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Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 2 Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion
2nd PUC Sociology Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion Text Book Questions and Answers
I. One Mark Questions.
Question 1.
How the word ‘Caste’ derived?
Answer:
The word ‘Caste’ is derived from the Spanish / Portuguese word ’Casta’ which means breed, race, strain or a couple of hereditary qualities.
Question 2.
What is ’Pakka’ food?
Answer:
Pakka food is one which is cooked in ghee without the addition of water.
Question 3.
What is Kachcha Food?
Answer:
Kachcha food is one which is prepared with mixing of water.
Question 4.
Mention the four Varnas.
Answer:
The four varnas are:
- Rajanya (Warriors and the Aristocracy)
- Brahmana (Priests)
- Vaishya (Cultivators)
- Shudras (Pre-Arya inhabitants).
Question 5.
Name two dominant caste in Karnataka.
Answer:
Vokkaligas and Lingayats.
Question 6.
Who coined the term Scheduled Caste?
Answer:
Simon Commission in 1928.
Question 7.
Who introduced the term Scheduled Caste?
Answer:
M.K.Gandhi.
Question 8.
Name any two tribe of the Southern Zone?
Answer:
Kadu Kuruba, Akki Pikki.
Question 9.
Who advocated the Policy of Isolation?
Answer:
J.H.Hutton, Commissioner for Census, 1931.
Question 10.
Who advocated the Policy of Tribal Panchasheela?
Answer:
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru in 1957. M.N.Srinivas and B.N.Mujamdhar.
Question 11.
Name one Backward Classes Commission appointed by the Government of India.
Answer:
The first Backward Classes Commission was constituted in the year of 1953 under the chairmanship of Kakasaheb Kalekar.
Question 12.
Who introduced the concept of dominant caste?
Answer:
M.N.Srinivas introduced the concept of ‘Dominant Caste’.
Question 13.
Define Tribe.
Answer:
The ‘Dictionary of Anthropology’ defines ‘Tribe’ as ’a social group usually with a definite rea, dialect, cultural homogeneity and unifying social organization. It may include several sub-groups such as sibs or villages.’
Question 14.
Mention any one category of backward classes in India.
Answer:
Other Backward classes.
Question 15.
What is Gender?
Answer:
Gender is the identity of (male sex) men and (female sex) women in any given society which is socially and psychologically determined. To determine gender, social and cultural perceptions of masculine and fenceline traits and roles must be taken into account. Gender is learnt through a process of socialization and through the culture of society.
II. Two marks questions.
Question 16.
Give the meaning of Social Inequality.
Answer:
The patterns of unequal access to social resources are commonly called social inequality. The unequal sharing of valued resources of
- Economic capital (material assets and income)
- Cultural capital (education status)
- Social capital (contacts and social associations)
is called social inequality.
Question 17.
Mention one definition of Caste.
Answer:
A Caste is a group having two characteristics:
- Membership is confined to those who are born of members.
- The members are forbidden by inexorable social law to marry outside the group (endogamy)
History of Caste in India – S.V.Kethkar.
Question 18.
Mention any two disabilities of Untouchables.
Answer:
Disabilities of Untouchables:
- Denial or restriction of public facilities, such as wells, schools and roads.
- Denial or restriction of access to temples where their presence might pollute the Deity as well as the higher- caste worshippers and from the rest houses, tanks and shrines connected to temples. Untouchables and Shudras were ineligible to become sanyasis (holy men) and forbidden to learn the vedas.
- Social Disability
- Religious Disability.
Question 19.
What is the meaning of policy of assimilation?
Answer:
Social reformers like Takkar Bapa, G.S.Ghurye and some voluntary organizations, Christian Missionaries advocated this policy. They recommended the assimilation of these tribal groups either into Christianity or Hinduism. Takkar Bapa was of the opinion that tribal problem could be solved only through content with more advanced people.
Question 20.
Expand TRIFED.
Answer:
Tribal Co-operative Marketing Development Federation of India.
Question 21.
Mention any two changes in Caste System.
Answer:
- Introduction of Universalistic Legal System
- The Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850.
Question 22.
Mention any two Social Reform Movements.
Answer:
1. The Brahma Samaj Movement.
2. Prarthana Samaj Movement.
Question 23.
What is Social Exclusion?
Answer:
Social Exclusion refers to ways in which individuals may become cut off from full involvement in the wider society. Social is a systematic, involuntary exclusion practised regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded.
Question 24.
What is Social inclusion?
Answer:
Social Inclusion is the inclusion of all people who were isolated from society to participate in ala societal processes like education, politics, etc.,
Question 25.
Mention any two causes for changes in the caste system.
Answer:
- Impact of English Education.
- Impact of Social Reform Movements.
Question 26.
Mention any determinates of dominant caste.
Answer:
- Numerical Strength.
- Political Power.
Question 27.
Write any two problems of Schedules Caste.
Answer:
- Social Disabilities: Denial or restriction of access to public facilities such as wells, schools and roads.
- Economic Disability: Exclusion from any honorable and most profitable employment and fixity to dirty to menial occupations.
Question 28.
Mention any three zones of tribals.
Answer:
- The North and the North-Eastern Zone.
- The Central Zone.
- The Southern Zone.
Question 29.
Mention any two problems of Indian Tribes.
Answer:
- Geographical Isolation
- Cultural Isolation.
Question 30.
Mention the three views on the tribal welfare.
Answer:
- The Policy of Isolation.
- The Policy of Assimilation.
- The Policy of Integration.
Question 31.
Give any two criteria of Backwardness.
Answer:
- Social Criteria.
- Economic Criteria.
Question 32.
Distinguish between Sex and Gender.
Answer:
Sex is the biological term used to identify male sex and female sex.
Gender identity of men and women in any given society is socially and psychologically determined.
III. Five Marks Questions.
Question 33.
Explain Social Inequality and Social Exclusion.
Answer:
Social Inequality:
Social Inequality is the pattern of unequal acess to social resources. The unequal sharing of valued resources of,
- Economic Capital (material assets and income)
- Social Capital (contacts and social associations)
- Cultural Capital (educational status) is called Social Inequality.
These three forms of capital overlap and one can be converted into the other. For eg: A person from a well-off family (economic capital) can afford expensive higher education, and so can acquire cultural or educational capital. Someone with influential relatives and friends (social capital) may-through access to good advice, recommendations or information manage to get a well-paid job.
Some social inequality reflects innate differences between individuals. For eg. their varying abilities and efforts. Some one may be endowned with exceptional intelligence or talent, or may have worked very hard to achieve their wealth and status. However, by and large, social inequality is not the outcome of inner or natural difference between people, but is produced by the society in which they live.
People often face discrimination and exclusion because of the gender, religion, ethnicity, language, caste and disability. Thus women may face sexual harassment in public places. A middle class professional from a minority religions or ethnic group may find it difficult to get accommodation in a middle class colony even in a metropolitan city.
People often harbour prejudices about other social groups. Each of us grow-up as a member of a ‘community’, ‘caste’, class’ and ’gender’ but also about others. Often these ideas reflect prejudices. Prejudices are pre-conceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group towards another. The work literally means ‘prejudgment’ that is an opinion formed in advance of any familiarity with the subject, before considering any available evidence.
Social Exclusion:
Social Inclusion refers to ways in which individuals may become cut off from involvement in the wider society. It focuses attention on a broad range of factors that prevent individuals or groups from having opportunities open to the majority of the population. Social exclusion can be defined as a situation in which multiple important activities.
Thus socially excluded might be unable to find work, take part in leisure activity or actively participate in a society’s politics beyond voting at elections. Social Exclusion is not accidental but systematic. It is the result of evolved structural features of society. It is important to note that social exclusion is involuntary that is exclusion is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded.
Prolonged experience of discriminatory or insulting behaviour often produces a reaction on the part of the excluded who then stop trying for Inclusion. For eg: ‘uppercaste’ Hindus have often denied entry into temples for the ‘lower’ castes and specially the ’Dalits’.
Question 34.
Briefly explain the changes in caste system during British rule.
Answer:
The British brought their own traditional form of Government and culture. The impact of British rule in caste system in India may be studied under the following heads.
1. Introduction of universalistic Legal System:
The British established courts, administered civil and uniform criminal law and removed caste panchayats. The legislations of the British which brought changes in the caste system are,
(a) The Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850:
Served to remove some of the disabilities associated with castes including the practice of untouchability. This act removed civil disabilities.
(b) The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act 1856:
The traditional caste system restricted widow remarriage but this act made legal provision for widows to remarry.
(c) The Special Marriage Act of 1872:
Considered marriage as a civil contract and legalised inter-caste or inter-religion marriage.
(d) Other Legislative and Administrative Measures:
In 1858 the British Government announced that all schools maintained by the Government shall be open to all classes of its subjects without any discrimination. In 1923, the Government issued a resolution that no grants would be paid to any aided educational institutions, which refused admission to the children of the depressed classes.
In 1925, a bill was passed by the Madras Legislative Council, throwing open all public office, well, tank, or place of public resort, to all. Montague-Chelmsford reforms made constitutional provisions for the special representation of depressed classes in local arid in legislative bodies.
2. Impact of Social Reform Movements:
Social reform movements brought changes in the caste system in British period. They set out to eradicate caste and to establish casteless and classless society.
Some important social reforms are:
(a) The Brahma Samaja Movement:
founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1820 rejected the barriers of caste division, Idolatry and sacrificial ritual and stood for conversation and brotherhood.
(b) Prarthana Samaja’s:
Leader Athma Ram Pandurang justice M.Ranade focused attention to social reforms such as inter-dinning, caste marriage and widow remarriage.
(c) The Arya Samaja:
founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswathi raised voice against caste and its prohibition of sea-voyage and started Shuddi (purification) Movement to re-Hinduism the converts, out-castes and externals.
(d) Rama Krishna Mission:
represents the synthesis of the ancient and modern thoughts. Swamy Vivekananda, the great disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa started this mission. He condemned caste inequalities, exploitation, inequalities stressed for education, self-reliance and freedom of women.
(e) Other Reform Movements:
Annie Besants ‘Theosophical Society’, Maharshi Arabindo Gosh’s ‘Divine Life Society’ aimed at the elimination of caste system and religious social re-construction of Indian society.
3. Impact of English Education:
The British education based on scientific, secular and universal principles irrespective of caste or community, provided new economic opportunities and thereby raised the economic and social status of lower castes.
Question 35.
Explain the determinants of Dominate Caste.
Answer:
Determinants of Dominant Caste:
The concept of ‘dominant caste’ is denoted by the main determinants of dominance. A dominant caste is determined by
- Sizeable amount of land they occupy and enjoy greater economic and political power.
- The number of .educational persons found in the caste and the nature of high occupation, people pursue in the caste.
The caste which enjoys all the elements of dominance i.e, numerical strength, economic and political power, high vitual status is said to be dominant in a decisive way. The domination Of castes may change over a period of time giving way to another.
Question 36.
Discuss the changing concept of Tribe.
Answer:
Changing Concepts of Tribe:
1. Tribe as Homogeneous, Self Contained Unit:
Tribals or ‘adivasis’ are the original inhabitants of Indian peninsula redic Literature refers the various Tribes of India as Bharathas, Bhils, Kolias, Kirathas, Kinnaras, Matsyas and Nishads. Tribes are homogeneous, Self- contained unit without any hierarchical discrimination. Each tribe was organised under a chief.
The most capable of the tribal member was elected chief and his continuation as military leader depended upon his skill in war and defence. This process heralded the emergence of little republics and monarchies. Tribes were associated with kingdoms, republics and minorities.
2. Tribe as a Political Division:
The Latin word ‘Tribal’ means three divisions, it is the root word for the concept of Tribe. For Romans, Tribe was a political division. The tribe was the highest political unit comprising several districts which in turn were composed of clans. Tribe was a territorial organisation exercising control over its people.
The territory under the domain of a particular tribe was generally named after it. It is presumed that the name ’Bharat’ is derived from the mighty Bharatha Tribe. Similarly Matsya Kingdom of 6th C BC, the Minas of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh are belived to be the descendants of Matsya Tribe.
Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura are named after the Mizo, the Nagas and the Tripuri Tribes. Santral Paraganas, Gondwana, Lahaul and Kinnaur derive their names from Santhalas, Gondas Lahaulas and the Kinnaras.
3. Tribes A Race:
Race is used to designate a category of persons whose similar characteristics could be attributed to common descent. The tribes in India broadly belong to three stocks.
- Nigritos – are believed to be the earliest inhabitants of the Indian Peninstua. The traces of this race are found among ones, Andamanese, Jarwas of Andaman and Nicobar, Kadars, Irulas and Paniyans to South India.
- Mongoloids – Tribes of sub-Himalayan region.
- Palaeo-Mongoloids: Tribes of j Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram Nagaland j and Manipur.
- Tibeto-Mongoloids: Tribes of Sikkim, Arunachal-pradesh and Ladak (JGK)
- Mediterranean Stock: A majority of Indian tribes belong to Mediterranean stock. They are generally known as ’Dravidians’ Dravidians are original inhabitants of India found in south and central parts of India. Dravidians are sub-divided into
- Kolarians: The mundas, Santhalas, the Oraons and tribes of Chota Nagpur region. They speak in a dialect called ’Mundar’.
- Dravidians Proper: The Gondas, Kandhs and other tribes of central vindhyachal region and Deccan plateau. They speak Kannada, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam.
- Tribe and Scheduled Tribe: The British conducted census to classify information about ’Tribals’.
The census report of 1891 by the commissioner of census J.A.Bains, ’Forest Tribes’ was formed under the category ’Agricultural and pastoral castes’. The subsequent census reports of 1901,11,21,31 and 1941 Tribals have been classified as ’Animists’, ’Tribal Animists’, ’Hill and Forest Tribes’, ’Primitive Tribes’ and ’Tribes’ respectively.
After India’s Independence the concept of Tribe has undergone further changes. Dr.B.R.Ambedkar preferred the concept ’Scheduled Tribe’ to ’Adivasis’. The constitution of India has specified tribes as ’Scheduled Tribes’. Scheduled means ’grouped together’. Scheduled Tribes are given special facilities under the Indian constitution.
Art 366 (25) of Indian constitution deals with scheduled tribes and art 342 empowers the President of India to specify scheduled tribes by a public notification or to exclude it. The concept of ’Tribe’ has undergone change from that of a political unit to a group of people identified with poverty and backwardness. The Indian consitution has helped them in consolidating their positiion as a district ethnic, linguistic and cultural unity.
Question 37.
Explain the geographical distribution of Indian Tribes.
Answer:
Geological Distribution of Indian Tribes. The Indian tribal population is divided into three territorial zones.
1. The North and the North-Eastern Zone:
Comprises the Sub-Himalayan region and the mountain ranges of North-Eastern Frontier of India, the Tista valley and the Jamuna-Padma, portion of Brahmaputra. It includes Himachal Pradesh, Northern Up, Sikkim and the ’Seven Sister’ states of the North-east.
- Arunachal Pradesh
- Assam
- Meghalaya
- Mizoram
- Nagaland
- Manipur
- Tripura.
These tribes belong to Mongoloid race. There language resembles the languages of Austric family. The tribes such as Gurung, Limbu, Lipcha, Aka, Mishmi, Mikir, Rabha, Kachari, Garo, Khasi, Chakmas, Naga, Angami, Serna, Pham, Chang inhabit this zone.
Spinning, weaving and agriculture are the pre-dominant occupations. Nagas have patriarchal family and Khasi and Gharos have matriarchal family. Most tribes are mono-gamous. Some tribes practice polyandry. Nagas are occasional Head-Hunters.
2. The Central Zone:
Comprises plateau and mountain belt between the Indo-Gangetic plaihs to the North and the Krishna River Basin in the South. The important Tribes are the Gonds of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, Bhils of Rajasthan, Santhalas of Chotanagpur, Ho of Singhbhumi, Manubhumi, Khond and Kharia of orissa, Sawara of Ganjam
and the Mundas. Madhyapradesh has the largest tribal population (23.27%). Santha|as are more advanced tribes. Some tribes live in very dense forests and difficult terrains. Some tribes engage in small-scale cottage industries.
3. The Southern zone:
Tribes of South India (Andra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Kerala and the two union territories Andaman and Nicobar, Isloads and Lakshadweep) are the original Zahabitants of India. They speak Dravidian languages. Tribes like Chenchu, Kota, Kuruba, Badaga, Toda, Kadar, Malaya, Muthuran, Koya, Soliga, Kannikar, Daniya, Yeravas, Irula, Kadu Kuruba, Jenu Kuruba, Akki Pikki, Inhabit this Zone.
Todas of Nilgiri practise Fraternal polyandry and some tribes practise matriarchal type of social organisation and matrilineal type of family. In the Andaman and Nicobar islands, there are six tribes namely the great Andamannes, the Onges, the Sentinelese, the Jarwas of Negrito race and Nicobares and Shompens are of Mongoloid race.
The Nicobares numbering about 22,200 are comparatively advanced Tribe and are settled in the Nicobar Islands. The remaining five tribes are numberically very small and have been declared as the ‘Primitive Tribe’.
Question 38.
Discuss three views on Tribal Welfare.
Answer:
Tribal Welfare – Tribal problems have been approached from three views:
1. Policy of Isolation:
favoured isolation of tribes from the mainstream society. The commissioner of census of 1931, ‘J.H.Hutton’, gave a solution to the tribal problems of uncontrolled acculturation. He suggested the creation of self-governing tribal areas with free power of self-determination. ‘Verrier Elwin’ suggested the creation of ‘National Parks’ where tribals could safely live without being victims of over-hasty and unregulated process of belief and civilization.
Both Hutton and Elwin were severely criticized for recommending this policy of Isolation, which was looked open as proposal to create a museum or a zoo, instead of helping the tribal people to utilize the sources of modern knowledge and improve the conditions of their life.
2. Policy of Assimilation:
Social Reformers like Takkar Bapa, G.S.Gurge, some voluntary organisations and Christian Missionaries advocated this policy. They recommended the assimilation of these tribal groups either into Christianity or Hinduism. Takkar Bapa was of the view that tribal problem could be solved only through contact with more advanced people.
The tribals should form a part of the civilized communities of one country not for the purpose of swelling the figures of the followers of the region, but to share with the advanced communities the privileges and duties on equal terms in general, social and political life of the country.
Separation and Isolation seem to be dangerous theories and they strike at the root of National solidarity. Indian tribes have been called as ‘Backward Hindus’ by G.S.Ghurge.
3. Policy of Integration:
Both the policies of Isolation and Assimilation was unacceptable, therefore it was thought that the Tribes would benefit from modern advanced society and yet retain their identity through Integration. The policy aimed at developing a creative adjustment between the Tribes and Non-Tribe of India through responsible partnership, The policy of integration was supported by Pandit Nehru, M.N.Srinivas and D.N.Majumdhar.
Question 39.
Explain Tribal Panchasheela.
Answer:
Tribal Panchasheela:
In this foreword note to ‘Verrier elwins’ book The philosophy of NEFA’ (NEFA North East Frontier of Assam) (1957), Pt-Nehru laid down the policy of Integration to five principles. The Tribal Panchasheela as envisaged by Pt.Nehru are,
- People should ‘develop along with the lines of their own genius and we should avoid imposing anything on them. We should try to encourage in every way their own traditional arts and culture.
- Tribal rights in land and forests should be respected.
- We should try to train and build up a team of their own people to work in administration and development. Some technical personnel from outside will, no doubt be needed especially in the beginning. But we should avoid introducing too many outsiders into tribal territory.
- We should not over-administer these areas or over-whelm them with multiplicity of rivalry to their own social and cultural institutions.
- We should judge the results not by statistics or the amount of money spent but by the quality of human character that is evolved.
Question 40.
Write a short note on other Backward Classes (OBCs).
Answer:
Other Backward Classes (OBCs):
Comprise the non-untouchables, lower and intermediary classes, who were traditionally engaged in Agriculture, animal Husbandry, Handicrafts, Services and other Castes. The OBCs do not constitute a homogeneous category. There are divisions within the overall category. The backward classes are not classes at all, but group of communities.
The OBCs constitute 51% of the total population of the country. The Mandal Commission listed 3743 castes and communities as OBC’s . Most of the OBC’s are economically backward. High level of Illiteracy and low level of higher education is found in OBCs.
Question 41.
Explain the criteria of Backwardness according to Mandal Commission.
Answer:
The Second Backward Class Commission or Mandal Commission was formed in 1979 under the Chairmanship of B.P.Mandal. The Mandal Commission has listed 3743 castes and communities in the central list. It has also recommended 27% reservation for OBC’s.
The primary objective of the Mandal Commission was to find out a criteria to determine the socially, economically and educationally backward people. The commission found 11 criteria for determining them. These criteria fall into three categories. They are :
- Social Criteria:
- Social Backwardness as considered by others
- Dependence mainly on manual labour for a livelihood
- Marriage of 25% girls and 10% boys in rural areas and of 10% girls and 5% boys in urban area below 17 years.
- Female work participation 25% above the state average.
- Educational Criteria:
- Children between 5 and 15 years never attending school 25% above the state average.
- Students drop-out rate 25% above state average.
- Sources of drinking water beyond 500 mtrs for more than 50% families.
- Consumption of loan by household 25% above state average.
These criteria were weighted differently three points each for social indicators, two points each for educational indicators, and one point each for economic indicators, adding up to 22 points. Any caste getting more than 11 points was considered backward.
IV Ten Marks Questions.
Question 42.
Explain the traditional characteristics of Caste.
Answer:
Traditional Characteristics of Caste:
G..S.Ghurye explains the features of caste system in his book ‘Caste and Race in India’ which are as follows,
1. Caste as a segmental division of society:
Society is divided into various castes with a well developed life of their own. Membership in caste is determined by birth and has a hereditary status. Each caste has a council known as ‘Caste Panchayat’ which excersised tremendous power over its caste members.
Caste Panchayat consisted of sejiior members, who enjoyed social privilage and respect. The panchayat imposed social restriction between castes, regarding marriages and occupations. Violations of these norms attracted punishments. This punishments include,
- Out-casting – temporary or permanent
- Fines
- Feasts to be given to caste members
- Corporal punishment.
Fines were generally spent on feasts or for charitable purposes. Khap panchayats of Haryana are still active.
2. Hierarchy:
Society is divided into distinct castes with a concept of high and low, superior or inferior. The Brahmins are placed at the top of the Hierarchy and regarded as pure. Untouchables occpy the lower end.
3. Restrictions on feeding and Social Intercourse:
According to G.S.Ghurge, the above two attributes reflected in the idea of seperation. There were restrictions on commensality or interdining and marriage. There are minute rules as to who should accept or offer food and drink is defined by caste.
Pakka Food cooked in ghee without the addition of water is accepted or offered and prepared by members of same caste. Kachacha Food – Prepared with mixing of water is accepted if prepared by the member of same caste.
4. Civil and Religious Disabilities and Privilege of Difference Sections:
Segregation of individual castes or groups of castes in a village is the most obvious mark of civil privilages and disabilities. It has prevailed in a more or less definite form all over India. Impare castes are made to live outside the village or city and certain castes. Restriction on the use of public toilets, roads, water facilities, libraries, hotels were imposed.
According to G.S.Ghurge, every caste was associated with a traditional occupation and Hereditary. Since a distinction was made between occupation being clean and unclean, the hereditary occupations reflected a caste status. Particular caste monopolized a particular occupation.
Shoe making, oil extraction, sweeping, scavenging, curing hides, tanning, washing, barber, pottery etc. were considered degrading occupations. Priesthood and teaching were prestigious professions and monopolised by Brahmins. Agriculture, trade and labour were open to all castes.
5. Restriction on Marriage:
Every caste maintained is rank and status. Taboos were set on commensality, interaction and occupation and also upon marriage realtions. Inter-marriages between castes were prohibited, so endogamy was practised and hence caste is an endogamous group.
Endogamy is the essence of the caste system, Every caste have sub-divisions or sub-castes and were endogamous units, within each endogamous groups, there are many exogamous families where marriage were marriage was not allowed. These exogamous groups are related to Gotra, Pravara, Sapinda etc.,
Question 43.
Explain the changes in the caste in Post-Independence India.
Answer:
Scheduled castes were ‘marginalized group’ and. a series of disabilities were imposed.on them. The list of disabilities imposed on untouchables is not a description of practices in any single locality nor it gives a complete account of various disabilities imposed on marginal castes throughout India. It is instead a catalog typically associated with untouchability.
1. Social Disabilities:
Denial or restriction- of access to public facilities such as well, schools and roads. Denial or restriction of access to temples with their presence might pollute the deity as well as the higher caste worshippers and from rest-houses, tanks and shrines connected to temples. Untouchables and Shudras were ineligible to become sanyasis (holymen) and forbidden to learn the vedas.
Restrictions on movement were imposed. Untouchables might not be allowed to walk on roads and streets within prescribed distance of the houses or persons of higher castes. Residential segregation typically in a more extreme form than the segregation of other groups, by requiring them to reside outside the village. Denial of access to services such as barbers, dhobies, restaurants, shops requiring the use of separate utensils and facilities within such places.
2. Economic Disabilities:
Exclusion from any honorable and most profitable employment and fixty to dirty or menial occupations. Restrictions on style of life, especially in the use of goods indicating comfort or luxury. Riding on horeback, use of bicycles, umbrella, footwear, the wearing of gold and silver ornaments, and the use of palanquins to carry bridegrooms were forbidden in many areas.
3. Religious Disabilities:
Untouchables were prevented from entering temples, monasteries and cremation grounds as it was believed that they would become impure. Their presence in temples was considered sufficient to defile god. They were not allowed to read or listen to holy scriptures.
D.N.Majumdar summarized the position of the depressed castes by maintaining that these castes are not depressed in all the states. The disabilities could vary from one area to another depending upon the numerical strength of the depressed and upper castes.
Question 44.
Explain the problems of Schedules Castes.
Answer:
Problems of Scheduled Castes:
Scheduled castes were ’marginalized group’ and a series of disabilities were imposed on them. The list of disabilities imposed on untouchables is not a description of practices in any single locality nor it gives a complete account of various disabilities imposed on marginal castes throughout India. It is instead a catalogue typically associated with untouchability.
1. Social Disabilities:
Denial or restriction of access to public facilities such as well, schools and roads. Denial or restriction of access to temples with their presence might pollute the deity as well as the higher caste worshippers and from rest- houses, tanks and shrines connected to temples. Untouchables and Shrudras were ineligible to become sanyasis (holymen) and forbidden to learn the vedas.
Restrictions on movement were imposed. Untouchables might not be allowed to walk on roads and streets within prescribed distance of the houses or persons of higher castes. Residental segregation typically in a more extreme form than the segregation of other groups, by requiring them to reside outside the village. Denial of access to services such as barbers, dhobies, restaurants, shops requiring the use of separate utensils and facilities within such places.
2. Economic Disabilities :
Exclusion from any honorable and most profitable employment and fixty to dirty or menial occupations. Restrictions on style of life, especially in the use of goods indicating comfort or luxury. Riding on horeback, use of bicycles, umbrella, footwear, the wearing of gold and silver ornaments, and the use of palanquins to carry bridegrooms were forbidden in many areas.
3. Religious Disabilities :
Untouchables were prevented from entering temples, monsters and cremation grounds as it was believed that they would become impure. Their presence in temples was considered sufficient to defile god. They were not allowed to read or listen to holy scriptures.
D.N.Majumdar summarized the position of the depressed castes by maintaining that these castes are not depressed in all the states. The disabilities could vary from one area to another depending upon the numerical strength of the depressed and upper castes.
Question 45.
Explain the problems of Indian Tribes in detail.
Answer:
Problems of Indian Tribes:
Tribal of India are social category who are economically, socially and politically marginalized community. They face certain peculiar and common problems.
1. Geographical Isolation:
Tribal inhabit remote forests and hilly tracts without any access to modern socio-economic inputs. They have been isolated for centuries resulting in cultural variations and all kind of progress.
2. Cultural Problems:
Trible culture is undergoing changes due to external contacts. The tribal life, arts, dance, music and crafts are being degenerated. Influence of other religions has affected their culture, and has alienated them from their own. culture. Tribals are demanding separate states in north- each of India. Tribal groups have been divided into several sects on the basis of religion and this has shattered their collective life. Conflicts and dissensions are increasing.
3. Social Problems:
Tribals are facing the problems of dowry, child marriage, infanticide and untouchability due to outside influence. Dissolution of marriages is increasing. This contacts with outsiders created several social and health related problems among tribes. They become victims of superstitions .beliefs of black magic etc.,
4. Economic Problems:
Tribal economy is based on crude agriculture. The contact with civilized world led to the disintegration of tribal economy. The major economic problems are,
(a) Alienation of Tribal land to the non-tribals:
90% of Tribal depend on Agriculture and allied activities. Tribals have agro-based economy. Land is the only tangible asset of Tribals. According to 1991 census, there is a sharp decline from 68.18% in 1961 to 54.43% in 1991 of Tribal land cultivation. A large number of tribal cultivators have become landless laborers. The percentage of Agri-labourers has increased 19.71% in 1961 to 32.67% in 1991.
Tribals have been affected by land alienation. 80% of Tribal land was alienated to non-tribals. An average tribal family held a fair size of land which was cultivated primitively but the pressure of increasing population has forced Tribals to abandon their lands. Most of their land was encroached illegally.
Due to illiteracy and poverty Tribals could not take legal remedies. Moreover development and setting up of irrigation and power project has also allienated Tribal land. Land Grabbing and exploitation by Zamindars, Contractors and Middlemen has caused unrest among Tribals.
(b) Problems of Indebtedness:
Due to indebtedness a sizeable area of tribal land has been alienated or taken in Lieu of Loans. Payment of compensation and rehabilitation have not been implemented if the Tribals land was acquired for development.
(c) Exploitation in forestry operations:
Tribals and Forests have a symbiotic relationship. Tribal economy and culture is closely associated with forests. Forests provide food, fuel, wood, timber, housing material, herbal medicines, fooder and agricultural materials. Tribals have always enjoyed considerable freedom in the use of forest resources. With the introduction of state management of forests, by the British, the relationship between Tribals and forests has undergone drastic changes.
The first national policy on forests was formulated in 1952. The new forest policy of 1986 has reduced the traditional rights of Tribals to mere concessions. The 5000 Tribal villages of India have been rendered landless, turned into Agri-Labourers. They are denied fair price for minor forest produce also.
(d) Primitive Methods of Cultivation:
Agricultural activity of the Tribals was mainly through shifting cultivation on hilly terrains with sparse population. It was primitive and uneconomic and incapable of supporting a reasonable standard of living.
5. Educational Problems :
According to 2011 census, the literacy among the Scheduled Tribes was 29.6%. The slow progress of literacy among Scheduled Tribes was due to poverty of the parents, content of education, inadequate educational institutions and supporting services, absenteeism, medium of instructions and edu-policy.
6. Exploitation by Money Lenders:
The introduction of monetary economy substituted Barter system in Tribal areas. The Indebtedness of Tribals are due to:
- Poverty
- Loop holes in money lending laws. Lack of financial awareness and legal protection.
- Complicated procedure to obtain loans and consumer credits.
- Indifferent attitude of Government and officials.
- Grip of private money lenders.
- Absence of alternative credit facility.
- Lack of employment opportunities.
- Acceptance of indebtedness as inescapable by tribals.
7. Health Problems:
Illness due to lack of clean drinking water, malnutrition, absence of medical facilities and prevalence of communicable diseases.
Question 46.
Explain the major reasons for the changes in Caste System.
Answer:
Major Reasons for changes in Caste System:
One of the major reasons for change 1 in caste system in I ndia was the impact of British Rule. The British brought their own traditional form of Government and culture. The impact of British rule in caste system in India may be studied under the following heads.
1. Introduction of universalistic Legal System:
The British established courts, administered civil and uniform criminal law and removed caste panchayats. The legislations of the British which brought changes in the caste system are,
- The Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850: Served to remove some of the disabilities associated with castes including the practice of untouchability. This act removed civil disabilities.
- The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act 1856: The traditional caste system restricted widow remarriage but this act made legal provision for widows to remarry.
- The Special Marriage Act of 1872: Considered marriage as a civil contract and legalised inter-caste or inter-religion marriage.
- Other Legislative and Administrative Measures: In 1858 the British Government announced that all schools maintained by the Government shall be open to all classes of its subjects without any discrimination.
In 1923, the Government issued a resolution that no grants would be paid to any aided educational institutions, which refused admission to the children of the depressed classes. In 1925, a bill was passed by the Madras Legislative Council, throwing open all public office, well, tank, or place of public resort, to all. Montague-Chimshford reforms made constitutional provisions for the special representation of depressed classes in local and in legislative bodies.
2. Impact of Social Reform Movements:
Social reform movements brought changes in the caste system in British period. They set out to eradicate caste and to establish casteless and classless society. Some important social reforms are,
- The Brahma Samaja Movement: Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1820 rejected the barriers of caste division, Idolatry and sacrificial ritual and stood for universalism and brotherhood.
- Prarthana Samaja’s: Leader Athma Ram Pandurang Justice M.Ranade focused attention to social reforms such as inter-dinning, inter caste marriage and widow remarriage.
- The Arya Samaja: Founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswathi raised voice against caste and its prohibition of sea-voyage and started Shuddi (purification) Movement to re-Hinduism the converts, out-castes and externals.
- Rama Krishna Mission: Represents the synthesis of the ancient and modern thoughts. Swamy Vivekananda, the great disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa started this mission. He condemned caste inequalities, exploitation, inequalities and stressed for education, self-reliance and freedom of women.
- Other Reform Movements: Annie Besant’s ‘Theosophical Society’, Maharshi Arabindo Gosh’s ‘Divine Life Society’ aimed at the elimination of caste system and religious social re-construction of Indian society.
3. Impact of English Education :
The British education based on scientific, secular and universal principles irrespective of caste or community, provided new economic opportunities and thereby raised the economic and social status of lower castes.
4. Impact of New Social Formations:
The new economic system brought about a new grouping of population in the economic sphere. Indian could be differentiated into categories such as capitalists, workers, peasants, proprietors, merchants, tenants, land¬lords, doctors, lawyers, teachers and technicians. Each category was composed of individuals from different castes. This horizontal division weakened old vertial caste divisions and caste consciousness.
5. Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization:
Industrialization destroyed old handicraft and cottage industries and provided unheard ways of livelihood. Occupational mobility and movement from compact ancestral village started breaking down caste norms. Industrialization also created new transport facilities which threw together millions of people of all castes and left little room for the necessities of ceremonial purity and taboos.
“The anonymity, congestion, mobility, secularism and changeability of city make the operation of the caste virtually impossible”. – Kingsley Davis.
Caste dependent economy gave way to the capitalistic system of economy.
Question 47.
Write a note on Towards Equality Report – 1974.
Answer:
Towards Equality Report – 1974:
The National Commission was formed to examine the status and problems of Indian Women in 1974. The Commission’s Report is termed as Towards Equality Report – 1974’. The report illustrated the pitiable social conditions of Indian women. This report is a milestone in the field of Women Studies in India.
Objectives of the Towards Equality Report:
- To examine the constitutional, legal and administrative provisions that have a bearing on the social status of women, their education and employment.
- To assess the impact of these provisions during the last two decades on the status of women in the country, particularly in the rural sector and to suggest more effective programmes.
- To survey the problems of the working women including discrimination in employment and remuneration.
- To examine the status of women as housewife and mothers in the changing social pattern and their problems in the sphere of further education and employment.
- To undertake survey of case studies on the implications of the population policies and family planning programmes on the status of women.
- To suggest any other measures which would enable women to play their roles to the fullest in building up the nation.
Importance of the Report:
The study collected extensive data related to the various aspects of women. Data collected included statistics related to declining sex ration, extent of participation in productive economic activities, life expectancy. The participation of women in fields other than education was found to be very low. Women worked for low wages and longer hours.
Almost all women participated in economic activities without financial benefit. The responsibility of taking care of family and children was with women. The equality principle adopted by the constitution acted in favour of women. Indian women now enjoy equal status and support men in their endeavors. But a majority of Indian women are still victims of violence, dowry, gender discrimination etc.,
2nd PUC Sociology Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion Additional Questions and Answers
I. One Mark Questions.
Question 1.
What is Social Resources.
Answer:
Money, property, education, health and power.
Question 2.
What are the three forms of capital.
Answer:
- Economic Capital
- Cultural Capital
- Social Capital
Question 3.
What is ‘Pre-Judice’.
Answer:
Pre-Judice refers to the preconceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group towards another.
Question 4.
Who occupy the top place in Caste Hierarchy.
Answer:
Brahmins.
Question 5.
Who occupy the bottom place in Caste Hierarchy.
Answer:
Scheduled Castes and Tribes.
Question 6.
Who started the Ramakrishna Mission?
Answer:
Swami Vivekananda.
Question 7.
Who started Teosophical Society?
Answer:
Annie Beasant.
Question 8.
Name some New Social Organisations.
Answer:
Mill Owners Associations, All India Trade Union Congress, All India Kisan Sabha.
Question 9.
Mention two functional changes in caste system in Post-Independence India.
Answer:
- Occupational choice is relaxed.
- Deline and Disappearance of caste panchayats.
Question 10.
Mention two changes in role of Caste System.
Answer:
- Elections based on caste system.
- Increase of caste consciousness and organisations.
Question 11.
Mention two problems of OBCs.
Answer:
- Economic Backwardness
- Politically unorganised.
Question 12.
Mention two criteria of Backwardness.
Answer:
- Low social position in the traditional caste hierarchy.
- Inadequate or no-representation of Government services.
Question 13.
When was the first Backward Classes Commission constituted.
Answer:
1953.
Question 14.
What is the second Backward Classes Commission otherwise called?
Answer:
When was it constituted. Mandal Commission in 1979.
II. Two Marks Questions.
Question 15.
What is Creamy Layer?
Answer:
Creamy Layer are persons occupying high posts and whose annual income was more than Rs. One Lakh.
III. Five Marks Questions.
Question 16.
Write a brief note on Karnataka ‘ State Backward Classes I Commissions.
Answer:
A new awareness arose among non-brahmins in the princely state of Mysore.
The Vokkaligara Sangha was established in 1906. The Lingayat Education Fund Association was formed in 1909. In 1918, the alliance of Backward Classes called ‘Prajamitra Mandali’ petitioned the Maharaja of Mysore for representa”:on of Legislature, reservation in public services and educational institutions.
A committee of sex non-official members presided by Sir. Leslie Miller was constituted. The ‘Miller’s Committee recommended the acceptance of all the demands.’
1. Naganna Gowda Commission:
was appointed in 1960 under the chairmanship of Dr.Naganna Gowda. It submitted its report in 1961 recommending reservations of 15% for SCs, 3% for ST’s and 50% for OBCs, providing 65% of total reservation. Though it was stayed by the supreme court, the Government in 1963 issued order granting reservation of 15% to SCs, 3% to STs and 30% to OBCs.
2. L.G. Havanoor Commission:
was appointed in 1972. It submitted its report in 1975. It stated that though more than 75% of people in Karnataka belonged to BCs and reserved reservations there was no constitutional provisions. Hence, it recommended 50% reservation. Devraj Urs Government made provision for 55% reservation. It was challenged in Supreme Court and a new commission was initiated.
3. Ventataswamy Commission:
was appointed in 1983. It submitted its report in 1986 which created wide-spread discontent. It was scrapped.
4. Chinnappa Reddy Commission:
was commissioned in 1990. Its recommendations were widely welcomed. SCs and STs enjoy 18% reservation and OBCs is 32%.