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Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 3 Inclusive Strategies
2nd PUC Sociology Inclusive Strategies Text Book Questions and Answers
I. One Mark Questions.
Question 1.
Which article of the Indian Constitution abolished Untouchability?
Answer:
Article 17.
Question 2.
In which year the untouchability (offences) Act was enacted?
Answer:
1955.
Question 3.
In which year the program Stree Shakthi was launched.
Answer:
Stree Shakthi was launched in the year 2000-01.
Question 4.
Who introduced the concept of Micro Finance?
Answer:
Muhammad Yunus of Bangladesh.
Question 5.
Where is the Headquarters of Lijjat located?
Answer:
Mumbai.
Question 6.
Which non-governmental organisation is working for solidus?
Answer:
Dr.H.Sudarshan’s Vivekananda Girijana Kendra.
II. Two Mark Questions.
Question 7.
Expand NABARD.
Answer:
National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development.
Question 8.
Give the meaning of Affirmative Action.
Answer:
Affirmative action refers to policies that take factors including ‘caste, creed, religion, sex, gender, into consider action, in order to benefit an under represented group in areas of employment, education and business’.
Question 9.
Explain the concept of Women Empowerment.
Answer:
Women Empowerment is the act of empowering women i.e, to give the power or authority. The concept of empowerment is being used in many contexts, as a tool for understanding what needs to be changed in the situation of poor and marginalized people. Empowerment ”Ives organising themselves to increase self-reliance, asserting their independent rights to make choice and to control resources which will assist in challenging and eliminating their sub-ordination.
Question 10.
What is Self-Help-Group?
Answer:
‘A Self-Help-Group comprises a group of micro enterpreneurs having homogeneous social and economic backgrounds, all voluntarily coming together to save regular small sums of money, mutually agreeing to contribute to a common fund and to meet their emergency needs on the basis of mutual help.’
Question 11.
What is Micro-Finance?
Answer:
Micro-Finance is defined as ‘financial services such as ‘Savings Accounts’, ‘Insurance Fund and Credit’ provided to poor and low-income clients so as to help them to rise their ‘income’ and there by ’improve’ their standard of living.
Question 12.
What is Stree-Shakthi’.
Answer:
’Stree Shakhti’ is the programme launched during 2000-01 and it is being implemented through out the state to empower rural women and make them self-reliant.
Question 13.
Mention any two objective of Stree Shakhti.
Answer:
- To strengthen the process of economic development of rural women and create a conducive environment for social change.
- To increase the income levels of rural women by engaging them in, income generating activities and creating financial stability.
Question 14.
Define empowerment of Women.
Answer:
Women’s empowerment is the act of empowering women i.e, to give them the power or authority.
III. Five Marks Questions.
Question 15.
What were the provisions of the Untouchability Act 1955?
Answer:
Untouchability Act 1955:
Provisions:
- Preventing a person on ground of untouchability, from entering a place of worship, offering prayer therein or taking water from a tank, well or spring.
- Enforcing all kinds of social disabilities, such as denying access to any shop , public restuarant, public hospital or educational institutions, hotel or any other public places, public entertainment, the use of road, river, well, tank, water tap, cremation ground, sanitary convenience and Dharmashalas.
- Enforcing occupational, professional or trade disabilities in the matter or enjoyment of any benefit under the charitable trust in the construction or occupation of any residential premises in any locality or the observance of any social or religions usages or ceremony.
- Refusing to sell goods or render services to an untouchable. For enlarging the scope and making the penal provision more straight the untouchability act 1955 had been comprehensively amended has been changed to ‘Protection of Civil Rights Act-1976?
Untouchability Act 1955:
Provisions:
- Preventing a person on ground of untouchability, from enterings place of worship, offering prayer therein or taking water from a tank, well or spring.
- Enforcing all kinds of social disabilities, such as denying access to any shop , public restuarant, public hospital or educational institutions, hotel or any other public places, public entertainment, the use of road, river, well, tank, water tap, cremation ground, sanitary convenience and Dharmashalas.
- Enforcing occupational, professional or trade disabilities in the i matter or enjoyment of any benefit under the charitable trust in the construction or occupation of any residential premises in any locality or the observance of any sociai or religions usages or ceremony.
- Refusing to sell goods or render services to an untouchable. For enlarging the scope and making the penal provision more straight the untouchability act 1955 had been ; comprehensively amended has been i changed to ‘Protection of Civil Rights Act’ – 1976.
Question 16.
Briefly explain the role of NGO’s for upliftment of SCs/ STs.
Answer:
Role of NGO’s In the Upliftment of SCs and STs:
Non-Governmental Organisation’s 5 have played a vital role in welfare of SCs and STs. The important one’s are:
- Harijan Sevak Sangh
- Indian Depressed Classes League
- Hindi Sweepers Sevak Sangh
- Servants of Indian Society
- Ishwar Saran Ashram
- All India Backward Classes Federation
- Bharatiya Adimajati Sevak Sangh, Vanarasikalayarta Sabha, Sri Ramakrishna Mission etc.
have also made efforts to eradicate i untouchability. Sulabh Shouchalaya is an Indian based Social Service Organisation which works to promote Human Rights, Environmental Sanitating, Non-conventional sources of energy, Waste management and social reforms through education. The organisation counts 50,000 volunteers Sulabh was founded by Dr.Bindeshwar Pathak in 1970.
Innovations include a scavenging free two pit flush toilet, safe and hygienic on site human waste disposal technology, a new concept of maintenance and construction of pay and use public toilets, popularly known as such complexes with bath, laundry and urinal facilities being used by about ten million people everyday and generates Bio-gas and Bio-fertilizer produced from human excreta.
Low maintenance waste water treatment plants of medium for institutions and industries. Other work includes setting up public school in New-Delhi and also a network of centres all over India to train boys and girls from poor families, especially scavengers so that they can compete in the Job market.
The United Nations centre for human settlements has praised Sulabh’s Sanitation System as a ‘Global Urban Best Practice’ at the ‘Habitat-II’ conference held at Istanbul (Turkey), in June 1996. The economic and social council of the united nations granted. Special consultative status to Sulabh in recognition of its work.
Sulabh claims their plan on human waste disposal and social reforms has provided jobs directly to 35,000 peoples and has created 10,000,000 (1 crore) man-days, making 240 towns scavenging free.
Question 17.
List out the strategies of Women Empowerment.
Answer:
Strategies for Women Empowerment:
1. Legal Strategies:
After Independence several laws were drafted with the aim to treat women as par with men. Following steps have been suggested for the empowerment of women.
- The criminal justice system has to approach women’s exploitation with a sociological perspective rather than only legal one.
- Necessary legal help should be provided to needy women.
- Organized women’s group or voluntary organisation has to help women seeking protection through legal measures.
2. Social Strategies:
- Establishment of women welfare services
- Legal literacy of women through mass media
- Help of neighbours to be sought in the cases of abused women
- Conducting public education and awareness programmes in order to help women
- Males have also to be educated to realize their roles in the changed times and the necessity of their own contribution to family life.
3. Economic Strategies :
- Educational and vocational training for women which enable them to seek jobs and be come economically dependent
- Technological aids that will be labour saving devices and will lighten women’s burden of heavy daily tasks.
- Train women in both formal and non-forma I education
- Credit facilities to start small- scale industries/self employment.
- Programmes of placing women in important positions at various levels.
The Government of India declared the year ‘2001’ as ’Women Empowerment Year’ with three fold objective.
- Creating a nation-wide awareness about the problems and issues affecting women and their importance for national development.
- Initiating and accelerating action to improve access to and control of resources by women.
- Creating and enabling environment to enhance the self-confidence and autonomy of women so that they can take their, rightful place in the mainstream of the nation, social, political and economic life.
Question 18.
Explain the main features of Micro-Finance.
Answer:
Main features of Micro-Finance:
- Loan without security
- Loans to people who live BPL (below poverty line)
- Even members of SHG may get benefit from micro-finance
- Maximum limit of loan under micro-finance is relatively small amount.
- The terms and conditions of given to poor people are decided by SHG.
Micro-Finance is a source of financial services for entrepreneurs and small business lacking access to banking and related services. The two main mechanism for the delivery of financial services to such clients are:
- Relationship based banking for individual entrepreneurs and small businesses.
- Group based models where several entrepreneurs come together to apply for loans and other services as a group.
Micro-Finance is a movement whose object is a world in which a many poor and near-poor households as possible have permanent access to an appropriate range of high quality financial services including not just credit but also savings, insurance and fund transfers. Many of those who promote microfinance generally believe that such access will help poor people out of poverty.
For others, microfinance is a way to promote economic development, employment and growth through the support of micro-entrepreneurs and small businesses. Micro-finance is a broad category of services, which includes microcredit, microcredit is provision of credit services to poor clients.
Types of Micro-finance:
- Informal Financial Service Providers: These include moneylenders, Pawn brokers, Savings collectors, Chit funds and input supply shops.
- Member-owned Organisations: These include self-help groups, credit unions and a variety of hybrid organizations like ’Financial Service Associations’. They are generally small and local, which means they have access to good knowledge of financial situations of borrowers.
- Formal Financial Institutions: Commercial Banks, which include State Banks, Agricultural development banks, Saving Banks, Rural Banks and Non-Banking financial institutions.
Micro-Finance in India:
- Micro-Finance was developed as an alternative to provide loans to poor people. With the goal of creating financial inclusion and equality.
- ‘Mohammad Yunus’ a ’Nobel Prizewinner introduced the concept of Micro-Finance in Bangladesh in the form of the ‘Grameen Bank’.
- NABARD: (National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development) took this idea and started concept of Micro-Finance in India.
IV. Ten Marks Questions.
Question 19.
Mention any ten Constitutional. Provisions relating to the upliftment of SCs and STs.
Answer:
Constitutional Provisions for Upliftment of SCs and STs:
Article 15:
The state shall not discriminate against any citizen on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth. The removal of any disability, restriction or condition with regard to access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and place of public resort maintained by state funds or dedicated to the use of general public.
Article 16:
There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matter relating to employment or appointment to any office under the state.
Article 17:
Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. They enforcement of any disability arising out of untouchability shall be in offence punishable in accordance with law.
Article 23:
illegalizes traffic in human beings and forced labour.
Article 25B:
Hindu religious institutions of public characters is open to all classes and sections of Hindu.
Article 29:
Cultural and Linguistic minority has right to conserve its language or culture. The article provides protection to scheduled tribe communities to preserve their languages, dialects and cultures. The state would not by law enforce upon it any other culture or language.
Article 46:
The state shall promote with special care like educational and economic interest of the weaker sections of the people and in particular of the scheduled tribes and small protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.
Article 325 of part XV:
It guarantees to all citizens of India the right to love.
Article 330, 332, 334
Provides seats, preserved for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in the house of people and state legislative.
Article 335:
It mentions the claim of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes to services and posts.
Question 20.
Explain the developmental programmes for the upliftment of Scheduled Casts.
Answer:
Development Programs for the upliftment of scheduled castes:
1. Appointment of a national commission for the welfare of scheduled castes and tribes:
A national commission for the scheduled castes and tribes has been set up by the Central Government to safeguard the interests of the SC’s and ST’s. It functions as an advisory body on issues and policies related to the development of the SC’s and ST’s.
2. Educational Opportunities:
Due attention is paid to extend the educational opportunities of SCs and STs and hence special provisions have been made in this regard. Free education, free distribution of books, stationary, uniform etc., giving scholarships,, educational loan facilities, providing mid-day meal, arranging for free boarding and lodging facilities, reserving seats for SCs and STs in all Government and Government aided institutions etc.,
3. Expansions of Employment Opportunities and Reservation:
In order to enhace the economic position of the SCs and STs the constitution has provided for the reservation in services. Reservation exists in all these for the SCs andSTs to the extent of 15% and 7.5% respectively.
The provisions for reservations is also extended to promotions to higher positions to facilitate their adequate representation, concessions such as relaxation of age limit, relaxation in the standards of suitability, relaxation of the qualification and experience have also been provided.
Question 21.
Explain the Tribal Welfare Program in India.
Answer:
Tribal Welfare Programmes:
1. Economic Programmes:
Tribal development is one of the priorities in different action plans based on recommendations of different communities.
An amount of Rs.1,100 crore was allocated in fifth plan, Rs.5535 crore and Rs.10,500 crore in the Sixth plan (1980-85) and seventh five year plan in 1985-90 respectively.
(a) The Twenty point programme:
The 20-point programme too focused attention on the development of scheduled tribes economic assistance was lent to tribal families to more above the poverty line.
(b) Establishment of lamps and Trifed:
To abolish bonded labour, the bonded labour system (abolition) Act 1976 was passed. That apart to loosen the grip of moneylenders and the middlemen on the tribals, the Government organised ’Large Area Multipurpose Societies’ (LAMPS). These were intended to provide adequate credit facilities for productive purposes.
These were the co-operative societies helping tribals in selling agricultural and minor forest produce and providing them with improved varieties of seeds, manure- insecticides, agricultural implements etc., For marketing the tribal produce, the Tribal Co-operative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED)’ has been set up. It works to eliminate exploitation of tribals and relization of better prices.
(c) Assistance to agriculture:
Tribals, as we have seen earlier, followed shifting cultivation which is uneconomic and also unscientific. They were persuaded to take up scientific agriculture. Agriculture implements, manure, seeds, and loan facilities are being provided tribals are also given land rights.
2. Educational Programmes:
More than 80% of the tribals are illiterates for the spread of education among tribals, government has been made certain provisions. They are also provided with hostels facilities, such as free tution, stipends, scholar-ships, mid-day meals, text-books etc., ’Ashrama schools’ with lands attached to them and Technical Schools’ come up in tribal areas.
Free training in poultry, forestry, animal husbandary, apiculture etc., are provided. Tribal students taking competitive conditions are given pre-examination training free of cost. There are pre-examination exclusively meant for students of Schedule Tribes. National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT) and National Linguistic Center, Mysore have already prepared teaching. Module for more than 60 tribal dialects to popularize education among tribals.
3. Research Programmes:
For scientific study of tribals, research center have been set up. There are at present 11 such centres in India. To co-ordiante their activities, a 30 members ‘Central Research Advisory Council’ has also been set up. The council provides guidance on policy formulation.
4. Health, Housing and other schemes:
Due to lack of facilities on the one hand and due to ignorance, illiteracy, traditional habits etc. on the other tribals have certain Health and sanitary problems. To overcome these problems certain facilities are being provided to them. Hospitals have been established in some places and in certain other places.
Mobile hospital service are provided. Primary health centers have come up and basic health workers and mid-wives are meeting the health requirements of the tribals. Pre and post natal services are being extended to tribal women. Under various schemes, houses and sites have been given to the tribals. Under ’Indira Awas Yojana’ tribals have been given houses free of cost.
There are a number of voluntary organisations working for the welfare of Tribals. Dr.H.Sudarshan’s ‘Vivekanand Girijana Kendra’ has done a commendable work in the upliftment of ‘soliga’, a tribal community inhabiting Biligiri Rangana Hills in Chamarajnagar district of Karnataka State. NGO’s work for the welfare of tribals with grant-in-aid from Government.
Question 22.
Briefly explain the Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat and SEWA.
Answer:
Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad – Ljjjat:
Lijjat is an Indian women’s co-operative involved in the manufacturing of various fast moving consumer goods. It’s main objective is the empowerment of women by providing them employment opportunities. Started in the year 1959 with a seed capital of Rs.80, Ljjjat has an annual turnover of around Rs.6.50 billion in 2010, with Rs.290 million in exports.
It provides employment to around 42,000 people. Lijjat is headquartered in Mumbai and has 67 branches and 35 divisions all over India. Ljjjat is primarily a cottage industry, urban by its origin that has spread to rural areas. It is considered as one of the most remarkable entrepreneurial initiatives by women that are identified with female empowerment in India.
Self-Employed women Association – SEWA :
Self-employed women association has made significant contribution to the empowerment of women. It has strived to integrate self-employed poor work with the main stream economy through the twin strategies of struggle and development.
The root cause of women’s plight has been unemployment, lack of income and economic dependency in family or community. Hence, creation of income-generating opportunities is increasingly considered as an effective means of empowering women and improving their socio-economic condition in society.
Self-employed women of Ahmadabad organised and formed the self-employed women association – SEWA in 1972, under the leadership of Eta Bhatt. She was honoured by Romon Magsaysay Award. SEWA has strived to create conditions of full employment and self-reliance for all its members.
The concept of full employment is related to the employment for every single family so as to ensure food security and social security, (health care, child care and shelter). The notion of self-reliance simultaneously making their own decisions. SEWA furnishes financial support in the form of micro-credit of self-employed women.
Shri Mahila SEWA Sahakari Bank Ltd., was registered in 1974. In the beginning SEWA Bank started in urban areas. SEWA began rural activities in 1975. Their self-employed activities have tremendous potential to generate economic surplus in society and efficient use of resources.
Question 23.
Explain the role of Mahatma Gandhi and Dr.B.R.Ambedkar in eradicating untouchability?
Answer:
Role of Mahatma Gandhi and Ambedkar in eradicating untouchability:
Eradicating untouchability was important to Mahatma Gandhiji. He preached against untouchability and has set a modal by his deeds and words. He himself lived with the Harijans and shared the sorrows and sufferings. He made them participate in worships, prayers, keerthanas.
He wrote extensively in ’Harijan’ and ’Young India’ about the conditions of Harjjans and propagated in favour of various legal provisions against several kinds of injustice meted out to the untouchables. He cleaned the streets of scheduled castes. He cleaned their toilets. His sincere, selfless effort created awareness among the Harijans regarding cleanliness, sanitation and health.
After 1931, Indian National Congress set up a council to consider the problem of untouchability. The ’Harijan Sewak Sangh’ was established by the council to provide financial assistance and scholarships to Harijan students. ’Kasturba Balika Ashram’ in Delhi, ’Harijan Balika Vidyalaya’ at Sabaramathi were started for female education.
The sangh has branches all over the country and it is maintaining 120 boarding houses. Gandhiji popularised the word ’Harijana’. The word ’Harijana’ was first coined by Gujarathi saint Narasimha Mehatha. Dr. B.R.Ambedkar-Baba-Saheb- stood for emancipation of untouchables. Being the chief architect of the constitution, he has legalised the upliftment of the untouchables through the inclusion of many articles.
Ambedkar wanted to instill the ideas of self-dignity, self-confidence and self-respect in the hearts of untouchables. For this purpose he started ’Bahishikrita Hitakarini Sabha’. The movement he started was known as ’self-respect Movement’. In order to attain a respectable position in society, he asked untouchables to flow five principles i.e, ’Pancha Sutras’. They are,
- Self-Improvement,
- Self-Dependence,
- Self-Respect,
- Self-Confidence.
- Self-Progress.
In order to create awareness among the untouchables Ambedkar started a paper called ’Mooka Nayaka’. He brought them under one banner; organised ’All India Depressed classed Conference’ in 1942 at Nagpur. In his Dalit Movement, Ambedkar suggests three principles ’Education, Agitation and organisation’.
Question 24.
Explain the role of Sulabha Souchalaya?
Answer:
Sulabh Shouchalaya: Is an Indian based Social Service Organisation which works to promote Human Rights, Environmental Sanitation, Non-conventional sources of energy, Waste management and social reforms through education. The organisation counts 50,000 volunteers. Sulabh was founded by Dr.Bindeshwar Pathak in 1970.
Innovations include a scavenging free two pit flush toilet, safe and hygienic on site human waste disposal technology, a new concept of maintenance and construction of pay and use public toilets, popularly known as sulabh complexes with bath, laundry and urinal facilities being used by about ten million people everyday and generates Bio-gas and Bio-fertilizer produced from human excreta.
Low maintenance waste water treatment plants of medium for .institutions and industries. Other work includes setting up public school in New-Delhi and also a network of centres all over India to train boys and girls from poor families, specially scavengers so that they can compete in the Job market.
The united nations centre for human settlements has praised Sulabh’s Sanitation System as a ‘Global Urban Best Practice’ at the ‘Habitat-11’ conference held at Istanbul (Turkey), in June 1996. The economic and social council of the united nations granted. Special consultative status to Sulabh in recognition of its work.
Sulabh claims their plan on human waste disposal and social reforms has provided jobs directly to 35,000 peoples and has created 10,000,000 (1 crore) man-days, making 240 towns scavenging free. Sulabh has established co¬ordination with various national and international agencies, including British Council, ‘Borda’ a German organisation, European union etc.,
In October 2007, Sulabh announced the design of a cheap toilet system that, recycles human waste into Bio-gas and fertilizer. Bindeshwar Phatak was conferred, 2009 Stockholm water prize, for his contributions. Sulabh International premises in Delhi runs a museum dedicated to the history of sanitation and toilets.
2nd PUC Sociology Inclusive Strategies Additional Questions and Answers
I. One Mark Questions.
Question 1.
What is Affirmative Action?
Answer:
Affirmative action refers to policies that take factors including caste, creed, religion or sex, into consideration in order to benefit an unrepresented group in areas of employment, education and business.
Question 2.
Who coined the term ‘affirmative action’ first?
Answer:
American President John F.Kennedy on March 6th 1991.
Question 3.
Mention the provision of Article 338.
Answer:
Empowers the central Government to appoint a commission for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.
Question 4.
When was the ‘Untouchability (offences) Act’ Passed?
Answer:
In the year 1955.
Question 5.
How was the ‘Untouchability (offences) Act’ amended and when.
Answer:
It was amended as ‘Protection of Civil Rights Act’ in 1975.
Question 6.
When was the ‘Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (prevention of atrocities) Act’ passed.
Answer:
In the year 1989.
Question 7.
Expand SCDC.
Answer:
Scheduled Caste Development Corporation.
Question 8.
Who coined the word ‘Harijana’.
Answer:
Gujarathi Saint Narashima Mehata
Question 9.
Who started the ‘Bahishikrita Hitakarini Sabha’?
Answer:
Dr.B.R.Ambedkar.
Question 10.
Which newspaper did Dr.B.R.Ambedkar start?
Answer:
Mooka Nayaka.
Question 11.
Mention two NGO’s who played a vital role in the welfare of scheduled castes.
Answer:
- Indian Depressed Classes League
- Sri Ramakrishna Mission
Question 12.
Who founded the ‘Sulabh’ and when?
Answer:
Dr.Bindeshwar Pathak in 1970.
Question 13.
Expand LAMPS.
Answer:
Large Area Multipurpose Societies.
Question 14.
Which organisation worked for the welfare of soligas.
Answer:
Dr.H.Sudarshan’s ‘Vivekananda Girijana Kendra’.
Question 15.
When was the National commission for women established.
Answer:
In the year 1992.
Question 16.
Expand SHG.
Answer:
Self Help Groups.
Question 17.
Who pioneered ‘Micro-finance’ and when?
Answer:
Muhammad Yunus in 1970’s.
Question 18.
Expand SKDRDP?
Answer:
Sri Kshethra Dharmasthala Rural Development Project.
Question 19.
When was Lijjat started.
Answer:
In the year 1959.
Question 20.
Expand SEWA.
Answer:
Self-employed Women Association.
II. Two Marks Questions.
Question 21.
Write the provisions of Article 339 and 341.
Answer:
- Article 339: Empowers the president to appoint a commission to report on the administration of the scheduled areas and the welfare of scheduled tribes in states.
- Article 341: Empowers the president to specify the castes, races or tribes deemed as scheduled castes in a particular state or union.
Question 22.
Write about scheduled caste development corporation (SCDC).
Answer:
SCDCs provide money and loan assistance to SC families and help them to increase flow of funds from financial institutions to SC families. These corporations established in the states are expected to act as interface between the SC families and financial institutions including banks. Both the central and the state Governments contribute grants to SCDCs.