2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 1 Making of Indian Society and Demography

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 1 Making of Indian Society and Demography

2nd PUC Sociology Making of Indian Society and Demography Text Book Questions and Answers

I. One Mark Questions.

Question 1.
How is the term Democracy derived?
Answer:
From the Greek words ‘Demos’ meaning ’People’ and ’graphein’ meaning ’describe’.

Question 2.
What is Demography?
Answer:
Demography is the systematic study of population.

Question 3.
Name any one type of Demography?
Answer:
Formal Demography.

Question 4.
Which European colonial Group first entered India.
Answer:
The Portuguese.

Question 5.
Mention Sex Ratio of India according to 2011 Census?
Answer:
940 Females per 1000 males.

Question 6.
Name one District of Karnataka having imbalance in the Sex Ratio.
Answer:
Mandya District (934 F to 1000 M).

Question 7.
Why India is called a Pluralistic Society?
Answer:
India society has different ethnic, linguistic, religion. So India is called a Pluralistic Society.

Question 8.
Name one Racial Group of India?
Answer:
Negrito.

Question 9.
Give one sub divison of Mongoloid race in India.
Answer:
Tibeto-Mongoloid

Question 10.
What does DEMARU stand for?
Answer:
DEMARU is an Acronym where ‘D’ stands for ’Daughter’ and ’Maru’ stands for ’Killing’.

Question 11.
What is Unity?
Answer:
Unity implies one-ness or a sense of we-ness.

Question 12.
Name one basis of diversity in India.
Answer:
Geographical diversity.

Question 13.
Name one basis of Untiy in India.
Answer:
Religious unity.

Question 14.
What is National Integration.
Answer:
National Integration refers to National Unity and a sense of belonging to the Nation.

Question 15.
Name anyone challenge to National Integration.
Answer:
Regionalism.

Question 16.
Name any one religious community of India.
Answer:
Hindu Community.

Question 17.
Name any one ancient name of India.
Answer:
Bharatha Varsha.

II. Two Mark Questions.

Question 18.
Give two measures to strengthen National Integration.
Answer:

Re-organisation of the syllabi at various levels, primary, secondary, college and university level to promote national integration.
Giving due encouragement to extra-curricular activities besides, imparting formal knowledge to the students with the intention of promoting national untiy.

Question 19.
What is Terriorism?
Answer:
Terrorism refers to the readiness on the part of an individual or group to go to any extreme even to resort to undemocratic, violent and harmful means to fulfill one’s objectives.

Question 20.
Define Demography.
Answer:
Demography is the systematic study of population. The term demography is derived from two Greek words ’demos’ (people) and graphesn (describe). Demography studies the trends and processes associated with population, size, patterns of birth and death, migration sex ratio, age groups etc.,

Question 21.
Give two major characteristics of Indian Demographic Profile.
Answer:

Age structure of the Indian Population.
Birth Rate and Death Rate.

Question 22.
Define Sex Ration.
Answer:
Sex Ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males.

Question 23.
Mention any two factors responsible for decline of Child Sex Ratio.
Answer:

Desire for male progency, female foeticides.
Neglect of girl babies in infancy, leading to high death rates.

Question 24.
Mention any two racial groups of India.
Answer:

Negrito
Mongoloid

Question 25.
Name two difficulties of the process of Aryanization.
Answer:

Tribal groups refused to be absorbed.
Special problems posed by story ethnic groups.

Question 26.
What does BI MARU stands for?
Answer:
BIMARU (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, UP).

Question 27.
What is Regional Diversity?
Answer:
Regional Diversity is the different geographical features of Indian Terriotry. Mountains, forests rivers, climate and temperature.

Question 28.
What is Linguistic Diversity?
Answer:
The diversity of Langauge is called Linguistic diversity.

Question 29.
What is Religious Diversity?
Answer:
There are different religious communities like Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddists, Jains etc., of. India. This following of different religions in a nation is called Religious Diversity.

Question 30.
What is Cultural Diversity?
Answer:
People of a nation following different social habits like food, dress, manners, values, social norms character, customs, rituals etc., is called cultural diversity.

Question 31.
What is Regional Unity?
Answer:
The Geographical unity or the concept of Nation is called Regional Unity.

Question 32.
What is Linguistic Unity?
Answer:
The possession of Lingual unity or using one common language as medium of interaction, despite the presence of a number’of languages is called Lingustic Unity.

Question 33.
What is Cultural Unity?
Answer:
Cultural unity is the intermingling and sharing of art, architecture, dress, food, literature, music and dance forms, sports, cinema, medicine, technology etc., in the National society. There is a fusion of style and emergence of new forms which are the results of combined efforts.

Question 34.
Define National Integration.
Answer:
National Integration refers to the assimilation of the entire people of a country to a common identity.- Benjamin. National Integration refers to the process wherein a feeling of togetherness, and as sense of national unity is developed among people of a nation.

Question 35.
What is Regionalism.
Answer:
Regionalism refers to an entreme loyalty or love for a particular region which may undermine the interest of the nation. Regionalism is the desire of people of one region to promote their own interest at the expense of the interests of other regions.

Question 36.
What is Communalism?
Answer:
Communalism is the antagonism practised by the members of one community against the people of another community and religion.

Question 37.
What is Linguism?
Answer:
Linguism implies one-sided love and admiration towards one’s own language and a prejudice and hatred towards other languages.

III. Five Marks Questions.

Question 38.
Explain any four major characteristics of the Demographic Profile of India.
Answer:
Characteristics of Demographic profile of India:
1. Size and Growth of Indian’s Population:
According to 2011 census Indian’s population is 121 crores (1.21 billion). India is the second most populated country in the world after China. Between 1901-1951 the average annual growth rate did not exceed 1.33%. In 1911 and 1921 there was a negative growth rate of 0.03%, because of the influenza epidemic during 1918¬19 which killed 12.5 billion people or 5% of the total population of India.

After independence the growth rate substantially increased to 2.2% during 1961-1981. Before 1931, both birth and death rates were high. But due to demographic transition they began to diverge during 1921 to 1931. After this transitional phase the death rates declined sharply but the birth rate dipped slightly.

The principal reason for this decline of death rate after 1921 were increased levels of control over families and epidemic diseases. Though the annual growth rate has decreased after independence, it remains one of the highest in the developing world.

2. Age structure of the Indian population:
India has a very young population compared to most other countries. The Growth of Indian Population during 1901-2011

The share of less than 15 age group has come down from its, highest level of 42% in 1971 to 29% in 2011. The share of 15.60 age group has increased slightly from 53% to 63%.

The share of 60+ age group is very small but has began to increase (from 5%-8%) in the same period (1971-2011). The Age composition is expected to change significantly in the next 20 years. Most change will be atjthe two ends of the age spectrum, i.e., 0-14 age group will reduce 11 share by 11% (from 34% in 2001 to 23% in 2026) while 60 plus age group will increase by about 5% (from 8% in 2001 to 12% in 2006).

The younger age groups in the age structure is an advantage to India. The demographic advantage or ‘dividend’ to be derived from the younger age structure of the population can be converted into actual growth only if the rise in the working age group is accompanied by increasing level of education and employment. The changing age structure itself and employment. The changing age structure itself cannot provide benefits unless it is utilized through planned development.

3. The Declining Sex-Ratio in India:
The sex-ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males. The sex ratio is an important indicator of Gender balance in the population.

India has had a declining sex-ratio for more than a century. The trends of the last four decades have been particularly worrying from 941 in 1961 the sex ration had fallen to an all the low of 927 in 1991 before posting a modest increase in 2001.

The sex-ratio for 0-6 years (juvenile or child sex ratio) has generally been substantially higher than the overall sex-ratio, but it has been falling sharply.
The desire for male progeny is the root cause of this decline in sex-ratio.

4. Increasing Literacy Rate of Indian Population:
Literacy varies considerably across gender, regions and social groups. The literacy rate for women is almost 22% less than of men. Female literacy rate rose by about 11.2% between 2001 and 2011 compares to male literacy of 6%.

Literacy rates also vary by social groups and historically disadvantaged communities like the SC’s and ST’s. Regional variations are also wide. States like Kerala are approaching universal literacy. While Bihar, Rajasthan, UP are lagging far behind.

Question 39.
Explain the racial groups classified by B.S.Guha.
Answer:
B.S.Guha has identified six major racial elements in the population of India.

Negrito
Proto-Australoid
Mongolia
Mediterranean
Western Brachycephaly
Nordic.

Negritos, Proto-Australoids and Mongoloids are the older generations of the sub-continent. The Kadar, the Irula, and the Paniyan, and the one and Jarwas of Andaman Islands have definite Netrito characteristics. The Angami Naga and the Bagadi of Rajmahal hills have some of the Negrito traits. Some groups on the western coast with pronounced Negrito Traits may represent later arrivals who came to India with Arab Traders.

Proto -Australoid:
These are numerically more significant, most tribes of middle India are proto-australoids. The Indo- Aryas describe the proto-dustraloids as Anas, Dasa, Dasaya and Nishad, all derogatory terms.

Mongoloids:
These are sub-divided into paleo-mongoloids and Tibeto- Mongoloids. Tribal groups in the Himalayan region and those in North-east are mongoloids. Some mongoloid features are seen in the non-tribal population of Assam, West Bengal, Manipura and Tripura.

Western Brachycephals:
These are latter arrivals to India from the Mediterranean region. They are sub¬divided into Alpinoid, Dinaric and Armenoids and the Nordics (Indo- Aryans). The Mediterraneans are associated with Dravidian languages and cultures. Some groups of northern and western India show Alpinoid and Dinaric characteristics.

Parsis belong to Armenoids:
Nordics were the last major ethnic elements to arrive in India and make a profound impact on its culture and society. The Indus valley civilization, a unique civilization had slowly developed in India before the arrival of Nordics.

Question 40.
Write a note on the process of Aryanization.
Answer:
The Nordics or Indo-Aryans were the latter arrivals to India. They had a long encounter with the earlier inhabitants of India, They were pastoral people with a flair for poetry, philosophical speculation, and elaborate rituals. They considered themselves superior and tended to look down open the earlier inhabitants of the land, for whom they coined several derogatory terms.

They practised endogamy i.e, they were required to marry with in their group. They had an elementary notion of Ritual purity and pollution which governed their physical contacts and commensal interdining relations with others. This led to varnas and also Jati (caste). Commenslity and sexual relations within different tribal groups and earlier ethnic groups were governed by customary norms and taboos.

The advent of Indo-Aryans brought in refinements and complexities in them. The ideological and social framework of Indian society began to take shape when the area of interaction between Indo-Aryans and the earlier inhabitants widened. The Indo-Aryans were divided into three groups:

Rajanya (warriors and the Aristocracy)
Brahmana (priests)
Vaishya (cultivators)

These were ‘DVIJA’ (twice-born) born first at physical birth and a second time when initiated into Varna status. The ‘Shudras’ were the forth varna, from outside the Indo-Aryan group and were perhaps the progeny of union between Indo-Aryans and the Dasa (Pre-Aryans Inhabitants) They emerged as cultivators, but were denied twice-born status.

Apart from the fourfold vertical varna structure, there was a fifth group-Avarna or the Panchama whose ethnic status was low and their occupations so degraded and polluting for the twice-born and the shudra. Jatis, depending upon their origins and the nature of their occupations, were fitted into one of these vertically graded levels.

Each varna had its own hierarchy of Jatis. Some new-jobs were added to the system from time to time. The process of Aryanization of the sub-continental traditions was neither smooth nor complete. There was considerable ‘cultural conflict’ and ’warfare’ in the earlier phase of Aryanization.

Much’ ’Accommodation and ’compromise’ was also taking place. The Indo-Aryans were gradually emerging from pastoralism to an agricultural economy. This necessitated greater harmony with the other older inhabitants; in any case, some kind of synthesis between them was already taking place.

As a result the non-aryans adopted some elements of Indo-Aryan ritual and their philosophy of social organisation, while retaining their own ethnic and regional identities, pluralism was being stabilized and a cultural mosaic being formed.

Question 41.
Explain the major difficulties in the process of Aryanization.
Answer:
Major Difficulties in the processes of Aryanization:
1. Tribal Groups refused to be adopted:
Some tribal groups refused to be absorbed and chose to recede to inaccessible forests and hills. Many of them still maintain their separate identities.

2. Special problems posed by strong ethnic groups:
Strong ethnic groups posed special problems in respect of their assimilation. The Reddy in Andhra Pradesh, the Nayar in Kerala, the Narva in Tamil-Nadu, and the Maratha in Maharashtra were economically and politically too powerful to be given shudra status. While they were not formally recognised as twice-born, tohey claimed and obtained a near Kshatriya status.

3. Later waves of Immigrants:
Later waves of immigrants the Greeks, Scythians, Parthians, Shakas, 1 Kushans, and Huns held power for | long period, settled down in India and | were willing to be absorbed into the Indian Social System.

Question 42.
Explain the nature of Diversity in India.
Answer:
Nature of Diversities in India:
Primary Diversities:

Regional Diversities
Linguistic Diversities
Religious Diversities
Cultural and Ethnic Diversities.

1. Regional Diversities:
Evidently extreme regional diversities in its geographic features. Indian territory contains Himalayas in the north to Indian ocean in the south. The total area is 32,87,263 sq.km. Its land mass measures about 3200 km from north to south and 2933 kms from east to west. There are difference in Altitude, Temperature, Flora and Fauna.

India has every conceivable type of climate, temperature and physical configuration. The scorching heat of Rajasthan and the biting cold of the Himalaya. Rainfall varies from 1200 to 7.5 cms/year. India has the wettest and driest areas in the world. India also possesses arid deserts and fertile lands irrigated by perennial and non-perennial rivers, bare hilly tracts and luxuriant open plain.

2. Linguistic Diversities:
Language is another source of diversity which contributes to collective identities and to conflicts. More than 1652 languages and dialects are spoken in India. The 8th schedule of the Indian constitution has reconsiderd 22 Indian languages for official use. (Hindi, Kannada, Tamil, Telagu, Urdu, Marati etc.,) According to Grier Sons’ linguistic survey of India, ten languages belong to five linguistic families. They are:

Indo-Aryan languages: Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marati, Gujarathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Bhiari, Rajasthan, Assam, Sindhi and Kashmiri which are spoken by 3/4th of Indians.
Dravidian languages: Tamil, Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam.
Austric Languages: Mundari, Santhali, Maithali, Dogri etc.,
Tibeto-Burman Languages: Tribal languages and dialects of north and north-east India like Manipur, Bodo, Ladiki, Khuki.
European Languages: English, Portuguese and French Portuguese and French are mostly spoken in Goa and Pondichery.

Lingual Diversity has made planning and promotions difficult. Mother-Tongue does evoke strong sentiments and reactions. Linguistic diversity has posed administrations and political challenges.

3. Religious Diversities:
There are eight major communities in India. Each major religion is subdivided along the lines of religious documents, sects and cults.

Hindus constitute 82.7% and are broadly divided into ‘Shaivite’ (worship Shiva), ’Vaishnavaite’ (worship Vishnu and his incarnations), ’Shakta’ (worship mother goddess and her manifestations). There are subdivisions on doctrines and Rituals.
Buddhists (07%) – Buddhism was widely spread in India but the revival of vedic Hinduism has relegated in a few pockets in the land of its birth. Buddhism is divided into ‘Mahayana’ and ‘Hinayana’ based on doctrinal differences. They do not represent gradation in society.
Jainism – (0.4%) Followers of Jainism are numerically small, found in both nothern and southern states. ’Digamber’ (unclothed) and ‘shwetamber’ (white-robed) jains are the two main divisions. They do not practice untouchability and have endogamous Jathis.
Muslims (11.8%) – broadly divided into ’sunni’ and ‘shia’ communities. Indian Sunnis follow ‘Hanifi’ school of Muslim law. Indian sunnis in the south, especially among the MappiMas and Lakshadweep Islands follow shafi school.
Christians (2.6%) are divided into ’Roman Catholics’ and ’Protestants’ and into many elenominatial churches.
Sikhism (2%) emerged in the 15th C. They follow its founder Guru, Nanak and his nine disciples. Sikhism is a synthesizing religion that emphasis egalitarianism. GrantHa Sahib is their Holy book.
Parsis (0.3%) are a small community but have played an important role in Indian’s Industrial t development. They came to India in the 8th CAD. They are a mercantile community.
Jewish (0.1%) have established l themselves for over a millennium.

4. Cultural and Ethnic Diversities:
Indian’s differ considerably in their social habits. The conflictly and varying shades of blood, strains, culture and modes of life, character, conduct, beliefs, morals, food, dress, manners, values, social norms, socio-religious customs, rituals etc., causes cultural and ethnic diversities. Ethnic and cultural identity of particular communities and religion is also a source of diversity.

Question 43.
Explain the Unity of India.
Answer:
Nature of Unity of India :
In India there is unity in diversity.
1. Regional Unity:
The National boundaries of India provide geographical unity. India is known as ’Bharatavarsha’. ’Bharathakanda’, ’Jambudweepa’ which symbolizes the significance of historical unity. ’Bharatavarsha’ has been idolised by poets, political philosophers and religious thinkers. India has been conceived by them as a single expanse from Himalayas to Kanyakumari. The concept of ’Mother India’ indicates geographical unity.

2. Linguistic Unity :
India possesses lingual unity despite the presence of a number of ; languages Sanskrit is the common base of Indian language and the basis of lingual unity. One to which linguistic multiplicity has been solved. Sanskrit was the language of the learned and scholarly and all classes were composed in Sanskrit.

South Indian languages are also influenced by Sanskrit. Though different languages are spoken in different regions, English and Hindi are common languages of communication. In 2004 ‘Classical Language’ status have been awarded to Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005), Kannada (2008), Telugu (2008) and Malayalam (2013) and Oriya (2014).

3. Religious Unity :
India possesses religious unity despite religious diversity. All religions accept the truth of immortality of soul, temporary nature of the world, belief in rebirth and the doctrine of Karma, Salvation, Contemplation etc. India is a sacred land for all religions.

4. Cultural Unity :
India has cultural unity in art, architecture, dress, food, literature, music, dance, sports, cinema, medicine and technology. India has been helped both by nature and nurture, by her geographical conditions and historical experiences, religious ethics and political ideas.

Question 44.
Discuss briefly the challenges of National Integrations.
Answer:
Challenges to National Integration are:
1. Regionalism:
Refers to extreme loyalty or love to a particular region which may undermine the interest of the nation. Regionalism is expressed in the desire of people of one region to promote their own regional interest. This has lead to separation and separatist movements. Regionalism has challenged the primacy of nationalistic interests and undermines national unity.
Regionalism assumes four forms they are :

Demand for Separate Nation from Indian Union: Regionalism has made demands for separate independent sovereign states. Tamil community campaigned for a separate Madras state for an independent Dravidastan, Sikhs of Punjab demanded Khalistan and Jammu and Kashmir for the Liberation from Indian union.
Demand for Separate Statehood: Regionalism has manifested in recent years to demand for separate statehood. Vibharbha (Maharastra), Telangana (AP), Bundelkhand (UP & MP) Vindya, Bhojpur etc.,
Demand for full fledged statehood – union territories have demanded full-fledged state-hood eg: Delhi
Inter-State Disputes: Took place between Punjab – Haryana, Karnataka – Maharashtra. The sharing of river waters of Narmada, Krishna, Kaveri, Bheema etc. have also become some main disputes. Kaveri water disputes is the oldest dispute in the world, causing animosity between Karnataka and Tamilnadu.

2. Communalism:
Is the antagonism practised by the members of one community against people of another community. ‘Community is the product of a particular society, economy and polity, which creates problems’. – Bipin Chandra.

’Communalism is an ideological tool for propagation of economic and political interest. It is an instrument in the hands of upper-class to concentrate power by dividing people. The elite strive to maintain a status-quo against transformation by dividing people on communal and religious lines.’ – Asghar Ali Engineer, Moin Shakir and Abdul Ahmed.

3. Linguism:
Implies one sided love and admiration towards one’s language and a prejudice and hatred towards other’s languages. India is the ’museum of languages’. Diversity of languages has also led to Linguism. Violent Linguistic movements are posing threat to national integration. Linguistic tensions prevail in border areas which are bilingual.

4. Extremism and Terrorism :
have emerged as formidable challenges to national integration in the recent years. Terrorism refers to the readiness on the part of the individual or group to go to any extreme even to resort to undemocratic, violent and harmful means to fulfill one’s objective. Terrorism is the bane of India since Independence. India has faced terrorism in Nagaland (1951), Mizoram (1966), Manipur (1976), Tripura (1980) and Gorkaland in Bengal (1986) .
According to Prof-Rama Ahuja, Terrorism has four types:

Khalistan Oriented Terrorism – Punjab for separate state
Militant Terrorism – Kashmir for separate nation
Naxalite Terrorism – Bengal, Bihar, MP, Orissa, Andra-Pradesh, Class-based enmity.
ULFA Terrorism – Assam – Identity crisis.

Question 45.
Give the Dr.Sampurnanda Committee recommendations to strengthen National Integration.
Answer:
The Central Education Ministry organised a ’Committee for National Integration’ in 1961 under the chairmanship of Dr.Sampurnand. The committee has recommended the following measures to promute National Integration.

Re-organisation of the syllabi at various levels, primary, secondary, college and university level to promote national integration.
Giving due importance to extra curricular activities besides imparting formal knowledge to the students with the intention of promoting national unity.
Improvement of text-book helps a great deal in giving a true national perspective to the students. They can be made to understand their rich heritage and feel proud of their nation.
Conducting community programmes such as mass prayers, mass meetings, speeches by respected leaders etc. to help bring people together.

Question 46.
Explain the role of education in National Integration.
Answer:
In view of National Integration in November 1960, the education Ministers of all the states of India met to consider this matter. The problem of National Integration was considered in all its gravity. It was then decided that a committee be constituted under the leadership of Dr.Sampurnananda for promoting national and emotional unity in the country.

The community apart from considering other aspects of the problem, devoted through to the role of education in promoting national integration.
The committee recommended the aim of education should be merely to give or exchange knowledge, but also to bring about all round development a personality of the students.

Through the medium of education, the qualities of sacrifices and tolerance should not be evolved in the student behavior so that, the feeling of national unity me be fostered. The Important recommendations of the committee are:

Recognition of educational Institution should be granted only to those educational Institution which do not practice discrimination on the grounds of caste, creed, religion clean. Etc.
Basis of admission to educational Intuition should be the merit of the student and not caste, clan, religion, class etc.
School uniform in every school should be Identical.
Oath to be taken by the students every year, students should be required to take oath twice to devote themselves to the serve of their country and countrymen. The oath was to the effect that “India is my country; all Indians are my brothers and sisters. I love my country, I am proud of its glorious traditions and that I will always strive to make myself worthy of my country”.
National Anthem: Students should be taught be meaning of our National Anthem and sing properly in chorous.
Respect for the National Flag students should be taught the importance of the National flag and to show due respect to the National Flag.
Celebration of National Days: Students and teachers in co-operation with other members of the community should celebrate such National days as August 15th, January 26th, October 2nd etc.,
Organization of lectures on National unity the gathering organized for the various activities and proposes of school should be utilized for haying emphasis upon National Integration.
Exhibition of films and organizing Tours: The exhibition of films depicting various aspects of National development and national unity. Organizing tours to places of historical importance.
School Project: Project should be initiated in schools for the specific purpose of acquainting students with their country. Those projects should increase knowledge about various parts of the country and thus stimulate love for the country.
Open Air Theater: AT least four times a year, play should be staged in schools for the benefit of students. The themes of these plays should be ancient India, contemporary India, and unity at the time of freedom movement and the promotion of National Integration.
Reorganization of curriculum: The curriculum of schools should be organized on the basis of modern India’s democratic and secular values.
- Primary level: Importance should be laid on prayer meeting, singing national songs, telling stories of great-men, folk-song, patriotic – song and social studies.
- Secondary – Level: Special priority should be given to moral and ethical education, co-curricular activities, knowledge of languages and literature and social studies.
- University Level: Special emphasis should be placed upon the various social science.

Question 47.
How Extremism and Terrorism are the causes for National Insecurity, Explain.
Answer:
Extremism and Terrorism have emerged during the recent years as the j most formidable challenges to National Integration. Extremism refers to the readiness on the part of an individual or group to go to any extreme even to resort ?? violent and harmful mean) to fulfill one’s objectives. In the past India has faced this problem in Nagaland (1951), Nizorm (1966) Maryipur (1976); Tripura (1980) and Gorlealad in Bengal in (1986).

Terrorism in India is essentially the creation of politics. According to prof. Rama Ahuja. There are four types j of terrorism in India.

Khalistan oriented terrorism in Punjab.
Militants terrorism in Kashmir.
Naxalite terrorism in Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and etc.,
ULIA Eerrorim in Assam.
The Khalistan oriented silk’s terrorism was based on a dream of the ocratic state.

Kashmir militants are based on their separate Identity. The Naxalite terrorism is based on class enmity. Terrorism in the North Eastern India is based on the Identity crisis and the grievance situation. Terrorism and extremism is a security threat as well as economic, social, political and technological.

India has the disadvantage of being situated in close proximity of “epicenter of global terrorism” i.e., Afganistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, language, literature, culture and art. Nepal, Barma, Srilanka and China. The troubled relationship with Pakistan since independence of the country, deteriorating and unpredictable relationship with china, unstable political climate in Nepal along with Maoist Insurgency, Mistrustful relationship with Bangaladesh civil war-ravaged Sri-Lanka, authoritarian Myanmar have rendered Indian security preparedness challenging and one road tase.

The perennial challenge before Indian defense is to manage external covert and overt threat from Pakistan. Indian facing conflict in J & K abetted and sponsored by Pakistan and in the North -East extremist group with in the country. The country also faces huge challenge before its economy in the form of fake rackets being operated from Karachi and Dubai instigated by Pakistan ISS a spy agency.

Inter-ethnic and Inter-religious harmony has been affected due to insurgency from Bangala – in the North-east of India. The Defense expenditure due to Terrorism and extremism us drain on our National Exchequer. The Indirect costs of Terrorism can be significant and have the potential to affect the economy in the medium term by undermining consumer and invest for confidence.

IV. Ten Marks Questions.

Question 48.
Define Demography and explain the major characteristics of the Demographic Profile in India.
Answer:
Demography is the systematic study of population. The term demography is derived from two Greek words ‘demos’ (people) and ’graphein’ (describe). Demography studies the trends and processes associated with population, size, patterns of birth and death, migration, sex ratio, age groups etc.,
Characteristics of Demographic Profile of India:
1. Size and Growth of India’s Population:
According to 2011 census India’s population is 121 crores (1.21 billion). India is the second most populated country in the world after China. Between 1901-1951 the average annual growth rate did not exceed 1.33%.

In 1911 and 1921 there was a negative growth rate of 0.03%, because of the Influenza epidemic during 1918-19 which killed 12 ,5 billion people or 5% of the total pupulation of India.

After Independence, the growth rate substantially increased to 2.2% during 1961-1981. Before 1931, both birth and death rates were high. But due to demographic transition they began to diverge during 1921 to 1931. After this transitional phase the death rates declined sharply, but the birth rate dipped slightly.

The principal reason for this decline of death rate after 1921 were increased levels of control over famines and epidemic diseases. Though the annual growth rate has decreased after Independence, it remains one of the highest in the developing world.

2. Age Structure of the Indian Population:
India has a very young population compared to most other countries. The Growth of Indian Population during 1901-2011.

has come down from its highest level of 42% in 1971 to 29% in 2011. The share of 15.60 age group has increased slightly from 53% to 63%. The share of 60+ age group is very small but has began to increase (from 5% -8%) in the same period (1971¬2011). The age composition is expected to change significantly in the next 20 years.

Most change will be at the two ends of the age spectrum.i.e, 0-14 age group will reduce It’s share by 11% (from 34% in 2001 to 23% in 2026) while 60 plus age group will increase by about 5% (from 8% in 2001 to 12% in 2026) The younger age groups in the age structure is an advantage to India.

The demographic advantage or ‘dividend’ to be derived from the younger age structure of the population can be converted into actual growth only if the rise in the working age group in accompanied by increasing level of education and employment. The changing age structure itself cannot provide benifits unless it is utilized through planned development.

3. The Declining Sex-Ratio in India:
The Sex-ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males. The sex-ratio is an important indicator of gender balance in the population, (copy table – 3 from text).

India has had a declining sex-ratio for more than a century. The trends of the last four decades have been particularly worrying-from 941 in 1961 the sex-ratio had fallen to an all time low of 927 in 1991 before posting a modest increase in 2001.

The sex-ratio for 0-6 years (juvenile or child sex-ratio) has generally been substantially higher than the overall sex-ratio, but it has been falling sharply. The desire for male progeny is the root cause of this decline in sex ratio.

4. Increasing Literacy Rate of Indian Population:
Literacy varies considerably across gender, regions and social groups, (copy table 4 from Text) The literacy rate for women is almost 22% less than that of men. Female literacy rate rose by about 11.2% between 2001 and 2011 compared to male literacy of 6%.

Literacy rates also vary by social groups and historically disadvantaged communities like the S.C’s and ST’s. Regional variations are also wide states vice Kerala are approaching universal literacy. While Bihar, Rajasthan, U.P are lagging for behind.

5. Increasing Rural-Urban differences:
The vast majority of the population of India has always lived in rural areas. According to 2011 census, still more people in rural areas but the population of urban areas has increased, (copy table 5 from text). 68.8% of population live in rural areas. 31.2% of population live in urban areas.

Urban population is increasing steadily from 17.5% in 1951 to 31.2% in 2011. An increase of about two and a half-times. Modern development ensure that the economic and social significance of the agrarian rural life declines relatively to the significance of the Industrial urban way of life.

Question 49.
Explain the development of Christianity and Islam in India.
Answer:
Development of Christianity in India:
St-Thomas and St-Bartholomew (AD 50) are believed to have brought Christianity to India in AD-50. It was claimed that St.Thomas had succeeded in his mission. When the Portuguese arrived in India, Christianity was found to have spread over seventeen kingdoms of Kerala. In Kerala, Christians had several churches, fifty settlements, and numbered one lakh.

In western India, St.Bartholomew was active when St.Thomas went on his mission to Punjab. It is believed that Kalyan near Bombay,-emerged as a major centre of Christianity. Apart from St.Bartholomem, a specially invited strict philosopher – Pantaenus – was preaching at Kalyan. The early Christians were held in high esteem by the Hindus.

Things began to change with the arrival and establishment of the Portuguese in jndia. When St.Francis Xavier landed in Goa in 1542, it had become a Christian settlement with fourteen churches and over a hundred clergymen. The Italian, Jesuit, Roberto de Nobili, who landed in Goa in 1605 and died in Mylapore (Madras) in 1656, communicated with the people in Tamil and other regional dialects.

His discussions with the Brahmans where in Sanskrit. De Nobili was keen to get convinced converts from the top of Hindu society to facilitate the rapid spread of Christianity. He avoided contact with Christians of lower caste origins, including their priests. By the end of seventeenth century De Nobili and his associates had made many converts.

The later development of Christianity in India is better known because of the association of the church with foreign powers – the Portuguese, Dutch, British and French. Considerable evangelical and humanitarian work was done by Christian missionaries of diverse nationalities and denominations. Besides Kerala and Tamilnadu, there are pockets of Christianity in most states of the Indian union.

At least three of the tribal north-eastern states have substantial Christian majorities. Christians have a sizeable presence among the tribals of Chotanagpur also.

Development of Islam in India:
Islam first came to India by peaceful methods, often with the encouragement of Hindu rulers. On the western coast, the Balhara dynasty in the north arid the Zamorin of the Malabar coast welcomed Muslim traders and encouraged them to settle in places like Anhilwara. Calicut and Quilon. They could freely build mosques and practise their religion.

Arab and Persian immigrants settled down along the coast and married non- Muslim women. This is how the Nawait (Natia) community of Konkan and the Mappilla (Moplah) community of the Malabar coast emerged. The Labbais, on the east coast of Tamil Nadu, are said to have emerged from the union of Tamil women with Arabs who were either shipwrecked or exiled from Iraq.

In the thirteenth centuries, several missionaries were active in Punjab, Deccan and Eastern and Western India. These missionaries transmitted the message of Islam through love and without the support of the armed might of the state. The sword doubtlessly won converts but also evoked hostility. Muslim saints used persuasion but still have a grateful and devoted following among non-Muslims.

When Mohammed Gazni invaded India the socio-political conditions had changed. In-fighting between rival Kingdoms had weakened Indian Resistance. Muslim Invaders to India not only spread Islam but also for economic reasons. To propagate Islam, they imposed discriminatory practices like ‘Jazyah’ (poll-tax), Karaj (Land and property tax).

They offered three options to non- Muslims under Islamic rule

To embrace Islam and to accept Muslim rule
Become Dhimmis and pay Jizah and Kharaj
To fight. Despite, decades of Muslim rule.

The overwhelming majority of the people remained Hindu. The army, administration, trade and commerce depended on direct or indirect support of Hindus. Islam became Indianizedand acquired distinctive characteristics in India. There was a considerable amalgamation of Indo- Islamic traits in art, architecture.

philosophy religion, medicine and other secular knowledge. A composite culture and gradually evolving. Hindu rule was never completely wiped out from India. During the Delhi Sultanate, the Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagar was an impressive power in south. The Rajput King Rana-Pratap refused to surrender to the Mugals, and considerable internal autonomy was given to him to rule his kingdom.

Technically all Muslims were citizens of the Islamic states, people of other faiths were not. There was internal differentiation in the Muslim society itself. There were difference between the ‘ASHRAF’ (those claiming descent from groups of foreign extraction) and ‘AJLAF’ (converts from the lower Hindu castes).

The Ajlaf occupied more or less their old position in society. Some Hindus occupied higher position in Mughal Royal Courts. The Hindu and Muslim aristocracy were closer. The Muslim rulers of India understood the value of communal amity and realized the importance of inter-community tolerance and understanding.

Question 50.
Define diversity and explain types of diversity in India.
Answer:
Diversity – denotes collective difference and dis-similarities among groups of people; Geographical, Religious, Linguistic etc.,
Types of Diversities in India:
Primary Diversities:

Regional Diversities
Linguistic Diversities
Religious Diversities
Cultural and Ethnic Diversities.

2. Linguistic Diversities:
Language is another source of diversity that contributes to collective identities and to conflicts. More than 1652 languages and dialects are spoken in India. The 8th schedule of the Indian constitution has reconsidered 22 Indian languages for official use. (Hindi, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Marati etc.,) According to Grier Sons’ linguistic survey of India, ten languages belong to five linguistic families. They are :

Indo-Aryan languages: Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marati, Gujarathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Bhiari, Rajasthan, Assam, Sindhi and Kashmiri which are spoken by 3/4th of Indians.
Dravidian languages: Tamil, Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam.
Austria Languages: Mundari, Santhali, Maithali, Dogri etc.,
Tibeto-Burman Languages: Tribal languages and dialects of north and north-east India like Manipur, Bodo, Ladiki, Khaki.
European Languages: English, Portuguese and French Portuguese and French are mostly spoken in Goa and Pondichery.

Lingual Diversity has made planning and promotions difficult. Mother-Tongue does evokes strong sentiments and reactions. Linguistic diversity has posed administrations and political challenges.

3. Religious Diversities:
There are eight major communities in India. Each major religion is sub-divided along the lines of religious documents, sects and cults.

Hindus constitute 82.7% and are broadly divided into ‘Shaivite’ (worship Shiva), ‘Vaishnavaite’ (worship Vishnu and his incarnations), ’Shakta’ (worship mother goddess and her manifestations). There are subdivisions on doctrines and Rituals.
Buddhists (07%): Buddhism was widely spread in India but the revival of vedic Hinduism has relegated in a few pockets in the land of its birth. Buddhism is divided into ‘Mahayana’ and ‘Hinayana’ based on doctrinal differences. They do not represent gradation in society.
Jainism(0.4%): Followers of Jainism are numerically small, found in both northern and southern states. ‘Digamber’ (unclothed) and ‘shwetamber’ (white-robed) jains are the two main divisions. They do not practice untouchability and have endogamous Jathis.
Muslims (11.8%): broadly divided into ‘sunni’ and ’shia’ communities. Indian Sunnis follow ‘Hanifi’ school of Muslim law. Indian sunnis in the south, especially among the Mappillas and Lakshadweep Islands follow shafi school.
Christians (2.6%) are divided into ‘Roman Catholics’ and ’Protestants’ and into many elenominatial churches.
Sikhism (2%) emerged in the 15th C. They follow its founder Guru Nanak and his nine disciples. Sikhism is a synthesizing religion that emphasis egalitarianism. Grantha Sahib is their holy book.
Parsis (0.3%) are a small community but have played an important role in Indian’s Industrial development. They came to India in the 8th C’ AD. They are a mercantile community.
Jewish (0.1%) have established themselves for over a millennium.

4. Cultural and Ethnic Diversities:
Indian’s differ considerably in their social habits. The conflict and varying shades of blood, strains, culture and modes of life, character, conduct, beliefs, morals, food, dress, manners, values, social norms, socio-religious customs, rituals etc., causes cultural and ethnic diversities. Ethnic and cultural identity of particular communities and religion is also a source of diversity.

Question 51.
Define Unity and explain the types of unity in India.
Answer:
Unity implies one-ness or a sense of we-ness. It is the integration of people of diverse culture geographical, religious, linguistic, ethnic into a united whole, along with higher levels of co-operation mutual understanding, shared values, common identity and national consciousness.
Types of Unity in India:
Nature of Unity of India: In India there is unity in diversity.
1. Regional Unity :
The National boundaries of India provide geographical unity. India is known as ‘Bharatavarsha’, ‘Bharathakanda’, ’Jambudweepa’ which symbolizes the significance of historical unity. ’Bharatavarsha’ has been idolized by poets, political philosophers and religious thinkers. India has been conceived by them as a single expanse from Himalayas to Kanyakumari. The concept of ’Mother India’ indicates geographical unity.

2. Linguistic Unity:
India possesses lingual unity despite the presence of a number of languages Sanskrit is the common base of Indian language and the basis of lingual unity. One to which linguistic multiplicity has been solved. Sanskrit was the language of the learned and scholarly and all classes were composed in Sanskrit.

South Indian languages are also influenced by Sanskrit. Though different languages are spoken in different regions, English and Hindi are common languages of communication. In 2004 ’Classical Language’ status have been awarded to Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005), Kannada (2008), Telugu (2008) and Malayalam (2013) and Oriya (2014).

3. Religious Unity:
India possesses religious unity despite religious diversity. All religions accept the truth of immortality of soul, temporary nature of the world, belief in rebirth and the doctrine of Karma, Salvation, Contemplation, etc. India is a sacred land for all religions.

4. Cultural Unity:
India has cultural unity in art, architecture, dress, food, literature, music, dance, sports, cinema, medicine and technology. India has been helped both by nature and nurture, by her geographical conditions and historical experiences, religious ethics and political ideas.

Question 52.
Define National Integration and explain challenges to National Integratidh.
Answer:
“National Integration refers to the assimilation of the entire, people of a country to a common identity”. – Benjamin.
National Integration refers to the process wherein a feeling of togetherness, and a sense of national unity is developed among people of a nation.
Challenges to National Integration are:
1. Regionalism:
Refers to extreme loyalty or love to a particular region which may undermine the interest of the nation. Regionalism is expressed in the desire of people of one region to promote their own regional interest. This has lead to separation and separatist movements. Regionalism has challenged the primacy of nationalistic interests and undermines national unity.
Regionalism assumes four forms they are:

Demand for Separate Nation from Indian Union: Regionalism has made demands for separate independent sovereign states. Tamil community campaigned for a separate Madras state for an independent Dravidastan Sikhs of Punjab demanded Khalistan and Jammu and Kashmir for the Liberation from Indian union.
Demand for Separate Statehood: Regionalism has manifested in recent years to demand for separate statehood. Vibharbha (Maharastra), Telangan (AP), Bundelkhan (UP & MP) Vindya, Bhqjpur etc.,
Demand for full fledged statehood: union territories have demanded full- fledged state-hood eg: Delhi
Inter-State Disputes: Took place between Punjab – Haryana, Karnataka – Maharashtra.

The sharing of river waters of Narmada, Krishna, Kaveri, Bheema etc. have also become some main disputes. Kaveri water disputes is the oldest dispute in the world, causing animosity between Karnataka and Tamilnadu.

2. Communalism :
Is the antagonism practised by the members of one community against people of another community.
‘Community is the product of a particular society, economy and polity, which creates problems’. – Bipin Chandra.

’Communalism is an ideological tool fro propagation of economic and political interest. It is an instrument in the hands of upperclass to concentrate power by dividing people. The elite strive to maintain a status- quo against transformation by dividing people on communal and religious lines.’ – Asghar Ali Engineer, Moin Shakir and Abdul Ahmed.

3. Linguism:
Implies one sided love and admiration towards one’s language and prejudice and hatred towards other’s languages. India is the ‘museum of languages’. Diversity of languages has also led to Linguism. Violent Linguistic movements are posing threat to national integration. Linguistic tensions prevail in border areas which are bilingual.

4. Extremism and Terrorism:
have emerged as formidable challenges to national integration in the recent years. Terrorism refers to the readiness on the part of the individual or group to go to any extreme even to resort to undemocratic, violent and harmful means to fulfill one’s objective. Terrorism is the bane of India since Independence. India has faced terrorism in Nagaland (1951), Mizoram (1966), Manipur (1976), Tripura (1980) and Gorkaland in Bengal (1986).

According to Prof-Rama Ahuja, Terrorism has four types:

Khalistan Oriented Terrorism – Punjab for separate state
Militant Terrorism – Kashmir for separate nation
Naxalite Terrorism – Bengal, Bihar, MP, Orissa, Andra-Pradesh, Class based enmity.
ULFA Terrorism – Assam – Identity crisis.

2nd PUC Sociology Making of Indian Society and Demography Additional Questions and Answers

I. One Mark Questions.

Question 1.
Who coined the term “Demography’?
Answer:
Achille Guillard in 1855.

Question 2.
Mention one process of Demographic studies?
Answer:
Change in population size.

Question 3.
What is ‘Social Demography’?
Answer:
Social Demography focuses on the social, economic or political aspects of population.

Question 4.
What is ‘Formal Demography’?
Answer:
‘Farmal Demography’ is the measurement and analysis of the components sof population change.

Question 5.
What is Demographic dividend?
Answer:
The Demographic advantage or dividend is derired for the age structure of the population which is young and the generation of working age people is a relatively large one.

Question 6.
Which are the BIMARU States.
Answer:
Bihar, MP, Rajstan and UP.

Question 7.
Mention any one factor for the decline of child sex ratio.
Answer:
Sex specific abortions that prevent girl babies from being born and female infanticide.

Question 8.
Expand UNPF.
Answer:
United Naiton population fund.

Question 9.
What is the major objective of family planning?
Answer:
To increase individual happiness and to enhance health of the society.

Question 10.
Which ancient cities were associated with indus valley civilization?
Answer:
Mohenjodaro and Harappa.

Question 11.
Who wrote the book ‘Arthashastra’
Answer:
Kautilya.

Question 12.
When did st-Francis Xavier arrive in India?
Answer:
1542 A.D.

Question 13.
Mention one Indo-Aryan Language.
Answer:
Sanskrit.

Question 14.
Mention one Dranidian Language?
Answer:
Kannada.

Question 15.
When was ‘Kannada’ accorded the status of classical Language.
Answer:
2008.