derived from the lation verb ‘rumpere’ meaning ‘to break’; it means corruption is where the law is clearly broken.
‘The use of public power for private profits in the way that constitutes a breach of law or deviation from the norms of society. ’ – Ram Ahuja.

Question 15.
Write two hurdles in creating a cor-ruption free India.
Answer:
Two hurdles in creating a corruption free India lack of morality The lack of morality in our leadership has led the youth to follow wrong role-models. The leadership itself being moral-less has sent a wrong message to our youth.
Education:
Though the literacy rate is India has grown in recent years, youth have succumbed to materialistic life and use their education for amassing wealth through unlawful methods. Moral education and nationalistic thoughts should be imparted through education.

Question 16.
Write an example of movement against corruption.
Answer:
‘India against corruption’ started by shri Anna Hazare has drawn the youth to join the anti-corruption movement.

III. Five Marks Questions.

Question 1.
What are the causes for the raise of identity politics?
Answer:
Identity politics is a very recent phenomenon. L.A. Kauffman, has traced the orign of identity politics to student nonviolent co-ordinating committee of U.S in the early 1960’s. Barbarasmith and the Combahee River collectively coined Identity Politics in 1977. The I.P. is of recent origin, It got legitimacy in U.S. between 1950-1960.

in the movements of lesbians, black civil rights, wave offeminitsetc. The movement became prominent only in 1980’s with Gay Rights movement. LGBT, Identity politics is notably found in class movements like feminist movements, disability movements, ethinic movements, movements of minority are also important part of identity polities.

Globalization, liberalization and the setback to the socialistic principle led to the rise of Identity politics. Crisis of Identity is the fundamental reason for the rise of identity struggles in several parts of the world. Each individual, every culture, every language, religion and region are unique in their own way.

Acommunity may be poor economically but rich in cultural heritage and loves to retain its identity. A person can forget the loss of wealth but does not forget his inherent caste, culture, language, religion and region. Loss of identity means loss of one’s entity. Behind every national movement and freedom struggle there are several causes of identity loss.

According to Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 1948, every citizen, irrespective of nationality, economic standard, leasbian or conventionalist has an inseparable human right of equal opportunities, treatment, practice, participation etc.

The trend today is individual or group identity, not national or universal identity. Various political parties big or small, national or regional are appealing to the voters on sectarian basis viz, language, region, caste, religion, river, race etc. Govts announce popular programmes on basis of caste, community, gender, local or territorial basis. Thus Identity politics has began to raise its presence.

Identity politics is defined by one’s own identity based on race, ethnicity, gender, lan-guage, religion, It is the politics of recognition and a movement to claim recognition. A person may have multiple identities but he perceives single identity at a time.
Causes:

Maladministration leads to the poor economic growth of a particular region or geographical backwardness of the people of a particular ethnic identity.
The rise of regional parties created the local. awareness of language or region.
Extreme poverty, exploitation, lack of opportunity and threat to existing group privi¬leges to the ethnic groups.
Ethinic groups fear, of assimilation of cultural dilution
Rise in standard of living, literacy, and aspiration, socio-political awareness have led to identity politics.
Lack of share in natural resources, fear of loss of land, political power and economic growth.
Fear of losing scope in educational and employment field.
Fear of losing ethinic identities like language and culture.

Question 2.
Discuss the aims of identity politics.
Answer:
Aims of Identity Politics:

Identity politics aims at gaining empowerment, representation and recognition of social groups.
Movements like Gay movement, lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Transgender (LGBT), Gay rights movement have become prominent in 1980s to gain recognition.
Class movements like feminist, disability, ethinic and minorities have been leading movements to gain representation.
Various Identity based political parties are appealing to the citizens oh sectarian basis like language, region, caste, religion, river, race etc to attain empowerment to their identities.
The fear of losing individual identity has
compelled many groups to organize on religious identity. A few groups are involved in militant activities to get recognition. Religious conversion takes place either by force or attraction to get political representation.
Vote bank politics aims at parochial considerations of different political parties on religious lines.
The implementation of Mandal report, heightened caste awareness get benifits.
Behind every movement, there is a factor of region as it happened in case of Birsa Munda movement, for, the identity of tribals. and Sibusoren’s efforts for the creation of Jharkand are noteworthy. In the north-eastern region, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur atid Tripura continued to fight till they got separated.
Like-wise, Telangana in Andhra Pradesh, Vibharba in Maharastra, Bodoland in Assam, Gorkhaland in West Bengal are still struggling for separation on the basis of regional identity.
There are several paramount groups and leaders who want their share from the Govt and regional govts on the basis of language.
In Karnataka people fought for the implementation of ‘Gokak Report’ through ‘Gokak movement’ to make kannada an administrative language during 1980’s. Later on, an attempt was made to get a classical language status for Kannada af¬ter Tamil was conferred the status.
Language is the main issue between Karnataka and Maharashtra, on shorapur. Karnataka and Kerala Kasargod. AP and Karnataka on Adhoni and Aluru; Karnataka and Tamilnadu on Talawadi.

Question 3.
Write a critical note on identity politics.
Answer:
Identity politics is a very recent phenomenon. L. A.Kauffman has traced the orign of identity politics to student nonviolent co-ordinating committee of U.S in the early 1960’s. Barbarasmith and the Combahee River collectively coined Identity Politics in 1977. The I.P. is of recent origin, It got legitimacy in U.S. between 1950-1960. in the movements of lesbians, black civil rights, wave offeminitsetc.

A community may be poor economically but rich in cultural heritage and loves to retain its identity. A person can forget the loss of wealth but does not forget his inherent caste, culture, language, religion and region. Loss of identity means loss of one’s entity. Behind every national movement and freedom struggle there are several causes of identity loss.

Identity politics is defined by one’s own identity based on race, ethnicity, gender, la-guage, religion, It is the politics of recognition and a movement to claim recognition. A person may have multiple identities but he perceives single identity at a time.
Causes:

Maladministration leads to the poor economic growth of a particular region or geographical backwardness of the people of a particular ethnic identity.
The rise of regional parties created the local. awareness of language or region.
Extreme poverty, exploitation, lack of opportunity and threat to existing group privi¬leges to the ethnic groups.
Ethinic groups fear, of assimilation of cultural dilution
Rise in standard of living, literacy, and aspiration, socio-political awareness have led to identity politics.
Lack of share in natural resources, fear of loss of land, politic power and economic growth.
Fear of losing scope in educational and employment field.
Fear of losing ethinic identities like language and culture.

Question 4.
Discuss religion as a factor of identity.
Answer:
Religion As a Factor of Identity Politics:
Religion is one of the factor of identity politics. India is a vast country with 1.2 billion people. 80.5% of its population are Hindus and the others belonging to communities like Muslims, Christians, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs, Zoroastrians and others.

The fear of losing individual identity has compelled many groups to organise on religious basis. A few groups are involved in militant activities to get recognition. Religious conversion takes place either by force or attraction to get political representation.

Many political parties, trapped by these narrow parochial identity politics declare various sops and concessions based on religion though the constitution has banned communal schemes. Vote bank politics takes place on the basis of parochial considerations of different political parties on religious lines.

Question 5.
Discuss region as a factor of identity.
Answer:
Region As A Factor of Identity Politics. Regional identity plays a dominant role in National and regional politics. Leaders like, Mulayam singh Yadav, Farooque Abdullah, Jayalalitha, Karunanidhi, Chandra Babu Naidu, Mamata Banaijee and others are some dominant politicians in national and regional politics.

Thus, regional identity is providing collective and distributive leadership to national politics. Behind every major movement, there is the factor of region as it happened in the case of Birsa Munda movement for the identity of tribals and sibu soren’s efforts for the creation of Jharkhand are noteworthy.

In north eastern region, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura continued to fight till they got separated like-wise, Telangana in Andhra Pradesh, Vibharba in Maharastra, Bodoland in Assam, Gorkha land in West-Bengal are still struggling for separation on the basis of regional identity.

Question 6.
Discuss language as a factor of identity.
Answer:
Language As a Factor of Identity Politics:
India is a union of multi-Lingual states. Language is one of the most sensitive and emotional issues. Throughout the country there are several paramount groups and leaders who want their share from the Govt of India or the regional governments on the basis of language. There is no common language policy throughout the country.

Medium of instruction or learning is not commonly accepted. In Karnataka people fought for the implementation of ‘Gokak Report, through ‘Gokak movement’ to make kannada an administrative language during 1980’s. Later on, an attempt was made to get a classical language status for Kannada after Tamil was conferred with such a status.

Language is the main issue between Karnataka and Maharastra on sholapur, Karnataka and Kerala on Kasargod, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh on Adoni and Alum; Karnataka and Tamilnadu on Talawadi.

Question 7.
Discuss caste as a factor of identity politics.
Answer:
Caste as a factor of identity politics:
Caste has been an important factor of identity politics. India is a vast country with 1.2 Billion people. Over 80.5% of Its population are Hindus. The remaining population is comprised of Muslims, Christians, Buddhists Jains, Sikhs, Zoroastrians and others.

The fear of losing individual identity has compelled many groups to organize themselves on Religious platforms. A few groups are involved in militant activities to get recognition. Religious conversion takes place either by force or attraction to get political representation.

Many political parties being trapped by these narrow parochial identity politics declare various sops and concessions schemes. Vote bank politics takes place on the basis of parochial considerations of different political parties on religious lines.

Question 8.
How the movements of identity politics affect national identity?
Answer:
Movements of identity politics affect national identity:
Today the trend is individual or group identity, not national or universal identity. Political parties, national or regional are appealing to the citizens to vote on sectarian basis i,e. language, region, caste, religion, river, race etc. Governments announce popular programmes on the basis of caste and community, gender, local or territorial basis.

Thus identity politics has become a deterrent to national identity. The national or universal identity is given is back seat. Because these movements attempt to gain empowerment, Representation and recognition of social groups. Each group is segregated and project their own intersts and empowerment.

Question 9.
How inaction or over reaction of the government glorifies identity movements?
Answer:
According to Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 1948, every citizen, irrespective of nationality, economic standard, less than or conventionalist has an inseparable hu-man right of equal opportunities, treatment, practice, participation etc. Governments announce popular programmes on the basis of caste and community, gender or territorial basis.

Though the constitution of India has clearly mentioned about the eradication of caste-based discrimination, the rise of identity politics has led govts to succumb to their demands. Though the Constitution of India has banned communal schemes, many political parties being trapped by narrow parochial identity politics declare various sops and concessions based on religion.

Regional identity has led to the demand of separate states, setting aside national identity politicians like sibusoren have successfully led movements for separation regions which led to the creation of Jharkhand, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, Telangana etc.,

Question 10.
How the composite culture of the nation is threatened by identity politics?
Answer:
Loss of composite culture of the nation through identity politics:
Globalization, liberalization and the set back of socialistic principles has given rise to identity politics. Each Individual, every culture, every language, religion and region are unique and every group wants to conserve their identity and attempt to gain empowerment and representation.

This has led to the regional bias and sectarian politics. These groups which cannot gain political and social milege resort to militancy and terrorism to gain recognition. The many egs. are Indian Mujahideen, Khalistan movement, Naxalite movement.

The very basis of nationalistic agenda is threatened through such movements and segregate the populace into separate groups who want to identity themselves by their Language, caste, religion, region, and ethinicty So the composite culture of India or ‘Indianness’ has been threatened.

Question 11.
How religion based identity movements harm national interests?
Answer:
Harms of Religion Based Identity Movements on National Interests:
The fear of losing religious identity has been a major compellation for many groups to organise on religious basis. Many religious Groups are involved in militant activities to gain recognition. Human life, peace of national, economic development and natural resoures are being destroyed.

The Govt has to direct its attention to such anti-national activities to curb them instead of focussing their attention to national development policies. Valuable resources are being diverted to fight these anti-national groups. Religious conversion taken place either by force.or attraction and public harmony is disrupted.

Governments declare various sops and concessions schemes to their groups to please them and to stay in power. Thus other’s interests are set-aside being partial to religous groups alinenating and inflaming Religious hatred.

Thus public and national harmony is imbalanced and hate wars between religious groups take place. Only a peaceful society can take their country forward; socially and economically.

Question 12.
What are the demerits of coalition?
Answer:
De-Merits of Coalition:

Due to present various party alliances and leaders believing in different ideologies and policies political consistency is difficult to achieve. Hence political instability persists.
As coalition is the result of mutual consent, heads of govt have no say in the formation of their own cabinet and in the formation of national policies or programs. Bargaining for power and position is continuous with alliance partners.
Many a time, coalition adversely affects political homogeneity which is the basis of the parliamentary system of govt as each coalition partner has its own specific electorate and has assured specific schemes and programmes. It is difficult to maintain unanimity in governance. Even commonly accepted common Minimum programme’ is not adhered to.
Collective responsibility is a casualty. The ministry has to act as a unit. But in the coalition government, this cannot happen. Hence, no one shoulders the responsibility for mismanagement and maladministration
Official secrecy cannot be maintained. Decisions taken in the cabinet which are sensitive in nature are disclosed by its own signatories who cannot be curtailed by the govt.
Regional parties always ignore national interests and concentrate on their own parochial interests and chauvinism.
Frequent elections to the Lok-sabha lead to huge expenses both on the part of the Govt and on political, parties, coalition proves to be highly expensive as it does not complete the lull term.
Coalition leads to dishonest alliances later. Even before elections, parties indulge in mudslinging and for coalition, for the sake of power they come together. This leads to an unholy and dishonest alliance which results in the deterioration of democratic values.
Union Govt does not have free hand in the formation of either domestic or foreign policies due to the pressure of the coalition partners.
Coalition govts can not have long term planning and view. Its main aim is to escape from the present political volatility.

Question 13.
What are the merits of coalition?
Answer:
Merits of Coalition:

It provides broader representation to the people as big and small parties join hands in the Governance. It also enables them to have a share in policymaking and eliminates regional disparities.
It provides an opportunity for the creation of consensus based politics which represents the public opinion in national policies, issues and programmes. As M. Ajinnah has said, a coalition is a device to provide a fair share to the minority.
Coalition takes care of diversity and plurality in administration.
By feeling the pulse of the people, it provides good governance.
The presence of various political parties provides broader choice for the people to elect.
Coalition does not allow the anto-cratic rule of a single dominant party. Minister or members of cabinet including the prime minister cannot behave autocratically.

Question 14.
Why coalition is expensive?
Answer:

Coalition deteriorates the supreme status of the prime minister who heads the government. He cannot take independent decisions, which will prove to be disastrous to democratic functioning of the Govt.
Coalition partners have no legal binding, and are always free to cede their relations and fight on their own Identity, so the coalition government maybe short lived and the nation will often have to spend on costly and frequent elections, which will drain the national exchequer.
Coalition being a mixture of different ideologies and policies consistency is difficult to achieve and national developmental polices are often ignored.
Coalition often leads to mismanagement and maladministration, but no one shoulders the responsibility draining necessary resources of development.
Often unholy and dishonest alliances are made to stay in power resulting in corruption, and biased policies which contribute to regional imbalance. This will led to public unrest and agitations, often in violent protests. Their will be huge loss to life and property.
Due to the Myopic vision of these coalition partners long term planning and policies cannot be made.
Coalition partners disrupt parliamentary discussions and hold the parliament at random for unetical gains.
A lot of time and resources are used up, in wasteful popular schemes and policies, which if used for the collective well-being of the national will enhance its development.

Question 15.
How coalition weakens domestic and foreign policy?
Answer:

Lack of coalition among coalition partners leads to the Mal-administration and poor economic growth of a particular region or geographical backwardness of the people of a particular ethnic identity.
Regional parties often ignore national interests and concentrate on their parochial interests and chauvinism.
Coalition is a an amalgamation of several political parties with their own ideologies and policies. So political consistency is difficult to achieve and hence adequate collaboration is difficult to achieve on national and foreign policies, and their successful implementation is often delayed or not all implemented. So economy suffers due to decisive policies putting fear in domestic and foreign investors into the nation’s economy. Thus development will be slow.
Coalition partners often indulge in back-stabbing and bargaining for power and position and lack of mutual consent in the formation of national and foreign policies or programmes suffer.
Coalitions are of temunstable so the process of policy formation is often interrupted.
Coalitio’s often have very large ministries which is a drain on the national exchequer. So less funds are available for national developmental policies.
Coalition partners mostly seek sops and benefits for their own constituents than to the interest of the whole nation.
Political volatility of coalition govts lead to lack of long term planning and policies.

Question 16.
How coalition politics is consensus politics?
Answer:

Coalition is a consensus formed by two are more political parties to grab power through a ‘common Minimum Programme’.
coalition is a democratic alliance by consensus.
A leader agreeable to all parties of the coalition alliance becomes the leader of the house and naturally leads the govt.
Coalition differ from single autocratic party system and all political partners in the govts are free to voice their concerns and contributions.
Coalitions are not legally binding, they come together with mutual consensus and are free to cross their releations if and when situations become difficult to continue in the alliance.

Question 17.
How coalition provides a broader choice for the people?
Answer:
Coalition provides a broader representation and choice to the citizens as big or small parties join had in governance. It also enables them to have a share in policy making and eliminates regional disparities. Coalition takes care of diversity and plurality in administration. By feeling the pulse of the people, it provides good governance.

The presence of various political parties provides broader choice for the people to effect. Regional parties later to the needs of regional interests like culture, language, infrastructure, river water, boundary dispute etc. The compulsions of modem requirements are fulfilled by coalition partners who can feel the pulse and needs of people of the country.

Question 18.
Explain how youth leadership can change Indian politics?
Answer:
India is a semi-continent and the seventh largest country geographically. It is the second most populated with 1.2 billion people. Our constitution has provided ‘Universal Adult Sufferage.’ Any person aged 18 years can exercise his ‘right to vote, though the 61st Amendment of the constitution in 1986.

The reduced voting age has given rise to a very large electorate and has provided opportunity to the younger generations which comprises of 25% of the total population, to choose and elect their representatives. The youth have seized this opportunity and participated with great vigour and zeal.

The constitution of lndia has provided very high ideals and principles, which are yet to be realised. Youth have the energy, courage, and capacity to liberate and purify the political arena of the country which is traditionally based on caste system.

Increased participation of the youth in the political system of the country enhances the credibility of democracy. The honest involvement of youth in politics is needed to strengthen the democratic system Recently large number of youth are participating and entering the Lok sabha and Assemblies.

Question 19.
What are the hurdles for the youth to take leadership in Indian politics?
Answer:
Hurdles:
There are politicians who do not allow the youth to enter polities. The entry of the youth to politics is curbed by systematic suppression They do not exercise their franchise because of political apatny. Many of them do not perceive politics in the right perspective, they are not ready to participate in mud-slinging acts during elections.

Women who constitute more than 1/2 of the total population, do not adequately represent either in national or state politics because of male domination and influence. Luck of good moral education, Formal and informal education about valves of life in schools and colleges.

Lack of ideal role models for the youth to follow is an hindrance to good democratic polity. Only good education can eradicate ignorance, and participation in national and regional politics and attain good governance.

Question 20.
Why women leadership is not prospering?
Answer:
Women constitute more than half of India’s population. But adequate representation in national and regional or state politics is not seen because of male domination. Gender based inequality has denied equal opportunities to Women.

Denial of education to women has reflected in the inadequate political representation due unawareness of their rights and capabilities. The delay in the enactment of women’s reservation bill providing for 33% of reservation in Loksabha and state Assemblies ishako a cause.

Question 21.
Explain various emergency provisions in our Constitution.
Answer:
The constitution of India has delegated legislative powers of the union and state governments as mentioned in Article 245-255.
Legislative Powers:
1. The Union List:
It contains 99 subjects like defence, external affairs currency and coinage, automatic energy, science and technology, customs, on which the central government has supreme law making powers.

2. The State List:
It consists of 63 subjects like police, Health, Agriculture, Local self Governments, Road transport etc. On these subjects state Govts have law making powers.

3. The concurrent List:
It comprises 47 subjects like marriage and divorce, civil procedure and criminal laws, preventive Detention, trusts and Trustees, education etc. On these subjects both the union and state can legislate. In case of disputes, the will of the union government prevails.

Residuary powers:
Powers not mentioned in the above three lists are called Residuary powers. These powers are given to the union government. Our constitution has made the union govt more powerful. Though states have their seperate jurisdiction and territory they have no right to cede from the Indian union. Parliament has supreme jurisdiction over the items found in union and concurrent lists.

At the same time, Rajaya sabha can legislate on any subject found in the state list in national interest, if the council of the states makes a resolution to that effect for a period of one year normally.

Question 22.
Explain various emergency provisions in our Constitution.
Answer:
Part XVH of the constitution of india deals with three types of emergency provisions.
1. National Emergency:
Art 352 empowers the president to declare national emergency when threat of external aggression. Till now it had been imposed for three. In such circumstances, individual rights are suspended except Art 21 (Protection of Ljfe and personal liberty) and Art 22 (Protection again arrest and detention in certain cases).

2. State Emergency:
Art 356 authorizes the President to declare the President rule on the recommendation of the Governor during the breakdown of the constitutional machinery in that state. Hitherto more that 100 times it had been implemented.

3. Financial Emergency:
Art 360 empowers the President to declare financial emergency if the financial conditions of the nation are precarious.

Question 23.
Discuss the role of youth against terrorism.
Answer:
Role of youth Against Terrorism:
The concept of minority leads to fear of attack and results in religious fundamentalism Hence both the youth and the society have to pressurize the Govts concerned to create awareness and educate those who are indulged in anti-national and inhuman terrorist activites, particulary youth. Priority should be given to the peace and security of the inhabitants of the country.

Youth have to develop patriotism that is national feeling and involve themselves in constructive activities. Like nation building through helping the govt about terrorist and militant activities taking place in their surroundings which is the prime duty of the youth.

Youth have to take the intiative within the jurisdiction of law to fight against terrorism as it happened in Naxal hit states like Bihar, Jharkand, Chittisgarh where salwajudam (Village army) fighting against Naxalites. Youth must understand the complicated and multifaceted terrorism rationally. They have to isolate the terrorists and inoculate their potential recruits.

Successful counter terrorism requires a combination of coercive and conciliatory policies. It is the responsibility of the youth to spread the importance of education that saves the younger generation from the catches of terrorism and communalism. As it happened in the case of Ms. Malata Yousafzai of pakistan. Who survived in the terrorist attack.

Question 24.
Why terrorism cannot be defended irrespective of its motives?
Answer:
Terrorism cannot be defended irrespective of its motives because of its violent and deliberate Method, which targets innocent civilians by inflicting physical and mental agony, wound or death that creates fear psychosis in people’s mind to gain political, economic and social advantage.
“Terrorism is a special form of political violence” – Paul wilkinson.
“Those who wage war to occupy, colonize and oppress other people are terrorists. Those are the people whose actions are to be condemned” – Yasser Arafat.

At the global scenario, the Iran, Ira, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, Libya and other states are involved in terrorism. Though, Rabindranath Tagore described India as ‘Bharath Tirtha’ (India the pilgrimage) supreme ocean of humanity, it has been the cradle to the uprooted people whose countries have been encroached, humbled and destroyed by the inhuman encroachers and imperialists. But such a peace loving generous nation has long been the victim of terrorist attacks.

State sponsored terrorism in and around the world, has given asylum to terrorist camps and treat them as war heroes. Group of people having poverty, ignorance, unemployment are induced into terrorism through brain washing and the peace and security of countries is disturbed.

Question 25.
How youths can control corruption?
Answer:
Corruption is the bane of all countries in the world including India. In India corruption is seen in all areas of life including education, health, administration and polities. The youth of India can be sensitized against corruption. And to have good ethical governance the following changes have to be incalculated into our youth.
1. Education:
Formal and Informal education has to encompass not only curricula but also values of life. Schools, colleges and universities while framing curriculum, should focus to motivate both the faculty and pupil to awaken against corruption at different levels. As Kothari Commission rightly observed, the destiny of a nation is shaped in the classroom.

2. Morality:
Gandhi in the wake of removal of corruption said, ‘on this earth there is enough for everyone’s needs not for everyones greed.’ The youth should be able to differentiate ‘need and greed’. More than 1/2 of the total population in India come in between the age group of 18-35. This is to be utilized to build a strong India against corruption, which is a white collar criminality. They have to follow the policy of Live and let Live’.

3. Means And Ends:
By adopting democratic values, maintaining transparency, following peaceful ways and tolerance, respecting elders, youth have to fight against corruption.

4. Role Models:
As Swami Vivekananda gave a clarion call to the youth, ‘Awake, Arise and stop not till the goat is reached.’ goal A.P.J AbdulKalam has reached lakhs of students arid youth. He called them to get good education being better human beings and through eradicating corruption, attain the best governance.

5. Youth Movement:
Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan the pioneer of the total revolution, inspired youth during the 1970s to revolt against the corrupt administration who travelled all oyer India to fight against this evil.

Question 26.
War against corruption is the mother of all wars, why?
Answer:
Corruption is unhealty, unethical and bane to good governance. Due to corruption, even good policies of the govt, such as, Poverty Alleviation, Food security, Employment schemes, Health benifits, Educational programmes, Infrastructure etc can reach the required targets so, this will become a wasteful expenditure of tax-payers money, which ultimately reach ony a few unscrupulous beneficiaries, but the people who are required to have the right to such benifits will be left high and dry.

Hence the rich will go on amassing such ill-gotten wealth and the poor will still remain poor. Due to corruption, people with illgotten wealth flaunt thier wealth and use it for unethical pursuits arid for anti-social activities like drinking, gambling etc. The poor feel alienated by this divide between rich and poor and often rise in agitation, creating social disturbances.

The wealth of the national being drained by corruption, its social, economic, cultural, educational progress and development will lag and people cannot compete against global entities. So the war against corruption is the mother of all wars. If corruption is rooted out, a nation and its people can progress and develop and live peacefully.

Question 27.
How ydiith movements lead to the creation of the institution of Lokpal?
Answer:
Youth movements have contributed to many progressive laws being enacted for the benifit of the whole country. Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan the pioneer of the total Revolution, inspired youth during 1970’s to revolt against the corrupt administration. During 1980’s All Assam Student’s Union (AASU) fought against the corrupt administration of the North eastern states.

The mood of the youth is against corruption. The war against corruption is perceived as the mother of all wars. Anti-corruption movement. Started by Anna Hazare (India against corruption) saw hundreds of youth join the movement.

The strong mood and determination of the agitating youth has resulted in the creation of the institution of ‘Lokpal’, Act of‘Right to information (RTI) and Sakaal and transparency in election funding. The Institution of Lokpal was established as an Act on 1st January 2014.

IV. Ten Marks Questions.

Question 1.
Describe the coalition governments in India.
Answer:
Coalition Governments of India:
Since Pre-Independence (1937) period India has been experiencing coalition at different levels. In the first General Elections (1952) Indian National Congress (INC) gained clear majority, Even though various political parties contested. Later on, the autocratic attitude of the party in power, disillusioned the opposition parties. When opposition parties united, the Indian National Congress began to lose its popularity.

The Autocratic Attitude of the congress party led to the declaration of National Emergency(1975-1977). Leaders like Jai Prakash Narayan, Morajee Desai, Atal Behari Vajpayee, Lai Krishna Advani, Babu Jag Jivanram, George Fernandes, Choudhari Charan Singh, S ChandraShekar, RamkrishnaHegde and others thought against the concentration of power and emergency gave a common platform for them to come together.

Keeping aside their political identities, they fought against the domination of l.N.C. The general elections of 1977 has put an end to the single party rule and introduced coalition government, through the Janata party’ headed by shri Moraqee Desai, the first prime minister of a coalition Govt. Later on, in 1989, National front (NF) led by Visnanath Pratap Singh, formed coalition Govt.

And in the 1996 united front (UF) led by Fl.D.Devegowda, in 1999 National Democratic Alliance (NDA) under the leadership of A.B. Vajpayee, In 2004 (U.P.A) United Progressive Alliance led by Dr. Manmohan Singh, were formed. Now in 2014 General Election the NDA has formed the govt again with Mr. Narendra Modi as the Prime Minister.

Even the State Assemblies have witnessed coalition Govts. The BJP-Shivsena coalition in Maharastra, the A.G.P and congress coalition in Assam are some examples. In Karnataka during 1996 the Janatadal (S) and BJP had formed a coalition Govt with Mr Kumarswamy as the Chief Minister.

Question 2.
Explain the merits and demerits of coalition.
Answer:
De-Merits of CoAlition:

Due to present various party alliances and leaders believing in different ideologies and policies political consistency is difficult to achieve. Hence political instability persists.
As coalition is the result of mutual consent, heads of govt have no say in the formation of their own cabinet and in the formation of national policies or programmes. Bargaining for power and position is continuous with alliance partners.
Many a time, coalition adversely affects political homogeneity which is the basis of the parliamentary system of govt as each coalition partner has its own specific electorate and has assured apecific schemes and programmes. It is difficult to maintain unanimity in governance. Even commonly accepted common Minimum programme’ is not adhered to.
Collective responsibility is a casualty. The ministry has to act as a unit. But in coalition government, this cannot happen. Hence, no one shoulders the responsibility for mismanagement and maladministration
Official secrecy cannot be maintained. Decisions taken in the cabinet which are sensitive in nature are disclosed by its own signatories who cannot be curtailed by the govt.
Regional parties always ignore national interests and concentrate on their own parochial interests and chauvinism.
Frequent elections to the lok-sabha lead to huge expenses both on the part of the Govt and on political,parties, coalition proves to be highly expensive as it does not complete the lull term.
Coalition leads to dishonest alliances later. Even before elections, parties indulge in mud slinging and forpi coalition, for the sake of power they come together. This leads to unholy and dishonest alliance which results in the deterioration of democratic values.
Union Govt does not have free hand in the formation of either domestic or foreign policies due to the pressure of the coalition partners.
Coalition govts can not have long term planning and view. Its main aim is to escape from the present political volatility.

Question 3.
Explain the features of coalition.
Answer:
Features of Coalition:
Coalition is an act of a coalescing or uniting into one body or a union of parties. When different political parties join together, Coalition is formed. F.A. Ogg describes Coalition as a ‘system of governance by a group of political parties or by several political parties. A Coalition Govt means the formation of a govt by a group or alliance of political parties.

Coalition govt is either the product of pre-poll or post-poll alliance. In the absence of pre-poll alliance, various political parties make alliances with one another to form the govt when no party gains clear majority on its own. A dominant party usually does not prefer to align with another dominant party.

It prefers to have alliance with small political outfits. Two major political parties may come together in an alliance to form to govt during the time of national crisis This is the product of post-poll alliance.
Features:

Coalition is the product of multiparty system
It is a democratic arrangement.
It challanges single party dominance and in which smaller parties come together to defeat the bigger ones in elections and snatch the power and vice-versa.
Coalition may be pre-poll arrangement or post-poll arrangement.
Alliance partners prefer to have a Common Minimum Programme.
During National emergency or crisis, national government is formed through coalition.
Coalition deteriorates the supreme status of the prime-minister who heads the Govt.
A person agreeable not only to big party but also to the alliance partners becomes the leader of the parliament house and naturally head the govt.
Coalition partners are always free to cede their relations and fight on one’s dignity.
Around 70 coalitions have performed in our country since 1937. Hence, it is said that conditions are politically unstable.

Question 4.
Discuss the bases of identity politics.
Answer:
Identity politics is a very recent phenomenon. L.A. Kauffman, has traced the orign of identity politics to student nonviolent co-ordinating committee of U.S in the early 1960’s. Barbarasmith and the Combahee River collectively coined Identity Politics in 1977. The I.P. is of recent origin, It got legitimacy in U.S. between 1950-1960. in the movements of lesbians, black civil rights, wave offeminitsetc.

The movement became prominent only in 1980’s with Gay Rights movement. LGBT, Identity politics is notably found in class movements like feminist movements, disability movements, ethinic movements, movements of minorities are also important part of identity politics. Globalization, liberalization and the setback to the socialistic principle led to the rise of Identity politics.

Crisis of Identity is the fundamental reason for the rise of identity struggles in several parts of the world. Each individual, every culture, every language, religion and region are unique in their own way. Acommunity may be poor economically but rich in cultural heritage and loves to retain its identity. A person can forget the loss of wealth but does not forget his inherent caste, culture, language, religion and region.

Loss of identity means loss of one’s entity. Behind every national movement and freedom struggle there are several causes of identity loss. According to Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 1948, every citizen, irrespective of nationality, economic standard, leasbian or conventionalist has an inseparable human right of equal opportunities, treatment, practice, participation etc.

Identity politics is defined by one’s own identity based on race, ethnicity, gender, language, religion, It is the politics of recognition and a movement to claim recognition. A person may have multiple identities but he perceives single identity at a time.
Causes:

Maladministration leads to the poor economic growth of a particular region or geographical backwardness of the people of a particular ethnic identity.
The rise of regional parties created the local. awareness of language or region.
Extreme poverty, exploitation, lack of opportunity and threat to existing group privi¬leges to the ethnic grpups.
Ethinic grodps fear, of assimilation of culturaldilutioa
Rise in standard of living, literacy, and aspiration, socio-political awareness have led to identity politics.
Lack of share in natural resources, fear of loss of land, politic power and economic growth.
Fear of losing scope in educational and employment field.
Fear of losing ethinic identities like language and culture.

Religion As a Factor of Identity Politics:
Religion is one of the factor of identity politics. India is a vast country with 1.2 billion people. 80.5% of its population are Hindus and the others belonging to communities like Muslims, Christians, Buddhists, Jains, Sikhs, Zoroastrams and others.

Region As A Factor of Identity Politics. Regional identity plays a dominant role in National and regional politics. Leaders like, Mulayam singh Yadav, Farooque Abdullah, Jayalalitha, Karunanidhi, Chandra Babu Naidu, Mamata Banerjee and others are some dominant politicians in national and regional politics.

Language As a Factor of Identity Politics:
India is a union of multi-Lingual states. Language is one of the most sensitive and emotional issues. Throughout the country there are several paramount groups and leaders who want their share from the Govt of India or the regional governments on the basis of language. There is no common language policy throughout the country. Medium of instruction or learning is not commonly accepted.

In Karnataka people fought for the implementation of Gorak Report, through ‘Gokak movement’ to make kannada an administrative language during 1980’s. Later on, an attempt was made to get a classical language status for Kannada after Tamil was conferred with such a status. Language is the main issue between Karnataka and Maharastra on sholapur, Karnataka and Kerala on Kasargod, Karnataka and Andhra-Pradesh on Adoni and Alum; Karnataka and Tamilnadu on Talawadi.

Caste as a factor of identity politics:
Caste has been an important factor of identity politics. India is a vast country with 1.2 Billion people. Over 80.5% of Its population are Hindus. The remaining population is comprised of Muslims, Christians, Buddhists Jains, Sikhs, Zoroastrians and others. The fear of losing individual identity has compelled many groups to organise themselves on Religious platforms.

A few groups are involved in militant activities to get recognition. Religious conversion takes place either by force or attraction to get political representation. Many political parties being trapped by these narrow parochial identity politics declare various sops and concessions schemes. Vote bank politics takes place on the basis ofparodial considerations of different political parties on religious lines.

Question 5.
Explain the Centre-State relations in India.
Answer:
Center-state Relations:
The constitution of India aspired India as a union of states. The Union and the states derive their authority from the constitution. It emphasizes the supremacy of the constitution.
Administrative Relations:
The administrative relations between centre and state are specifically mentioned in Art-256-261. To promote unity and integrity and also to strengthen the federal structure between union and states.

The President of India has the power to appoint the Governors of all the states and union territories. The states have to maintain cordial relations with the Governor.
President by having jurisdiction over the appointment of the judges of Supreme Court and High Courts, integrated Judicial system is maintained throughout the country.
Bills passed in state assemblies during the president’s rule are required to get the approval of the president.
The numbers of ‘All India Services’ who serve both the union govt in matters of selection, training, pasting and disciplinary actions.
The union govt issues directions to the states regarding law and order, national unity, safety and security, transportation, national highways, railways etc, whenever necessary.
Union govt can delegate its powers to the states with or without their consent by an act in the parliament.
Parliament under Article 301-305, is empowered to appoint inter-state commerce commission to maintain cordial relations among the states.
Planning commission advises all states to raise the standard of living of the people.
To ensure the rapid and balanced development of the country, National Development Council has been created.
National Integration Council was created in 1961 . It aims to eliminate the evils of co minimalism, casteism and religionalism, linguistic.

The constitution of lndia made provisions to have smooth financial relations between the union and the states in Art, 264-267. They are,

A Finance Commission is to be constituted.
Taxes not to be imposed except by authority of law.
Consolidated funds and Public Accounts of lndia and of the states.
Parliament may by law establish a contingency fund to meet unforeseen expenditure.
Some duties are leviable by the centre, but they are to be collected and entirely appropriated by the states.
There are some taxes which are both levled and collected by the union, but the proceeds are assigned to those specific states.
There are taxes levied and collected by the union Govt and the proceeds are shared between the union and the states.
The parliament determines the quantum of assistance every year to the needy states, tribal areas etc.
Finance commission: It is having a constitutional status which has the authority to determine the measures relating to the distribution of financial resources between the union and the states.
During president’s rule in the state, state financial propriety is managed by the union.
States cannot raise loans outside India. Union govt provides financial assistance to states in the form of loans.

Sarkaria commission has given valuable recommendations towards center-state relations.

Question 6.
Explain the role of youth against the terrorism.
Answer:
Role of youth Against Terrorism:
The concept of minority leads to fear of attack and results in religious fundamentalism Hence both the youth and the society have to pressurize the Govts concerned to create awareness and educate those who are indulged in anti-national and inhuman terrorist activities, particularly youth. Priority should be given to the peace and security of the inhabitants of the country.

Youth have to take the intiative within the jurisdiction of law to fight against terrorism as it happened in Naxal hit states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh where salwajudam (Village army) fighting against Naxalites. Youth must understand the complicated and multifaceted terrorism rationally. They have to isolate the terrorists and inoculate their potential recruits.

Successful counter-terrorism requires a combination of coercive and conciliatory policies. It is the responsibility of the youth to spread the importance of education that saves the younger generation from the catches of terrorism and communalism. As it happened in the case of Ms. Malata Yousafzai of pakistan. Who survived in the terrorist attack.

Question 7.
Discuss the effects of youth movements.
Answer:
Role of youth Against Terrorism:
The concept of minority leads to fear of attack and results in religious fundamentalism Hence both the youth and the society have to pressurize the Govts concerned to create awareness and educate those who are indulged in anti-national and inhuman terrorist activites, particulary youth. Priority should be given to the peace and security of the inhabitants of the country.

Youth have to take the intiative within the jurisdiction of law to fight against terrorism as it happened in Naxal hit states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh where salwajudam (Village army) fighting against naxalites. Youth must understand the complicated and multifaceted terrorism rationally. They have to isolate the terrorists and inoculate their potential recruits.

Successfull counter-terrorism requires a combination of coercive and conciliatory policies. It is the responsibility of the youth to spread the importance of education that saves the younger generation from the catches of terrorism and communalism. As it happened in the case of Ms. Malata Yousafzai of pakistan. Who survived in the terrorist attack.

Corruption is the bane of all countries in the world including India. In India corruption is seen in all areas of life including education, health, administration and polities. The youth of India can be sensitized against corruption. And to have good ethical governance the following changes have to be incalculated into our youth.
1. Education:
Formal and Informal education has to encompass not only curricula but also values of life. Schools, colleges and universities while framing curriculum, should focus to motivate both the faculity and pupil to awaken against corruption at different levels. As Kothari Commission rightly observed, the destiny of a nation is shaped in the classroom.

3. Means And Ends:
By adopting democratic values, maintaining transparency, following peaceful ways and tolerance, respecting elders, youth have to fight against corruption.

Youth movements have contributed to many progressive laws being enacted for the benefit of the whole country. Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan the pioneer of the total Revolution, inspired youth during 1970’s to revolt against the corrupt administration. During 1980’s All Assam Student’s Union (AASU) fought against the corrupt administration of the North eastern states.

2nd PUC Political Science Emerging Trends of Indian Politics Additional Questions and Answers

I. One Mark Questions.

Question 1.
When is a coalition govt formed?
Answer:
When no political party gains absolute majority or in a time when foreign agression, political instability and economic crisis.

Question 2.
Where did the era of coalition start?
Answer:
The era of coalition started in France, Italy, Germany and India.

Question 3.
Since when did coalition start in India.
Answer:
In 1977, under the Janata party.

Question 4.
Who was the first P.M. of the first coalition govt in India?
Answer:
Shri Morarjee Desai.

Question 5.
Name some pioneering leaders who introduced coalition.
Answer:
Jayaprakash Narayan, S. chandra shekar Ramkrishna Hegde.

Question 6.
Which is the first non-congress govt formed at the centre?
Answer:
Janata party govt.

Question 7.
When did the congress party lead the first co-alition govt?
Answer:
In 2004 (U.R A) United Progressive Alliance.

Question 8.
How does F.A. Ogg describe coalition?
Answer:
F.A. Ogg describes coalition as a system where members of political parties unite to form a govt or ministry.

Question 9.
Mention one feature of coalition.
Answer:
Coalition is a democratic arrangement.

Question 10.
Mention one merit of coalition
Answer:
By feeling the pulse of the people, it provides good governance.

Question 11.
Mention one De-merit of coalition.
Answer:
Regional parties ignore National Intrest by focussing on parochial interests and chauvinism.

Question 12.
Which article of the indian constitution mention legislative powers of union and state govts.
Answer:
Art 245-255.

Question 13.
Mention any one emergency provision.
Answer:
Art 352 empowers the president of India to declare National emergency when there is threat of external agression.

Question 14.
Mention one power of the union govt in normal situation.
Answer:
It can direct states on any matter.

Question 15.
Mention any one kind of identity politics.
Answer:
L.G..B.T – Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender.

Question 16.
Mention any one cause of Identity politics.
Answer:
Fear of losing scope in educational and employment field.

Question 17.
Mention any one Religious Identity political group.
Answer:
Muslim league.

Question 18.
Mention any one tribal movement.
Answer:
Birsa Munda Movement.

Question 19.
Mention any one of the prominent Regional leader.
Answer:
Mulayam Singh Yadav.

Question 20.
When did the Gokak movement take place?
Answer:
During 1980s.

Question 21.
When was voting Age reduced from 21 yrs to 18 yrs?
Answer:
In the year 1986.

Question 22.
Expand POK.
Answer:
Pakistan Occupied Kashmir.

Question 23.
Who started ‘India against corruption’ movement?
Answer:
Shri Anna Hazare.

Question 24.
Mention one youth movement against Terrorism.
Answer:
Salwajudum (village army) of Chattisgarh fighting against terrorism

Question 25.
Mention one youth leader who survived terrorist attack.
Answer:
Ms. Malala Yusufa Zai of Pakistan.