2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 9 India’s Foreign Policy

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 9 India’s Foreign Policy

2nd PUC Political Science India’s Foreign Policy Text Book Questions and Answers

I. One Mark Questions.

Question 1.
Who is the architect of India’s Foreign Policy?
Answer:
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.

Question 2.
Expand INC.
Answer:
Indian National Congress.

Question 3.
Which Article of the Indian Constitution states about the India’s Foreign Policy?
Answer:
Article 51.

Question 4.
Expand NAM.
Answer:
Non Alignment Movement.

Question 5.
How many member countries are there in NAM at present?
Answer:
128 member countries.

Question 6.
What is Apartheid?
Answer:
Discrimination of human beings on the basis of race and colour. (Black) in South Africa.

Question 7.
Expand CHOGM.
Answer:
Common Wealth Heads Of Government Meetings.

Question 8.
Who is the head of CHOGM?
Answer:
The British Queen.

Question 9.
When India conducted the 1st Nuclear Test?
Answer:
India conducted Ist Nuclear Test at Pokhran in 1974 (Smiling of Buddha), and 1998 (Sakti I & Sakti II).

Question 10.
Expand NPT.
Answer:
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

Question 11.
Expand CTBT.
Answer:
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.

Question 12.
Expand OPCW.
Answer:
Organisation For Prohibition Of Chemical Weapons.

Question 13.
Who won the Indira Gandhi Prize for peace in 2013?
Answer:
German chancellor Angela Merkel.

Question 14.
Expand NSG.
Answer:
Nuclear Supplier Group.

Question 15.
Expand CIS.
Answer:
Commonwealth Of independent States.

Question 16.
Expand PRC.
Answer:
People’s Republic of China.

Question 17.
Expand NEFA.
Answer:
North Eastern Frontier Agency.

Question 18.
Expand LAC.
Answer:
Line of Actual Control.

Question 19.
When was Pakistan bora?
Answer:
August 14th, 1947.

Question 20.
Expand LOC.
Answer:
Line of Control.

Question 21.
Expand MFN.
Answer:
Most Favoured Nation.

Question 22.
When Bangladesh was bora?
Answer:
1971.

Question 23.
Who was called as Banglabandhu?
Answer:
Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman of Bangladesh.

Question 24.
Expand IPKF.
Answer:
Indian Peace Keeping Force.

Question 25.
Expand LTTE.
Answer:
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.

II. Two Marks Questions.

Question 1.
Define India’s Foreign Policy?
Answer:
The Indian Foreign policy incorporated into the directive principles of state policy (Art 51) states ‘ To endeavor to promote international peace and security to maintain just and honorable relations between the nations to foster respect for international law and treaty obligation and to encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitrations.

Question 2.
Write any two roots of lndian foreign Policy.
Answer:
The roots of India’s Foreign Policy are found in the ancient period particularly in the Buddhist literature and Kautilya’s ‘Arthashastra’.

Question 3.
Name any two leaders who contributed for Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
M.K.Gadhi, Cakravarti Rajagopalachari.

Question 4.
Name any two founders of NAM.
Answer:
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Primeminister of India. Josif Broz Tito, President of Yugoslavia.

Question 5.
When and where did the 1st NAM summit held?
Answer:
1st NAM summit-Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1961.

Question 6.
When the 17th NAM summit is going to be held? and where?
Answer:
17th NAM summit will be held in Venezuela in 2015.

Question 7.
Write any two principles of Panchasheel.
Answer:

Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
Mutual non-aggression.

Question 8.
When and where is the next CHOGM summit is going to be held?
Answer:
Next CHOGM summit will be held in 2015 in Tanzania.

Question 9.
Write any two code names of nuclear test conducted by India.
Answer:

1st Nuclear test at Pokhran in 1974 (Smiling of Buddha)
Nuclear Test 1998 Shakthi I and Shakthi II).

Question 10.
Name any two military alliances.
Answer:
NATO and ANZUS

Question 11.
Name any two countries of NSG
Answer:
Russia, Australia.

Question 12.
What is Perestroika and Glasnost?
Answer:
Perestroika – Restructuring Glasnost – Openness

Question 13.
Who have signed Panchasheel?
Answer:
Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Chinese prime Minister Zhou-en-Lai in April 29th 1954.

Question 14.
Who have signed Tashkent agreement?
Answer:
The Tashkent Declaration was signed between Indian P.M. Lalbahadur Shastri and Pakastani Premier Ayub khan in 1966.

Question 15.
Who were the signatories of Simla Agreement?
Answer:
The Simla Agreement was signed between Indian P.M Smt Indira Gandhi and Pakistani Premier Z.A. Butto in 1972.

Question 16.
Write any two causes for the liberation of Bangladesh.
Answer:

Army crackdown on protests and demonstrations of the people of Bangladesh led to millions of refugee influx into India. Indian Economy was disrupted. India Intervened and supported the Bangala Liberation Movement.
Since the formation of Pakistan, its eastern counterpart was neglected.

Question 17.
Name any two militant groups of Sri Lanka.
Answer:
Tamil United Liberation Frount (TULF) (1976) Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) 1976.

III. Five Marks Questions.

Question 1.
Explain the stages of the formation of the India’s Foreign Policy.
Answer:
Formation of the India’s Foreign Policy:
The Indian National Congress [INC] was formed in 1885 to fight against British Imperialism. In the first session, a resolution was passed against British Aggression on Burma [Myanmar], In 1982, INC criticised the British Military activities within the national territory of India and the British Military activities within Indian ferritory and opposed the use of India as a base for launching attacks on Tibet, Afganistan and other countries in 1904.

INC declared its support to the Irish Freedom Struggle and evolved its own international prespective and policy by establishing Foreign Af fairs Department under the leadership of M.K.Gandhi, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, V. K.Krishna Menon, Dr. Rammonohar Lohia, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was its chief spokesman. Thus Indian foreign policy was given a concrete shape.

The INC Delhi conference (1923) adopted a historcal resolution by declaring that the Foreign policy of British Indian Govt did not represent the Indian opinion. In the succeeding sessions of the INC, a series of Resolutions were passed against the British Imperialism In India. Pt. Nehru participation in the conference of Anti-Imperialistic league at Brasses (1927) was a landmark in Indian Foreign policy.

His historical presidential advertised the ideas of Gandhiji into India’s foreign policy. Pandit Nehru emerged as the ‘Architect of India’s foreign policy’ These ideals are incorporated into ‘Directive principles of state policy’ (Art 51) of the Indian constitution.

It states to endeavor to promote international peace and security, to maintain just and honorable relations between the nations to foster respect for international law and treaty obligations and to encourage settlement of international disputes by Arbitrations.

Question 2.
Explain the importance of Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
Importance of Indian Foreign Policy:
India’s foreign policy is born out of the country’s principles, interests and objectives, it is the result of interplay of complex forces of history, geography, domestic environment, ideology and the influence of national leaders. It, emphasizes the glory of Indian freedom struggle, importance of Indian geographical location for its economic development and patriotism.

The important facet of India’s foreign policy is the concern for Gandhian ideals of peace and non-violence. India achieved its independence by usig these weapons and succeeded in inspiring the world. India’s foreign policy comprises of economic development and political stability to ensure the unity and integrity of the country.

National security was conceived to prevent aggression or threat of aggression and to protect the independence, territorial integrity, self reliance and promote economic independence. India believes in fostering friendly relations with her neighbors. She promotes goodwill, friendship and co-operation in the South-Asian region for mutual benefits.

India opposes big power intervention or interference in the internal affairs of South Asian Region. India calls for making Indian Ocean a peaceful zone to avoid big power naval confrontation. India supports liberation Movements, democratic struggles for national independence and right to self determination. She is opposed to imperialism, colonialism, racism, Authoritarianism and militarism in the world.

India supports the Human Rights as a basic condition for a democratic world and for an egalitarian world. India believes in promotion of the principle of Panchasheela and strengthing of NAM (Non Alignment Movement) and UN a world free from fear, hatred, scarcity and inequality. Free India visualised an era of equality among states in the world. Her wisdom in the preparation of foreign policy is a role model to the rest of the world.

Question 3.
Explain briefly the basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
1. Non Alignment:
The basic principle of Indian foreign policy is non-Alignment. India was not aligned to any of the two military power blocs. India was the first country to speak of Non-alignment and the major contributor to the emergence of NAM. Pt. Nehru P.M. of India, General Sukamo, President of Indonesia, Josif Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Kwame Nkrumah PM of Ghana, GamalAdbel Nasser, leader of Egypt were founders of NAM.

The first summit of NAM was held at Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1961 with 25 member countries. At present, it has 128 members. Recent NAM summit concluded in August 2012 Tehran, Iran, Venezuela will host the 17th NAM summit in 2015.

2. Opposition To Imperialism And Colonialism:
India was a colony of British for 200 yrs, ‘India is firmly opposed to any form of imperialism and colonialism. India played an Important role in liberating the countries ofAsia and Africa from colonial shakles. India supported east Timor in S.E. Asia to become a Independent country in 2002, from 200 yrs of colonial mle under Portuguese India supported East Timor’s freedom struggle under the leadership of Xanana Gusmao who become its first president.

3. Faith in UNO:
As a founding member of U.N.O. India has played a major role in achiveing world peace. India is collaborating with UN Agencies. India has contributed to UN pre-operations. India is one of the Front-runners to become permanent member of UN security council with veto power.

4. Fairness And Means:
India emplasised fair means in resolving international disputes. India has supported peaceful and non-violent methods and opposed war, aggression and power politics. M.K.Gandhi, while adressing Asian Relations Conference .in New Delhi on 2nd April 1947 said “If you want to give a message to the west, it must be the message of love and of truth.”

5. Anti Aparthied and Racial Discrimination:
India has stood by the principal of racial equality and opposes discrimination on the basis of race, religion, caste, colour, and sex. India opposed the doctrine of white supremacy. India is against the policy of Apart¬heid and broke of diplomatic ties with South Africa.

6. Panchsheel:
Panchsheel is the fundamental principle of Indian foreign policy. The Panchsheel agreement was signed was signed between Indian P.M. Pt-Nehru and Chinese prime Minister Anou-en-lai on April 29th 1954, which sought to govern the relationship between India and China on the basis of five principles.

7. Tie with the commonwealth:
India has chosen to remain within the Commonwealth of Nations. The British Queen is the head of the commonwealth. India has economic ties with uk and other commonwealth countries.

8. Disarmament:
India’s foreign policy in the post cold war period is disarmament and to reduce Arms race.

9. Sympathy towards divided countries:
India is sympathetic towards divided countries of the world. India expressed strong opposition towards bifurcation of Palestine, south and North Korea, East and West Germany and Vietnam. India supported the peaceful bifurcation of south and north Sudan in 2011 by establishing diplomatic relations with south Sudan.

10. Concern Towards small Countries:
India supported Malayaisa (1948), Ghana (1957) and Bangladesh (1971) to emerge as Independent states arid helped them to get NAM membership. Independent India ex-tended economic assistance to many small countries for Rehablitation. India has assisted countries like Bhutan, Nepal and Maldives in their election process.

11. Affinity Towards Afro-Asian Countries:
India Supported the freedom struggle of Afri-can countries. India’s role in the political revolutions and changes in Afganistan, pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh is significant. As a SAARC member India is a strong advocate of mutual co-operation in the comprehensive development of nations.

12. Against cold war:
As a NAM leader, India stayed away from the two blocs during cold war. India’s policy was neither negative or passive and tried to reduce their rivalry.

Question 4.
Write a note on the Non-alignment policy of India.
Answer:
Non Alignment:
The basic principle of Indian foreign policy is non-alignment. India was not aligned to any of the two military power blocs. India was the first country to speak of non-alignment and the major contributor to the emergence of NAM. Pt. Nehru P.M. of India, Gen-Sukamo, President of Indonesia, Josif Broz tito of Yugoslavia, Kwame Nkrumah PM of Ghana, Gamal Abdel Nasser, leader of Egypt were founders of NAM.

The first summit of NAM was held at Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1961 with 25 member countries. At present it has 128 members. Recent NAM summit concluded in August 2012 Tehran, Iron, Venezuala will host the 17th NAM summit in 2015.

Question 5.
Write about Panchsheel.
Answer:
The roots of Indian Foreign Policy is derived from ancient buddist literature and Kautilya’s Arthashastra’ Kautilya explains ‘mitra’ or ‘ally’ in saptanga Theory, which represents the foreign policy and external sovereignty of a state. His ‘Mandala’ doctrine deals with the idea of‘ Balance of Power’.

Gandhiji’s ideals of non-violence and mutual co-operation have been incorporated in the ‘Panchasheel’ Panchsheel is the fundamental principle of Indian Foreign policy. An agreement called ‘PANCHASHEEL’ Agreement was signed between Indian Prime Minister Pt- Jawaharlal Nehru and Chinese prime Minister Zhou-en- lai on April 29th 1954, which sought to govern the relationship between India and China on the basis of five principles.
The Five Principles are:

Mutual respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty.
Mutual non-Aggression.
Mutual non-interference in each other’s Internal affairs.
Equality and mutual benefits.
Peaceful co-existence.

The ‘Panchasheel’ guides peaceful co-existence with other nations. It paved the way to the relationship of both countries between 1954-57 marked by numerous visits and exchanges. This period is described as Sino-In- dian ‘Honeymoon’.

Question 6.
Explain the Disarmament policy.
Answer:
Dis- Armament Policy:
Indian Foreign policy always advocated non-violence and peaceful means for the settlement of disputes and repudiates the use of force. India always believed that peace can be achieved by right and just means. In alignment with this principle India was greatly concerned about disarmament and the arms race during the post cold war period.

As a leader of NAM, India expressed beyond doubt that arms race is at an expense of human development. Expenditure on arms and ammunition depletes and distorts economic progress, programmes for removal of poverty, eradication of diseases, spread of education and easy availability of basic needs.

India is not a signatory to the ‘Nuclear non Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and other nuclear or war treaties. But India included Nuclear Tests at Pokran in 1974 (Smiling of Buddha), and 1988 (Sakti-I and Sakti-II). Though India is one among the major nuclear powers in the world, it is only for civil use and development, Not for armed or nuclear race.

The ultimate goal is comprehensive and complete disarma¬ment of all forms of nuclear, chemical and conventional weapons. India established Indira Gandhi prize for ‘Peace, Disarmament and Development’ to recognize the persons, who work for the promotion of disarmament and peace in the world.

In 2013 German chancellor Angela Merkel won this award for her commitment to universal peace and disarmament. Millions of people all over the world are aware that a nuclear war will turn our earth into a graveyard of human-race and wipeout its achievements.

As a result 2013th Noble prize for peace was awarded to the ‘Organisation for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons’ [OPCW], the international group in which India is one of the founding members, for its continuous efforts towards disarmament.

Question 7.
Explain the Nuclear deal of India.
Answer:
Indo-US Nuclear Deal:
India and U.S. A. have expressed a new confidence in their relations on nuclear separation deal in 2006. The U.S. agreed to the proposed Indian plan for nuclear separation eg: Separation between civilian nuclear plants and non-civilian nuclear plants or Military plants. India got assurance of an uninterrupted supply of uranium and acess to advanced nuclear technology to meet the energy needs of India.

The nuclear separation was to be accomplished by India in phased manner and completed by 2014. This deal was to pave the way for a virtual recognition of India as an N-Power outside the NPT and to its N-Fuel’s needs. It enables India to negotiate and sign N-fuel supply agreements with European Union (EU) countries, Russia, Japan, Australia, South-Africa: and all the members of 45-member Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG).

Question 8.
How the recent visits of the leaders have promoted the Indo-US relations.
Answer:
Indo-US Relations There are positive indications of the US re-appraisal of India. In the recent visit of India’ Prime-Minister to US. It was apparent that the US considers India not only as a stable democratic polity but also as one of the major emerging markets of the world.

Anew pragmatic and mature Indo-US relationship is emerging which tends to understand more sympathetically each other’s differences on certain issues without overlooking the need for greater co-operation in an interdependent world. US vice-president Joe Biden who is known to be a friend of India, during his re-cent visit to India expressed his wish to make India-US colosest partners by 2020.

Question 9.
Describe the similarities in Indo-USSR relations.
Answer:
Similarity of Indo-USSR Relations:

India and USSR consider the peaceful settlement of disputes between states as most crucial for the future of the human race.
Both believe in national freedom and social equality as prerequisite of a just world order.
Support to Liberation Movements across the world recognized by both countries.
Both countries are opposed to all forms of colonialism, imperialism, racial discrimination.

India and USSR have realised Geopolitical significance and the need to strengthen bilateral ties. This is to ensure the settlement of regional problems and the establishment of global peace and prosperity.

Question 10.
Write about the disintegration of USSR and bilateral relations in Indo-Russian relations.
Answer:
The disintegration of USSR:
In 1985 Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, introduced economic and political reforms of ‘Perestroika’ (restructuring) and Glasnost (Openness). That stopped the arms race with the U.S. Russia withdrew soviet troops from Afganistan, helped the unification of Germany and ended the cold war. Other weaknesses inherent in the soviet Union led to the disintegration of USSR and formation of 15 new countries in 1991.

India recognised all of them as sovereign states and established new diplomatic relations. Ten of them joined together to form new association with Russia called ‘Commonwealth of Independent States’ (CIS).

Indo-USSR Bi-Lateral Relations:
The new leadership in Russia and other Republics of the erstwhile soviet Union hold India in high regard due to India’s secular approach to politics, its stable democratic system assuring rights and equality to all its citizens, self-reliant industrial and economic base and its genuine concern for global issues of peace, disarmament, economic development, Human Rights and Democratization of International organisations particulary of the UN and its agencies.

lt continues its support to India to become permanent member in UN security council. India and Russia both have multifaceted relationships involving strategic and high level co-operation. The process of bi-lateral annual summits has given great impetus to bilateral relations. Indo-Russia Co-operation has continued to move stronger on the basis of mutual interest, faith, friendship, and past relations.

Question 11.
What is the nature of Sino-Indian problems?
Answer:
Nature of Sino-Indian Problems:
In 1957, there was a shift in China’s ideological perspective. They stiffened stand towards several countries Including india. The alliance with Moscow ended. Chinese border incursion in the North Eastern Frontier Agency (NEFA) i.e., Arunachal Pradesh, claiming 50,0.00 sq miles of Indian Territory in NEFA and in the Ak sai Chin region of Ladakh in the north west in 1959 Severed Indo-china rela¬tionship Nehru had drawn, attention of the visiting Chinese prime-minister Zhou-En-Lai in this regard.

China refused to accept the Mcmoham line as Sino-Indian border Tibet cast a shadow on Indo-chinese relations after the Tibetian revolt in March 1959, The Dalai Lama and Tibetian refugees were provided asylum in India. China reacted sharply against India’s decision and showed their anger by levelling false charges against India. The misgivings and distrust finally resulted in Sino-Indian war of1962.

It not only changed the Sino-Indian relationship but also India’s outlook on defence and strategic problems. This helped to repel Pakistan incurslms in 1965 and defeat the Pakistani army in 1971 Bangladesh crisis. The Indo China-Pak axis remained a major threat to Indian security in 70’s and the early 80’s.

Question 12.
How the recent visits of leaders influence on the Indo-China relations?
Answer:
Influence of Leaders visits on Indo-China Relations:
Business leaders of both India and China met and signed ‘Memorandum of Understanding’ (MOU) with Indian companies. In order to build trust and confidence in the new framework, the visit ofthe Indian President R. Venkataraman to China in 1992 was symbolically a big gesture of good will. This was followed by the visit of the Indian Prime Minister P.V.Narashima Rao in September 1993.

The China co-operated with India by sending their president and premier with high dignitaries to India to solve the long standing boundary dispute bi-laterally. In 1994, the visit of the Chinese defense minister to India was symbolic of the new good will that was being built by both the countries.

The talks between the two special representatives of China and India till 2005, have achieved a lot in reaching agreement on guiding principles and in setting up a new working mechanism on consultation mainly on boundary issues. As a member of BRICS, China decided to stop staple visas to Jammu and Kashmir residents.

This gesture resumed the defense, business and trade ties between the two countries in April 2011. Chinese premier When Jiabao and the Indian P.M. Dr. Manmohan Singh set a goal to increase bilateral trade between the two countries. China became India’s largest trade partner in 2012.

Dr. Singh expressed his concern to strengthen bilateral relations of both the countries with visiting Chinese premier Li-Kegiang and the president X- Jin-ping in May 2013. The historic vists of the Heads ofthe States in 2013 heralded a new era in India-China. Relations.

Question 13.
Explain the Kashmir Issue in India-Pakistan relations.
Answer:
Kashmir issue in Indo-Pak Relations. India’s Perspective is that Kashmir is an integral part ofthe Republic oflndia. Pakistan is of the opinion that ‘Kashmir’ is a disputed territory. The arguement of Pakistan on Kashmir is that, since the partition of the country was done on religious basis and majority of population are muslims, Kashmir should be a part of Pakistan. This arguement has failed to recognise the following facts. Indian,

Partition was done ofthe British Indian Provinces and not of the Indian princely states.
National Conference was the only major political party in Kashmir, which was aligned and afficiated to the Congress. It was opposed to Pakistan and had faith in secular polities.
The Indian princely states had the freedom to join either India or Pakistan.
India is a secular state consisting of a Multireligion population.

Kashmir decided to join India after the invasion of its territory by Pakistani Tribals supported by the Pakistani Army. After wars between India and Pakistan in 1966 and 1971, both the countries affirmed the need for negotiated peaceful settlement of disputes in the ‘Tashkent Declaration’ of 1966 between P.M. Lalbahadur sastri and Ayub Khan.

In the ‘Simla Agreement’of 1972, Indira Gandhi and Z. A. Bhutto signed and agreed to solve all the disputes in a peaceful manner and on a bilateral basis. In 1988 both the countries signed the agreement not to attack Nuclear Installation facilities of both countries. The in¬filtration of Pakistani Army across the Loc is continuing.

After the meeting in Lahore the Indian P.M. A.B. Vajpayee and Pak P.M Nawaz zharif in Feburary 1999, he undertook the historical bus journey to lahore. The infiltration in Kargil sector by Pak-army in June-July 1999 created a war-like situation. India and Pakistan have been trying to overcome past indifferences and build bilateral trust and understanding and co-operation.

Question 14.
Explain the role of India in the liberation of Bangladesh.
Answer:
Role of India In The Liberation of Bangladesh:
India was sympathetic and supported the struggle for Bangladesh Independence of when West Pakistan. Army cracked down on the massive protests and demonstrations in East Pakistan, Millions of refugees fled to India, (Tripurain West Bengal).

Even though this caused law and order problems, social peace and demographic upheaval, and economic problems India supported Bangladesh in their liberation movement and helped return and rehabilitation of refugees. Bangladesh became Independent in 1971.

Question 15.
Explain the economic and trade relations of India with Bangladesh.
Answer:
Economic And Trade Relations of India And Bangladesh:
India and Bangladesh have multifaceted economic relations. They have embraced trade transactions, credit arrangements, joint ventures, transaction facilities and transport development. Thier relation has remained in fact even under adverse political conditions. This is mainly because of geographical proximity, common development needs and experience.

Closer economic ties has benefited to stabilize political relation between the countries especially after 1992. Bangladesh is one of the most important markets of India’s exports. For several decades, it has been the largest export market for India in the SAARC region, In 2011-12 India’s total export to Bangladesh reached sizeable Level.

This makes Bangladesh one of the most important export markets for India in the world. Bangladesh exports to India is very small setting up of South Asian Preferential Treaty Arrangement (SAPTA), Group of Eminent Persons (GEP) led by leaders of South-Asian countries are the landmarks in the economic integration of the two countries.

Question 16.
Explain the early relations between India and Sri Lanka.
Answer:
Early Relations Between India And Sri-Lanka:
Indo-Sri Lankan relation spans over a period of four thousand years. There are two ethnic groups, The Sinhalese and The Tamils, who trace their origin to India. Both countries share a historical bond. People of both countries joined together in struggle for freedom from British colonial rule and for a new democratic national identity, political ties and relations during freedom movement forged new links between them. The significance of india’s interest in Sri Lanka after Independence was to promote a policy of ‘good neighborhood!.

Question 17.
What are the causes of disputes between India and Sri Lanka?
Answer:
Causes of Disputes Between India And Sri Lanka:
After independence and up to the 1980’s there were hardly any disputes between India and srilanka, on matters of security and sovereignty. There had been negotiated settlement of bilateral issues Eg: the question of jurisdiction over Kachativu Island in the middle of the Palk straits one of the main disputes between India and Sri Lanka has been regarding the political status of Tamil speaking people of Indian origin taken to Sri-lanka by the British as plantation labourers.
There are fourgroups of Sri Lanka Tamil population,

Ancient Tamils in the Jaffna Peninsula
Professional elite Tamils in Urban Areas
Non-Hindu Tamils
Tamil immigrant Labourers.

The long standing problem of accepting the Tamil speaking population of Sri-Lanka as its citizens and giving them regional autonomy could not be solved. The majority of Sinhalese demanded Tamils should return to India, they deny the citizenship of Tamils by enacting the Ceylon citizenship Act of 1948. This has disentailed their franchise and other rights.

In 1965 Indian P.M. Lal-Bahadur Shastri and SfiLankan P.M Mrs. Sirimao BandaraNaike signed on agreement about Tamils citizenship, but in vain. In 1981 agreement between Indira Gandhi and Sirimao Bandaranaike was not implemented due to the Tamilian’s refusal to return to India.

Question 18.
Explain the role of India in resolving Lankan ethnic problems.
Answer:
The 1981 Agreement between Indira Gandhi and Sirimao Bandara Naike was not Implemented due to the Tamil refusal. The situation generated its own pressures on the Sinhalese parties and created chauvinist mood in the sinhala leaders in suggesting stringent measures that would compel the Tamil to leave.

It resulted in the formation of Tamil united Liberaition frount (TULF) an 1976, which gradually stepped up a demand for seperate Tamil state In 1978 Tamil extremist group called liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) was formed. Though the Sri-Lanka Govt offered some concessions eg: Designation of Tamil Language as an associate National lan¬guage, amendment in educational procedure offer of limited autonomy via district countries.

Tigers of LTTE determined to wage an armed struggle for an independent Tamil State in Sri Lanka, which took into ethnic and political dimensions in Indo-Sri Lankan relations. At the same time India assured to Sri Lanka that it would not interfere in the internal affairs and respect the sovereignty of Sri-Lanka, but developments in Sri-Lanka affected the relation of both countries.

Extremist activities of LTTE with the support of Tamil communities in south Asia and Tamil Nadu provoked Sri Lankan Army into retaliatory action leading to their enrichment in Jaffna peninsula in 1987. It arose the fear in large number of the non-combatant Tamil population, in this sense in 1988, to solve the problem bilaterally, the agreement provided for an Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to oversee the surrender process of Tamil militants.

Ranasinghe Premadasa succeeded president Jayawardene. According his wish, India agreed to withdraw the IPKF, which was one of the demands of LTTE. India had shown its good neighboring approach by not objecting to any form of political solution which is agreeable to the majority of the concerned people.

IV. Ten Marks Questions.

Question 1.
Describe the meaning and importance of Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
Meaning Of Indian Foreign Policy:
The Directive Principles of India’s state policy (Art 51) of the Indian constitution states to endeavor, to promote international peace and security, to maintain just and honorable relations between the nations to foster respect for international disputes by Arbitrations.

The Indian foreign policy serves major goals such as national interest and enlightened global concerns like peaceful co-existence, world economic development, human rights and justice for all. India’s foreign policy is based mainly on the Gandhian ideals of peace and non-violence.
“Indian foreign policy is not foreign, it is totally Indian and is rooted in India’s realities” – I.K. Gujral.
“On the foreign policy front, India has been quite alert to the changing global scene… its relevance has been greatly enhanced in the new context in which independence of decision making is very important” – P. V.Narashima Rao.
“If you want to give a message to the west, it must be the message of love and the message of truth” – M.K. Gandhi.

Question 2.
Explain the basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
Importance of Indian Foreign Policy:
India’s foreign policy is born out of the country’s principles, interests and objectives, it is the result of interplay of complex forces of history, geography, domestic environment, ideology and the influence of national leaders. It emphasizes the glory of Indian freedom struggle, importance of Indian geographical location for its economic development and patriotism.

The important facet of India’s foreign policy is the cocem for Gandhian ideals of peace and non-violence. India achieved its independence by usig these weapons and suceeded in inspiring the world. India’s foreign policy comprises of economic development and political stability to ensure the unity and integrity of the country.

National security was conceived to prevent aggression or threat of aggression and to protect the independence, territorial integrity, self-reliance and promote economic, independecne. India believes in fostering friendly relations with her-neighbors. She promotes goodwill, friendship and co-operation in the South-Asian region for mutual benefits.

She is opposed to imperialism, colonialism, racism, Authoritarianism and militarismin the world. India supports the Human Rights as a basic condition for a democratic world and for egalitarian world. India believes in promotion of the principle of Panchasheela and strengthing of NAM (Non Alignment Movement) and UN a world free from fear, hatred, scarcity and inequality.

Free India visualized an era of equality among states in the world. Her wisdom in the preparation of foreign policy is a role model to the rest of the world.

Question 3.
Explain the Indo-US relations.
Answer:
India’s freedom movement had drawn inspiration from the colonial history of US. US president F.D.Roosevelt’s positive contribution to the 1942 Cripps mission negotiation to the 1942 cripps’ mission negotiation to help India proceed on the road of the independence, recieved a positive and great fill response from the Indian leaders.

Pandit Nehru identified a number of positive factors that favored the growth of Indo Us relations during his visits to US. Because ofthis historical background and shared democratic values of both countries, they acquired a pattern of good and positive relationships. Both nations have a common faith in democratic institutions and way of life and are dedicated to the cause of peace and freedom After Indian.

Independence, the US extended its economic aid under Truman’s ‘Four point programme’ of 1950, consisting of American technical skills, knowledge and investment capital. It provided wheat loan to India to manage the famine in some parts of the country in 1951. The Major aid has been in the shape of surplus commodity assistance provided under public law 480 (PL 480) in 1856, that was repayable in Rupees under the supervision of US.

Agency for international Development (USAID), it gave the development loans, with these aids and support US topped the list of countries that gave economics, and to India. In the recent years India decided to liberalize its economy and integrate it with global economy. India’s impressive economic growth rates have made the country an attractive economic partner for US.

The Indian economy had close ties with US and its companies. US absorbed much of India’s total exports in the software sector and extended job opportunities to lakhs of Indians in its silicon valley.
Military Relations:
After the II world war US built many military alliances. India kept away from the military alliances, its principled support to the liberation movements, and crusade against apartheid, racism and racial discrimination was interpreted by the US as unfriendly Act. The US military support to Pakistan as its military ally in 1954, created apprehensions in India regarding regional military imbalance and it widened the gap between India and Pakistan.

When the liberation struggle was going on in Goa, the US supported Portuguese to keep Portugal as its ally in NATO. But the victory of India was interpreted by US as ‘Hypocrisy and ‘Hollow Moralistic ’. As its global strategy to curb the communism, US responded positively with military assistance to India in 1962 Indo-China war.

But it acted against India in the Indo-Pak conflict in 1971. The US has military bases in the Indian Ocean, in the island of Diego Gareia, India opposed these bases, because these can threaten any of the states which are on the banks of the Indian ocean. Inspite of Indian protest, the US has not taken off these bases by minimizing our misunderstandings and by better appreciation of each other, there is a need to work out a pattern of mutual benefit.

Indo US Nuclear Deal:
India and U.S. A. have expressed a new confidence in their relations on nuclear seperation deal in 2006. The U.S. agreed to the proposed Indian plan for nuclear seperation eg: Seperation between civilian nuclear plants and non-civilian nuclear plants or Military plants. India got assurance of an uninterrupted supply of uranium and acess to advanced nuclear technology to meet the energy needs of India.

Social-cultural Relations:
India-US have close socio-cultural relations. Eg Ford Foundation grants aid for scientific, technical, educational and cultural activities. There is co-operation in the field of cultural exchange, scientific and educational interaction. A large population of people of Indian origin (PIO) living in the US hold potential of a greater co-operation. Thousands of Indian scholars acquired advanced knowledge from US educational institutions.

Recent Mutual visits:
Indo-US Relations There are positive indications of the US re-appraisal of India. In the recent visit of India’s Prime-Minister to US. It was apparent that the US considers India not only as a stable democratic polity but also as one of the major emerging markets of the world. Anew pragmatic and mature Indo-US relationship is emerging which tends to understand more sympathetically each other’s differences on certain issues without overlooking the need for greater co-operation in an interdependent world. US vice-president Joe Biden who is known to be a friend of India, during his re-cent visit to India expressed his wish to make India-US closest partners by 2020.

Question 4.
Describe the Indo-Soviet relations.
Answer:
Indo-Soviet Relations:
Indian’s relation with the former ussr has been a part of history, but it developed rapidly after the visits of Khrushchev and Bulganin to India and Nehru’s visit to soviet union. Since 1955, Indo-Soviet relations have reached a new scale and dimension and regarded as a good example of Bi-Lateral and inter-state relations.

The soviet openly declared that Indo soviet friendship had become a part of their ‘Tradition’ ‘People to people relationship’ ‘a comer stone’ of their policy. Soviet Union contributed immensely for the development of industries and technology in India. The defense ties between the two countries helped India in building a credible defense structure.

Its steadfast diplomatic support in the UN, on the kashmir and Goa issues is commendable. The use of veto-power in security council soviet Russia adopted communist ideology and India accepted Democratic socialism despite the ideological differences, the two countried forged a long time ‘Treaty of Friend ship’ for 20 yrs.

Factors For Indo-USSR Ties:
Similaritity of Indo-USSR Relations:

India and USSR consider the peaceful settlement of disputes between states as most crucial for the future of the human race.
Both believe in national freedom and social equality as prerequisite of a just world order.
Support to Liberation Movements across the world recognised by both countries.
Both countries are opposed to all forms of colonialism, imperialism, racial discrimination.

India and USSR have realized Geopolitical significance and the need to strengthen bilateral ties. This is to ensure the settlement of regional problems and establishment of global peace and prosperity.

The disintegration of USSR and Indo soviet bilateral relations:
In 1985 Soviet President Mikhiail Gorbachev, introduced economic and political reforms of ‘Perestroika’ (restructuring) and Glosnost (Openness). That stopped the arms race with the U.S. Russia withdrew societ troops from Afganistan, helped the unification of Germany and ended the cold war. Other weaknesses inherent in the Soviet Union led to the disintegration ofUSSR and formation of 15 new countries in 1991.

India recognised all of them as sovereign states and established new diplomatic relations. Ten of them joined together to .form new association with Russia called ‘Commonwealth of Independent States’ (CIS).

lt continues its support to India to become permanent member in UN security council. India and Russia both have multifaceted relationship involving strategic and high level co-operation. The process of bi-lateral annual summits has given great impetus to bilateral relations. Indo-Russia Co-operation has continued to move stronger on the basis of mutual interest, faith, friendship, and past relations.

Agreements:
The Rupee Rouble Agreement in 1993 ensured the steady supply of Russian defense spares to India, and pledged to India to support its decision on Kashmir issue in the UN security council, both countries signed the ‘Trade Agreement’ in 1994 For bi-lateral trade.

A contract was signed by Indian Space Research Organisation – (ISRO) and Russian Firm ‘Glar Kosmos’ for the supply of cryogenic engines to India and transrfer of its technology. This revolutionised Space Technology in IndiaBoth agreed to co-ordinate their activities and exchange information and experience to combat terrorism, organised crime and illegal arms trade.

They have agreed to conduct Joint scientific Research in the fields of mutual interests. New treaty of friendship and co-operation was designed, tp guide the path of both countries relation in the next 20 yrs during R.M.P. VNarashima Rao’s visit to Russia.

Recent Visits And New Ties:
Comprehensive agreements have been signed between India and Russia and other Soviet Republics which provide a new basis for promoting solidarity between these nations. Russian president Vladimir Putin visited India on 2012 to attend 13th India-Russian Summit.

Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh participated in 14th Annual Indo-Russian bilateral summit in Moscow in October 2013. It was his 5th annual summit with the Russian president Putin to strengthen old ties between the two countries. The bi-lateral relations in strategic partnership made them to decide to set up units 3 and 4, in the Kundan Kulam Nuclear power plant in Tamil Nadu.

They also pledged to set up two Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) Ground Control Stations in India. India is the only country to get this opportunity from Russia which will enable the Indian military to improve the accuracy of the Land-Sea-Air and space launched weapon system.

Question 5.
Explain the Sino-Indian relations.
Answer:
India’s Relation with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is more than 2000 years old. Modem Relationship began in 1950. India in Chinese folklore is ‘The Noble land of Buddha’. The Chinese visitors to India Fahien, Hiuen Tsang and I-Tsing opened In¬dia and its culture to the scholars of China.

Exchage of embassies during Harsh Vardhana regime, trade between India and China are historical relationships. The INC had expressed solidarity with China and a medical mission was sent to help wartime China to show India’s concern for its welfare.

Early Relations:
India was one of the first few countries to extend its official diplomatic recognition, after PRC was established. It has close contacts during the korea war and refused to brand China as an aggressor, For its entry in support ofNorthKorea. It played a positive role in the UN and supported its right to occupy the permanent membership in security council.

India and China signed on agreement regarding Tibet. India gave up its extra territorial rights in Tibet and recognised the Chinese suzerainty (dominance) over Tibet. Both countries accepted the ‘Doctrine of panchasheel’ India played a leading role in the Geneva conference on Korea peace supporting the Chinese position.

India was the main proponent of China’s participation in the first Afro-Asian conference held in Bandung in 1955 ‘Hindi-Chini Bhai Bhai’ was the slogan of sino-Indian honeymoon period. Both joined hands in opposing SEATO, Baghdad and other military alliances.

India supported China over the issue of Taiwan. China supported India over Goa. Indo-Chinese relations remained normal and cordial Thdevelopmet of Sino-Indian Relations became the common objective of leaders.

Cause of Discord:
In 1957, there was a shift in China’s ideological perspective. They stiffened stand towards several countries including india. The alliance with Moscow ended. Chinese border incursion in the North Eastern Frontier Agency (NEFA) i.e., Arunachal Pradesh, claiming 50,000 sq miles of Indian Territory in NEFA and in the Ak sai Chin region of Ladakh in the north west in 1959 Severed Indo-china relationship Nehru had drawn attention of the visiting Chinese prime minister Zhou-En-Lai in this regard.

China refused to accept the Mcmoham line as Sino-Indian border. Tibet cast a shadow on Indo-chinese relations after the Tibetian revolt in March 1959, The Dalai Lama and Tibetian refugees were provided asylum in India. China reacted sharply against India’s decision and showed their anger by levelling false charges against India. The misgivings and distrust finally resulted in Sino-Indian war of 1962.

Renewal of Birateral Relations Recent Visits of Leaders:
Influence of Leaders visits on Indo-China Relations:
Business leaders of both India and China met and signed ‘Memorandum of Understanding’ (MOU) with Indian companies. In order to build trust and confidence in the new framework, the visit ofthe Indian President R. Venkataraman to China in 1992 was symbolically a big gesture of good will. This was followed by the visit of the Indian Prime Minister P.V.Narashima Rao in September 1993.

The China co-operated with India by sending their president and premier with high dignitaries to India to solve the long standing boundary dispute bi-laterally. In 1994, the visit of the Chinese defense minister to India was symbolic ofthe new good will that was being built by both the countries.

The talks betweens the two special representatives of China and India till 2005, have achieved a lot in reaching agreement on guiding principles and in setting up a new working methanism on consultation mainly on boundary issues. As a member of BRICS, China decided to stop staple visas to Jammu and Kashmir residents.

Question 6.
Explain the Indo-Pak relations.
Answer:
India and Pakistan became Independent from british Rule but were partitioned by the British due to their ‘Divide and Rule’ policy. Pakistan has close ethnic, cultural and historical links with India. The trauma and agony and fratricidal conflicts of partition of 1947 still haunt the relationship between the two countries. Mutual distrust and animosity affect Indo-pak relations.

Causes of Dispute:
India and Pakistan not only represent different state systems but also different approaches towards society and polity. Due to religious communalism promoted by the British India the composition of nationalism was spoiled. Pakistan opted for a Islamic Democratic System by emphasising religion as the major and operative principle of its Nation Building. India opted for secularism. This led to the alienation ofboth countries.

Kashmir Issue Major Pacts:
Kashmir issue in Indo-Pak Relations. India’s Perspective is that Kashmir is an integral part ofthe Republic of India. Pakistan is of the opinion that ‘Kashmir’ is a disputed territory. The argument of Pakistan on Kashmir is that, since the partition of the country was done on religious basis and majority of population are muslims, Kashmir should be a part of Pakistan. This argument has failed to recognise the following facts. Indian,

Partition was done of the British Indian Provinces and not of the Indian princely states.
National Conference was the only major political party in Kashmir, which was aligned and afficiated to the Congress. It was opposed to Pakistan and had faith in secular polities.
The Indian princely states had the freedom to join either India or Pakistan.
India is a secular state consisting of Multireligion population.

In the ‘Simla Agreement’of 1972, Indira Gandhi and Z. A. Butto signed and agreed to solve all the disputes in a peaceful manner and on a bilateral basis. In 1988 both the countries signed the agreement not to attack Nuclear Installation facilities of both countries. The in¬filtration of Pakistani Army across the Loc is continuing.

After the meeting in Lahore the Indian P.M. A.B. Vajpayee and Pak P.M Nawaz zharif in February 1999, he undertook the historical bus journey to Lahore. The infiltration in Kargil sector by Pak-army in June-July 1999 created a war-like situation. India and Pakistan have been trying to overcome past indifferences and build bilateral trust and understanding and co-operation.

Visit of Leaders:
In 2001 Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf visited Indian and met India PMat Agra, to improve relationships but in vain In 2004, the meetings of foreign secretaries set up hot line aimed at preventing misunderstandings Dr. Manmohan singh has tried to establish mutual Confiedence Building Measures (CBN).

India agreed to resume talks which were suspended after 26/11 Mumbai attacks. Though India gained MFN (Most ravoured Nation) status if was not effected. At the 68th un General Assembly (2013) meeting India objected the violation of ceasefire at the LOC with Pak P.M Nawaz Sharif.

Recent Trade Ties.
Joint Business Forum of both countries decided to augment for Indo-pak economic relations by identifying opportunities, impediments and finding solutions. For better handling of trucks at Wagah-Attari border, it was decided to open more land routes between the two’nations, to boost economic activities. The Forum’s decision to open bank branches of both countries is a significant step in bilateral trade relations.

Question 7.
Describe the relationship between India and Bangladesh.
Answer:
Indo Bangladesh Relationship:
Role of India In The Liberation of Bangladesh:
India was sympathetic and supported the struggle for Bangladesh Independence of when West Pakistan. Army cracked down on the massive protests and demonstrations in East Pakistan, Millions of refugees fled to India, (Tripurain West Bengal).

India and Bangladesh signed a 25 years ‘Treaty of Friendship in 1972. which included co-operation and peace and trade pact. In 1974 Indo-Bangladesh border agreement was signed and the long standing ‘Farakka Bar-rage’ dispute was settled amicably. There had been a considerable expansion of co-operation in sociocultural and economic Fields.

Back-Track of Relations:
Political situations in Bangladesh changed due to the tragic assassination of ‘Bangla bandu’ Sheikh Mujibur-Rehman in 1975. Democratic forces suffered a setback with internal upheavals. Army Rule was imposed Indo-Bangladesh relations deteriorated misperceptions and misapprehensions replaced the mood of mutual trust and friendship.

The problem of Chakma Refugees, the Tribals of Chittagong hill tracts pouring into India due to threat to their identity. The colonization of their land, sharing of Ganga water and persistance of illegal narcotic traffic, demarcation and fencing the boundry, sharing of Teesta and Feni river water affected Indo-Bangla relationship.

Bilateral Relationship:
The formation of SAARC in 1985, led to new initiatives for better Indo-Bangladesh bi-lateral relations. India agreed to transfer ‘Tin Bliga’ corridor to Bangladesh on lease basis in March 1992, They have also agreed to formulate a comprehensive plan for sharing of water resources. Bangladesh agreed to Chakma refugees return to their land. In 1996 December India and Bangladesh signed the ‘Farakka Treaty’ for sharing of Ganga Water.
Economic Relations:
Economic And Trade Relations of India And Bangladesh:
India and Bangladesh have multifaceted economic relations. They have embraced trade transcations, credit arrangements, joint ventures, transaction facilities and transport development. Thier relation has remained in fact even under adverse political conditions. This is mainly because of geographical proximity, common development needs and experience.

Question 8.
Describe the relationship between India and Sri Lanka.
Answer:
Early Relations Between India And Sri-Lanka:
Indo-Sri Lankan relation spans over a period of four thousand years. There are two ethnic groups, The Sinhalese and The Tamils, who trace their origin to India. Both countries share a historical bond. People of both countries joined together in struggle for freedom from British colonial rule and for a new democratic national identity, political ties and relations during freedom movement forged new links between them. The significance of india’s interest in Sri Lanka after Independence was to promote a policy of ‘good neighborhood!.

Causes of Disputes Between India And Sri Lanka:
After independence and up to the 1980’s there were hardly any disputes between India and srilanka, on matters of security and sovereignty. There had been negotiated settlement of bilateral issues Eg: the question of jurisdiction over Kachativu Island in the middle of the Palk straits one of the main disputes between India and Sri Lanka has been regarding the political status of Tamil speaking people of Indian origin taken to Sri-lanka by the British as plantation labourers.
There are fourgroups of Sri Lanka Tamil population,

Ancient Tamils in the Jaffna Peninsula
Professional elite Tamils in urban Areas
Non- Hindu Tamils
Tamil immigrant Labourers.

The long standing problem of accepting the Tamil speaking population of Sri-Lanka as its citizens and giving them regional autonomy could not be solved. The majority of Sinhalese demanded Tamils should return to India, they deny the citizenship of Tamils by enacting the ceylon citizenship Act of 1948. This has disentailed their franchise and other rights.

Militancy:
The 1981 Agreement between Indira Gandhi and Sirimao Bandara Naike was not Implemented due to the Tamil refusal. The situation generated its own pressures on the Sinhalese parties and created chauvinist mood in the Sinhala leaders in suggesting stringent measures that would compet the Tamil to leave.

It resulted in the formation of Tamil united Liberaition frount (TULF) an 1976, which gradually stepped up a demand for seperate Tamil state In 1978 Tamil extermist group called liberation Tigers of Tamil eelam (LTTE) was formed. Though the Sri-Lanka Govt offered some concessions eg: Designation of Tamil Language as an associate National lan¬guage, amendment in educational procedure offer of limited autonomy via district countries.

Tigers of LTTE determined to wage an armed struggle for an independent Tamil State in Sri Lanka, which took into ethnic and political dimension in Indo-Sri Lankan relations. At the same time India assured to Sri Lanka that it would not interfere in the internal affairs and respect the sovereignty of Sri-Lanka, but developments in Sri-Lanka affected the relation of both countries.

Extremist activities of LTTE with the support of Tamil communities in south Asia and Tamil Nadu provoked Sri Lankan Army into retaliatory action leading to their enrichment in Jaflna peninsula in 1987. It arose the fear in large number of the non-combatant Tamil population, in this sense in 1988, to solve the problem bilaterally, the agreement provided for an Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to oversee the surrender process of Tamil militants.

Bilateral Relations:
In December 1998 India and Sri Lanka Signed the ‘Free Trade Agreement. Bilateral Trade Agreements in 2000 resulted in the marked improvement in the Indo-Srilankan trade in 2004 and 2010. S.M.Krishna the External Affairs Minister visited Sri Lanka in January 2012 Met President and reviewed the comprehensive agenda of bilateral relationship.

High level delegation lead by the president of Sri Lanka visited India in 2012 and laid the foundation of‘university of Buddhist and India studies’ at Sanchi. Bilateral meeting was held in 2013 and an agreement was signed to combat International terrorism and Illicit Drug Trafficking.

In May 2009, As per 13th Amendment of the India Sri Lanka Accord of 1987, elections were held on northern provincial council. In September 2013 a new facet of democracy began.

2nd PUC Political Science India’s Foreign Policy Additional Questions and Answers

I. One Mark Questions.

Question 1.
Indian Foreign policy is based on Which principles?
Answer:
Buddhist literature, Kautilya’s ‘Arthashastra’ and Gandhian Principles of peace and non-violence.

Question 2.
According to Kautilya what is ‘mitra’
Answer:
‘Mitra’means‘Ally’.

Question 3.
What is the importent facet of Indian foreign policy?
Answer:
The important faces of Indian foreign policy is the concern for Gandhian principles of peace and non-violence.

Question 4.
Where will the 17th NAM Summit be held and when?
Answer:
At Venezuela in 2015.

Question 5.
When and where was the Asian Relations Conference held?
Answer:
ARC was held on 2nd April 1947 at New Delhi

Question 6.
Which is the fundamental principle of Indian Foreign policy with China?
Answer:
Pnchasheel.

Question 7.
When and where was the 23rd CHOGM was held?
Answer:
In November 2013 at Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Question 8.
Who got the 2013th Noble Prize for peace?
Answer:
Organisation for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons OPCW.

Question 9.
Which countries did India support to become Independent?
Answer:
Malayasia (1948), Ghana (1957), Bangladesh (1971).

Question 10.
When did Namibia become independent?
Answer:
In March 1990.

Question 11.
When and where was the first Afro-Asian Countries summit held?
Answer:
In 1955 at Bandung.

Question 12.
Expand NATO.
Answer:
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.

Question 13.
Expand CENTO.
Answer:
Central Treaty Organisation.

Question 14.
When and how did the ‘Cold War’ end?
Answer:
In 1991, with the disintegration of the ilk. soviet union,

Question 15.
What is US ‘Four-point programme’.
Answer:
The US extended economic aid under ‘Four-point programme’ after india’s Independence.

Question 16.
When did the war between India and China happen?
Answer:
In 1965.

Question 17.
When did the Indo-Pak war happen?
Answer:
In 1965.

Question 18.
Who introduced Economic and political reforms.‘Perestroika’ and ‘Glasnost’ in Russia, and when?
Answer:
President Michail Gorbachev in 1985.

Question 19.
Expand CIS.
Answer:
Commonwealth of independent states. (Of Russia).

Question 20.
When was the Rupee-Rouble agreement signed?
Answer:
In 1993.

Question 21.
Expand ISRO.
Answer:
Indian Space Research Organisation.

Question 22.
What is Glonass?
Answer:
Glosal Navigation Satellite system (Glonass).

Question 23.
When did Soviet President Vladimir Putin visit India?
Answer:
2012 to attend 13th India-Russia Summit.

Question 24.
Expand PRC.
Answer:
People’s Republic of China.

Question 25.
What is the name given to India in Chines Folklore?
Answer:
‘A noble land of Buddha.’

Question 26.
What was the slogan of Sino-Indian Honeymoon period?
Answer:
Hindi Chini Bhai-Bhai.

Question 27.
Expand NEFA.
Answer:
North-East Frontier Agency.

Question 28.
Which Line demarcates the Indo-China border?
Answer:
Me Mohan Line.

Question 29.
When did Sino-Indian war took place?
Answer:
1962.

Question 30.
When did China become Indias largest Trading Partner?
Answer:
2012.

Question 31.
Which Chinese premier visted India recently and when.
Answer:
Chinese premier Likegiang in May 2013.

Question 32.
When was the 60th Anniversary of ‘Panchsheel’ observed?
Answer:
2014.

Question 33.
When was the ‘Tashkent Declaration’ between India and pakistan signed.
Answer:
1966.

Question 34.
When was the ‘Simla Agreement’ between India and Pakistan signed?
Answer:
1972.

Question 35.
When did pakistan president pervez musharaff meet the Indian prime minister and where.
Answer:
In 2001 at Agra.

Question 36.
What is CBM?
Answer:
Confidence Building Measures.

Question 37.
When was the 68th UN General Assembly meeting held.
Answer:
In 2013.

Question 38.
When was the 25 year Friendship between India and Bangladesh Signed.
Answer:
In 1972.

Question 39.
When did India agree to transfer ‘Tin Bhiga’ corridor to Bangladesh?
Answer:
In March 1992.

Question 40.
What is ‘Farakka Treaty’ between India and Bangladesh?
Answer:
About sharing of Ganga waters.

Question 41.
Expand SAPTA.
Answer:
South Asian Preferential Treatment.

Question 42.
What is the ‘Ceylon citizenship Act’ of 1948.
Answer:
Denial of Sri Lankan citizenship to Tamilians.