2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 7 Social Movements

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 7 Social Movements

2nd PUC Sociology Social Movements Text Book Questions and Answers

I. One Mark Questions.

Question 1.
Mention any one major components of Social Movements.
Answer:
Ideology.

Question 2.
Mention any one new component of Social Movement.
Answer:
Subjectivity.

Question 3.
Mention the types of the new Social Movements.
Answer:

1. Inclusivist Movement
2. Exclusivist Movement.

Question 4.
Name the first social reformer who revolted against the tyranny of caste.
Answer:
Jyothi Rao Pule.

Question 5.
Which social organisation was founded in 1873.
Answer:
Sathya Shodak Samaj

Question 6.
Which association launched the non-brahmin movement in Madras.
Answer:
The South Indian Liberal Federation or Justice Party in 1916.

Question 7.
Who founded Bheemasena?
Answer:
B.Sham Sundar in 1970.

II. Two Marks Questions.

Question 8.
What do you mean by Social Movement.
Answer:
A Social Movement is an organised endeavor to bring about or to resist large-scale changes in the social order by non-institutionalized means. – Paul Wilkison.
Social movements are parts of social progress. These phenomena represent varieties of collective actions across time and space. They are manifestations of collective discontent against the established social, economic and political ordes.

Question 9.
Give any one definition for Social Movement.
Answer:
Social Movement is an organised attempt on the part of a section of society to bring about either partial or total changes in society through collective mobilization and an ideology. – M.S.A.Rao

Question 10.
Mention any two Social Movements.
Answer:

1. Indian National Movement
2. Farmers Movement.

Question 11.
Mention any two factors facilitating Malaprabha Agitaion.
Answer:

1. Steep fall in Varalakshmi Cotton Price in 1974-75.
2. The levy issue.

Question 12.
Mention the three phases of the pre-independent Dalit Movements in Karnataka.
Answer:

1. Basaveshwara and the Dalit Movement.
2. Dalit Movement in old Mysore region.
3. Dalit Movement in Mumbai Karnataka.

Question 13.
Mention any two women’s Organizations in India.
Answer:

1. Shree Mukti Sanghatana, Bombay, 1980.
2. Vimochana, Bangalore.

III. Five Marks Questions.

Question 14.
Briefly explain the major components of Social Movement.
Answer:
Major Components of Social Movements:
M.S.A.Rao in his edited volume on ‘Social Movement in India’ has highlighted the significance of ideology, collective mobilization, organization and leadership in social movements.
1. Ideology:
Provides a broad frame of action and collective mobilisation in the social movement. It also provides legitimacy to the process of Interest articulation and organised collective action.

2. Collective Mobilization:
Is a central element of a social movement is widely shaped by the nature of collective mobilization. Collective mobilization may be radical, non-institutionalized, spontaneous, large scale or it may be non-violent, institutionalized, sporadic and restricted. It may also undergo a process of transformation from radical to reformative or institutionalized.

3. Leadership and Organization:
These are closely linked to the process of collective mobilization. A leader can be charismatic figure or a democratically elected one.

Question 15.
Discuss briefly the new components of Social Movements.
Answer:
In the context of new-social movements the issues of leadership, organisation, ideology and collective mobilisation have acquired new dimensions. Significally, the dynamics and components of the social movements – ideological orientation, organizational setup patterns of mobilization, leadership, tactics of collective action, issues involved in the social movements and their linkages with the wider social processes and so on.

In the context of the emergence of new social movements the issues of values, culture, subjectivity, idealism, morality, identity, empowerment etc., have got a new coin age. Bertaux states that ‘subjectivity’ and ‘idealism’ are essential elements of social movements. These are closely attached to process of collective mobilization and new identity formation.

Change in the form of these components brings tremendous change in the character of the social movements, and accordingly social movements may also be catagorised. P.N.Mukerjee catagories social movement as ’revolutionary’ and ‘quasi¬movement’ based on the nature and direction of change initiated by the process of collective mobilization.

T.K.Oommen points out that the process of mobilization and institutionalization do co-exist and that institutionalization provides new possibility of mobilization. While examining the issues of transformation of social movements in India, the observation made by Bipin Chandra in the context of ‘Indian National Movement’ is worth mentioning.

He highlights the freedom movement derived its entire force from ’militancy’ and ’spirit of self-sacrifice of the masses’. Antonio Gramsci Saw – India’s political struggle against English as containing three forms of war.

War of movement, war of position and under-ground warfare. Gandhi’s passive resistance was a war of position, boycotts are a form of war of position, strikes are war of movement, the secret preparation of weapons and combat troops to underground warfare.

Question 16.
Explain the factors which led to agrarian movements according to Kathaleen Gough.
Answer:
Kathleen Gough’s factors of Agrarian Movements are:

1. The collection of heave revenue.
2. Removal of Agrarian surplus from farmers.
3. Land was made a private property.
4. Increasing encroachment of tribal land, since the British period. ,
5. Due to the import and export policy of the British and patronage extended to certain industries left craftsmen deprived of their livelihood.
6. British plundered India through export of capital to Britain under various pretext as repatriation of profits, salary debt service for colonial war, public work etc.,
7. Peasants were encouraged and also compelled to grow commercial crops for export.
8. The growth of absentee landlord and cultivation for private profit exposed the tenants and laborers to alienating and exploitation.
9. Nationalist movement and the introduction of means of transport and communication brought a degree of unity between peasants and urban workers.
10. Population increase over-burdened villages
11. The most brutal feature of the British period was the famines have widened ineqality of income among farmers.
12. Agriculture revolution tended to further popularise agricultural income and poor peasants income remained unchanged.

Question 17.
Write a short note on Backward Classes Movement.
Answer:
Backward Class Movement:
Backward Class Movement refers to the movement launched by Backward Castes/Classes which consist of non-brahmin caste, to fight caste inequalities, socio-economic-religious discrimination and deprivation. The movement aims at removing or lessening, the caste inequalities, promoting/the economic advancement of the poor, the deprived and the lower castes, and to obtain for the lower castes, equal educational and political opportunities.

Jyothirao Govind Rao Phule of Poona was one of the first to have revolted against the tyranny of upper caste in domination. He started social reform movement called ‘Sathya ShodakSamaj’ founded in 1873. Its aim was to challenge upper caste supremacy to redeem the Shudras and untouchables from the influence of Hindu scriptures to teach them human rights, liberate them from mental and religious slavery.

He knew the importance of education, started schools for girls in 1848. Satya Shodak Samaj (Truth Seeking Society) asked its followers not to engage any priests. Phule preached against idol worship and superstitions and was interested in reviving the Indian culture.

Satya Shodak Samaj Movement was further carried on by Sri.Sahu Maharaj of Kolhapur. Sri Sahu injected new life into the Satya Shodak Samaj Movement by advocating the right of communal representation. He was responsible for the rise of other organisations such as Gujarathi untouchables Depressed classes Mission Society, and united them in one single Non-Brahmin Movement.

Justice party of the South Indian Liberal Federation was formed in 1916. It issued the ‘Non-Brahmin Manifesto’ against Brahmins. Dr.T.M.Nair, Sir P.T.Chettiar and T.C.Mudaliar started ‘South Indian People’s Association,’ a joint stock company in 1916 with a sole aim of publishing newspapers called ’Justice’ in English, ‘Dravidian’ in Tamil and ’Andhra Prakashika’ in Telugu.

The self-respect movement or the Dravidian phase started with the entry of Periyar E.V.Ramaswamy Naicker. In 1944 the Dravida Kazhagarn (DK) was founded demanding a separate Non-Brahmin Dravidian Nation. Under the leadership of C.N.Annadurai, ‘Self-Respect Movement’, Later the movement turned into an exploit political movement and established ’Dravida Munnetra Kazhagarn’ (DMK) in 1949 with the primary objective of establishing ’Dravid Nad’.

In the princely state of Mysore, Okkaligas, Lingayats and Muslims of Mysore also began to realise their deprivation. The okkaligas founded ‘Vokkaliga Sangha’ in 1976 and the lingayats in 1909. Different ethnic groups formed in alliance called ‘Praja Mitra Mandali’ and in 1918, the Maridali pleaded the Maharaja of Mysore for communal representation in Legislature, reservation of posts in public services and educational institutions.

The ’Millers Committee’ which was appointed by the Maharaja of Mysore recommended the acceptance of their demands. Since then backward classes have availed benefits in education, employment and politics. In Kerala, the non-brahmin movement lacked the anti-brahmin ideology but was oriented towards immigrant non-Malayali brahmins.

The non-brahmin Nairs targeted the Tamil Brahmins who dominated education, public service and state administration. The nairs organised themselves and formed ’Malayalisabha’. They submitted a memorandum to the Maharaja, and were able to check the onslaught of Tamil Brahmins.

This also alienated the other deprived groups such as Christians, Muslims and Izhavas etc., ’The Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana Yogam’ (SNDP) a casteless organisation encouraged education by starting education institutions, and also worked for the upliftment of Izhavas, a depressed caste group of Kerala.

Question 18.
Write a note on Dalit Movement.
Answer:
Dalit Movement:
The Social Movement of Dalits mobilized in fight against social, economic, religious and political inequalities. Achieving self respect and self reliance were the main objective of these movements. In Karnataka Dalit Movement can be studies in two paces pre-independence and post-independence movements.

The Pre-Independence Movements are classified in three phases:
1. Basaveshwara and The Dalit Movement:
Basaweshwara’s religious reform movement in the 12th century is seen as an inspiration to the da I its and the oppressed classes. Basaweshwara was against dogmatic religious practices and caste hierarchy and involved the lower classes in his reformist movement to boost their morale Madivala Machagya, Ambigara Chowdayya, Medar Kakayya, Madara Channayya, Samagara Haralayya were actively involved in reformist movement.

Women were encouraged to participate actively in the reformist movement. Kottanada Somavva, Amuge Rayamma, Aayadakki Lakkamma are some of them. Basavanna founded the ‘Anubhava Mantapa’ and preached and practiced equality and humanity. His preachings discussed life’s truth and through simple lyrics called ’vachanas’. Basavanna brought about a religious, social and cultural revolution.

2. Dalit Movement in the Old Mysore Region:
The Anti-Brahmin Movement is old Mysore region paved way to the formation of Millers Committee which recommended reservation in education and Government services. The Dalits being educationally backward did not progress in these fields but with the intervention of the Maharaya of Mysore, who was also a reformist, an order was passed to allow free entry into educational institutions, irrespective of their caste.

Dalits also gained entry into public schools and hostels. It can be said that the Dalit movement did not happen as an independent movement but gained from the inspiration of the Mysore Maharaja and Backward Class Movement.

3. Dalit Movement in the Mumbai Karnataka Region:
The status of Dalits was no different here then in the other region. Dr.B.R.Ambedkar, spent a considerable time in organising and reforming Dalits, to improve their social, economic and educational condition. As an MLC in the Mumbai Government, he had pressed for more funds for building schools and hostels for Dalits.

Researchers have mentioned in their findings that Ambedkar mobilised Dalits of Dharwad, Belgaum and B|japur districts. He influenced dalit leaders of the region like Mane, Datta Katti and Dr.Varale to actively involve themselves in organising dalits of Belgaum district to fight against oppression.

Datta Kalti was also elected to the assembly in 1957 through the political party established by Ambedkar. Thus Ambedkar’s thoughts and ideas created awareness and unity among them.

Dalit Movement in the Post-Independence Period: Two major Dalit Movements emerged in Karnataka Post-Independence.
1. Bhimsena:
B. Shamsundar started ‘Bhimsena’ in 1970, in the Hydrabad Karnataka region, with.the ideology to fight against untouchability and oppression in a radical way. Dalits were trained to defend themselves against oppression. Then the Government banned Bhimsena to avoid caste conflicts. With the death of Shyam Sundar, the Bhimsena Movement disintegrated due to back of Leadership.

2. Boosa Incident of Basavalingappa:
B.Basavalingappa way a prominent Dalit politician. He had the courage to condemn oppression on any platform. When he was invited to the Mysore University to talk about ’Sociology of Religion’, he gave a call to the youth to throw the idols of Hindu Gods and oppose religious exploitation.

In another such programme, he started that Kannada Literature was like ‘fodder’ (boosa) because Kannada writers were not sympathetic to the woes of da I its and thus were dishonest in their writings. This sparked controversy and led to violent protests across the state.

The Boosa incident united Dalit and many Dalit Organisations came together to form a state level organisation. In 1975, a State-wide meeting of various dal it organisations was held and a committee was formed to frame a manifesto for the organisation. In 1976, Dalit writers formed an association which later paved way for the Dalit Movement. In 1997, a state level meeting of all Dalit Organisations was held and unified ‘Karnataka Dalita Sangharsha Samithi’ was formed.

The first convention of DSS was held in Bhadravathi and Prof. B.Krishnappa was chosen as the State Convener of DSS. Since then, it has mobilised agitations to fight oppression and exploitation, which is the main objective of DSS. It distanced itself from politics and boycotted elections.

Karnataka Dalit Sangharsha Samithi:
The DSS in Karnataka, later established relationship with politicians. When Devanoor Mahadeva was the State Convener of DSS, he expressed support to Janata Party. Prof. Siddalingaiah, a think tank of DSS was nominated to Karnataka Legislative Council of the Ramakrishna Hegde Government.

This angered prof. B.Krishnappa and many of DSS workers. He contested Kolar Loksabha election through DSS and lost in 1991. DSS has created cadre-based organisation in the grass-roots level to fight against inequality and discrimination.

As a majority of SCs and STs are landless, DSS has launched land struggles and succeeded in getting ownership right to landless Dalits all over the state. After 1990 , difference and leadership issues split the organisation into sub-groups and it lost its collective spirit.

IV. Ten Marks Questions.

Question 19.
Explain the types of Social Movements.
Answer:
Types of Social Movements:
Though it is difficult to classify social movements we can study the types and social movements as follows
M.S.A.Rao classified social movements into three types
(A) Reform Movements:
Which bring about partial changes in the value-para-digm of society.

(B) Revolutionary Movepients:
which bring about radical changes in the totality of social and cultural systems of society characterised by conflict and violence.

(C) Transformative Movements:
Aim at affecting middle level structured changes, which wish to bring about changes in the distribution of power privilage, rights and resources, compared to reform movements, the elements of conflict shape in these movements.

Ghanshyam Shah presents eight types of social movements in India.

• Peasants Movements
• Tribal Movements
• Dalit Movements
• Backward Class Movements
• Women’s Movement
• Students Movement
• Middle Class Movements
• Industrial Workers Movements.

The most popular and currently used classification are old and new social movement.
(a) Old Social Movement:
This refers to the conventional ‘old’ themes of peasant, tribe and industrial worker. These old themes sometimes continue to persist as the main concern. The second orientation is the issues of identity, enviornment and collective moblisations of people on the questions relating to gender and social justice etc.,

(b) New Social Movement (NSM):
are the reflections of a new represenation of society characterised by post-capitalism and post-industrialism. The ethos of NSMs germinated in India during Freedom movement in the 1920’s and 1930’s. The emphasis on swadeshi (indigenous), village handicrafts,, self-help, native small scale industries and boycott of foreign goods as weapon to defend the self-identity and to fight against the British colonialism in India. The Boodan-gramdan and Savodaya Movements are the example par- excellence of the new social movements in India.

The new social movements are divided into,

1. Inclusivist Movements
2. Exclusivist Movements

1. The Inclusivist Movements:
Actively articulate generally universalised, non-violent and mostly, pan-humansit values. These movements find their manifestations in the collective struggles for identity, equality, dignity and socialjustice. The collective protests and mobilizations of women and the Dalits in India belong to inclusivist movements.

Former’s movements fighting the state for fair prices of their agricultural produce, cheaper chemical manure and reasonable cost of electirc power also belong to this type of movement. Most of NSMS struggle for socialjustice and equality.

They also aim at resolving the socia structural anomalies of society such as discrimination of the human on basis of caste, region and race. These movements are non-radical, non-separatist and non-autonomist.

2. The Eclusivist Movements:
Generally develop the conception of the other and hold them responsible for their miseries. These movements instead of integrating the members of the community in socially cohesive ’whole’ split the population in ’we’ and ’they’. ’The son of soil’ paradigm of sub¬nationalist type of movements. Most of the exclusivist movements generally give a call to the community to rise in defence of their social, economic and cultural identity.

The mobilising slogan is that the ’purity’ and the symbol of their cultual essence and heritage are in danger; sub-nationalist mobilisation in the state of Assam with a slogan that ‘Assam is for the Assamese’. In the recent past, the call for ‘Gorkhaland’ in West Bengal and ’Uttarakhand’ in Uttar Pradesh illustrates the character of exclusivist movements.

Question 20.
Explain the Farmers Movement in Karnataka.
Answer:
Farmer’s Movement in Karnataka:
In Karnataka, there were several peasants movements before and after Independence.
Some Important Movements are:
Kagodu Movement/Kagodu Sathyagraha:
Jn post-independent India ‘Kagodu Sathyagraha’ at Kagodu Village in Sagar Taluk, Shimoga District, was unique. Fendal system was prevalent in Kagodu since British rule. Joaidars, tnamdaars, Jahagirdars and Desais were local land lords. The upper class landlords enjoyed all privileged, landless tenants lived in Misery. Tenants had to pay the landlords fixed measure of agriculture produce.

While the measure in other places was sixty, the kagodu land lords imposed sixty three. During 1950-51, the tenants agitated against the feudal loids to claim rights over the land, and also to protest against fixing of excess agricultural produce as sooraguppe, Yalakundi, Chikkanellooru, Kaanle, tade-galale, Keladi and they organised themselves under the leadership of H.Ganapathiyappa, Shantaveri Gopalagowda, Sadashivaraya and others.

Dr.Rammanohar Lohia also supported the agitation and his entry took a new turn and was aimed at a single slogan ‘land to the tiller.’ The ’Kagodu Satyagraha’ forced the Government to allot the leads to the tiller and after two and a half decades of struggle ‘Land to the Tiller’ was legalised and introduced in the dopoint programme of the Government.

The Malaprabha Agitation:
The construction of Malaprabha Dam over Malaprabha river and irrigation introduced in 1973-74 lead to salinity and water logging. A number of factors like the stop fall in the price of varalakshmi cotton in 1974-75 also responsible for this agitation.

Other factors responsible for the agitation are:
1. Issue of Price Stability:
The farmers were encouraged to grow Varalakshmi Cotton and hyrid varieties of Jowar. They did not mind the costly inputs of fertilizer, hybird seeds, pesticides as long as the returns were appealing. But in ,1,978-79 the price of Varalakshmi Cotton fell from Rs.1000 to Rs.350 per quintal fuelling discontent.

2. Levy Issue:
On the basis of irrigation, the land value increased. But the Government uniformly increased levy on both irrigated and non-irrigated land. Inadequate channel management created water logging and salinity.

3. Role of Local Bureaucracy:
Corruption, Apathy, Redtapism, forced recoveries and failure of political leadership. The ‘Malaprabha Neeravani Pradesh Ryota Samaneaya Samiti’ in April 1980, submitted a memorandum to C.M. R.Gundu Rao demanding a more rational and systematic management of irrigation, feeder channel, proper drainage, free land leveling for small farmers, crop insurance, fixing minimum support price for cotton, nationalization of textile, jute, sugar etc.,

Delegations were sent to meet Revenue Minister Bangarappa but having failed to elicit any response, farmers of Nargunda started Satyagraha and relay hunger strike in front of Government offices. About 10,000 farmers took part in it. On July 15th 1980, Navalgunda observed a bundh in support of Nargunda farmers.

On 21st July 1980 all fire surrounding taluks gave a call for bundh which turned out to be a climax of the agitation. The agitation turned violent due to arson and destruction of public property. The police had to resort to fining which killed an agitator. The frustrations and resentments and provocation by misercants and the foolishness of local administration and police can be recalled.

Anti-price Agitation:
The Navalgunda-Naragunda incidents led to agitations all over Karnataka meetings, rallies, bundhs, were organised which often turned violent and many lives were lost. The few concessions announced by the Government failed to pacify the farmers. Farmers facing similar problems in the Ghataprabha command area in Belgaum District started raising their issues.

Moreover the Gataprabha farmers were penalized for having grown sugarcane illegally. Other regions in Karnataka in Shimoga, Mandya, Raichur, Bellary, etc. also got stimulus from Malaprabha incidents. Farmers in Hubli and Dharwad started agitation for higher compensation for ends acquired in Industrial Belts and also for jobs for their children.

The Rise of Rudrappa’s Ryota Sangha:
Ryota Sanghas were active in Shimoga, Mandya, Belgaum, Bijapur, Bellary and Dharwad districts on a non-party basis. These sangas along with Malaprabha Farmers Co-ordination Committee had a joint meeting in 1980 and drafted 19 demands presented later in 1980.

The meeting also decided to launch intensive sathyagraha to fight for these demands. The prominent leaders who led the agitation were Hoskeri N.N.Halakatti, B.R.Yargal, N.D.Sundaresh, Prof.M.D.Nanjundaswamy, H.S.Rudrappa, C.M.Revanna Siddaiah and others.

Rudrappa and Sundaresh were instrumental in bringing about these changes. They were elected president and secretary respectively of ‘Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha’ (KRRS). Rudrappa having all the practical knowledge of farmers problems, wanted to establish a sugar factory on a co-operative basis.

He could not succeed in his attempt and finally started ‘Shimoga Kabbu Belegarara Sangha’ in 1979. He also organised district Ryota Sangha meant to attend to the problems of all farmers. Both the sanghas supported the Malaprabha command area farmer’s agitation.

Narayana Swamy Naidu and Shivasmamy, peasant leaders of Tamil Nadu, toured the state and called on farmers to organise themselves on a non-caste and non party basis.

Question 21.
List out any farmer’s demands as presented by KRRS.
Answer:
Character of Nineteen Demands of Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha. Rudrappa, Sundaresh and Nanjundaswamy presented the farmers’ demands to the Chief Minister Gundu Rao on October 17, 1980.

1. Release unconditionally all farmers arrested in various movements and withdraw cases against them.
2. Waive loans owned by farmers so far to the Government. Give-fresh loans at simple interest, without mediation of Banks and co¬operatives.
3. The scale of loans should keep up withe the rising expenses of cultivation.
4. Return all properly attached and auctioned for non-payment of loans.
5. Abolish land revenue and betterment levy; reduce water rates; abolish water rate for tank water and seepage water, and for lands which are not supplied with water; abolish agricultural income tax.
6. Remove tax and other restrictions on the use of tractors, trailers of formers.
7. Abolish purchase tax on sugarcane with effect from 1979-80.
8. Reduce electricity charges to 6 1/2 paise/unit.
9. Fix agricultural prices scientifically, based on man-hours spent, mean while the Government should buy the agricultural produce at a reasonable rate.
10. The principle for price fixation is that price should be real in the sense that they should have parity with the prices of inputs and man-hours spent.
11. Declare agriculture as an industry, and extend all facilities enjoyed by industrial labour to agriculture also.
12. Provide crop insurance throughout the state, without demanding premium from farmers.
13. Every farmer and farm labour should get old age pension.
14. Agricultural laborers should be given wages and other facilities as in the case of industrial workers, not only right price to farmers, but also right wage to labourers should be fixed from time to time.
15. To reduce pressure on land, give governmental land to landless labour and help them in cultivating it under government supervision.
16. Give lands to tenants without occupancy price and give lump sum compensation to land owners.
17. Allocate 80% of plan expenditure on village development.
18. Provide travel-worthy roads in country side.
19. Reserve 50% seats in educational institutions and employment for farmer’s children.

Chief Minister Gundu Rao announced immediate acceptance of 12 out of 19 demands and promised to consider the rest after receiving approval from the centre and the RBI.

Question 22.
Describe Women’s Movement in India.
Answer:
The history of women’s movement in India may be divided into two phases:

1. The Pre-Independence Phase
2. The Post-Independence Phase

1. Pre-Independence Phase:
Indian Women’s Movement (IWM) emerged as a part of the social reform movement in British rule. Initially, men and later women-reformers devotedly bore social ridicule, religious ex-communication and loneliness to fight against some of the injustices perpetrated on women, especially widows, who were ill-treated due to sati system, prostitution, child marriage etc., under their pressure the British passed a law-banning ‘sati’ in 1829.

The women were practically un-educated arid confined to household chories. Arya Samaj and Brahma Samaj, the reformist organisations, provided’ a space for socializing and education. By early 1900’s, women’s organizations based on language, religion or welfare services proliferated, mainly in urban areas.

A Brahmin women’s home was built by Subbalaxmi Ammal in Madras, the Mahila Samaj in Mysore, Bhagini Samaj in Pune, Chamanbhai Maternity and Child Welfare Board in Baroda. The All India women’s conference (AIWC), established in 1924, became the single largest voice of divergent groups, infused all its old and new demands with an equal rights perspective.

The demand for education was broadened to a demand for co-education, while reform of law included marriage, divorce and inheritance, economic equality included a right to one’s husband’s income and pension for widows and surprisingly the right to abortion too was included.

2. Post-Independence Phase:
Independence brought the promise of an egalitarian, democratic society in which both men and women have a voice. Middle class women joined the expanding service and educational sectors, government or professional. By 1960s it was clear that the promises of independence remained unfulfilled.

The 1960’s and 1970’s saw a spate of movement in which the women also actively participated, which transferred movements like peasants movements etc., from within.

The well-prepared ’ideological’ base laid in the earlier phases of the Indian Women’s Movement by thinkers like Jyothi Rao Phule, Gandhi, Ambedkar, Jayaprakash Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia drew women into active participation and induced them to introduce radical changes in their lives have made it easier for women to participate and for parties and organisers to encourage them.

At the outset, communist party supported the empowerment of women in 1975, the Lai Nishan Party, mooted the idea of holding a women’s conference which was organised by joint women’s committee. The Communist Party of India (Marxist) also organised a national seminar on women in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.

Some unknown camps were held by women in Shahada in Maharashtra, raising the issue of wife-beating and alcoholism. In Hyderabad radical women students of Progressive Organisation of Women (POW) initiated a campaign against sexual harassment and dowry. The socialists held meetings of devdasis and Muslim women.

During the 1980’s Stree Mukti Sangatana, the Socialist Women’s Group of Bombay organised study circles and first women activists meeting. The Stree Shakti Sanghatana in Hyderabad,Parogami Sanghatana in Pune, The Stree Sangarsh and Mahila Dakshata in Delhi, Pennurimai lyyakam in Madras, Vimochana in Bangalore are few new and well-known organisations.

Due to the instances of violence against women, the feminists sought to create public awareness through protest marches, sit-in strikes and media publicity. These factors led to growing realization within the Women’s Movements that the state is usually eager to pass ostensibly pro-women laws which increase its punitive powers.

But it does not have the same commitment to implement social legislations that would help to change gender relations. The Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Act 1986 did not ban dowry perse but merely made provisions for the aggrieved person or a recognised welfare organisation to file a case under the Act.

The women’s organisation have under taken gender sensitization programmes, provided support to women in distress and remained vigilant against sexist bias in national policies and implementations. These include invasive reproduction and family planning technologies, discriminatory practices in education and employment and laws that counter vail gender equality.

New Women’s Movements also include chipko movement (to save the sub-himaliyan region from deforestation) the protest against politics in university campuses (against the growing corruption unemployment and education mismanagement) and the critical questions raised by academic women about the lack of information on women.

The hastily introduced centralised planning adversely affected women who were unable to enter the new labour market of industrialization. Educational policies and programmes had failed to check the growing gap between the male and female literacy rates. Over the years, there have been a drastic change in the strategies and programmes adopted by women’s groups.

With sufficient commitments and enthusiasm, women’s groups thought to use Government development programmes to initiate discussions on Gender bias. Indicating this potential is the Total Literacy Programme’ initiated by the Government since 1988-90 which in a brief space of five years, snow-balled into a wide spread mobilization of women.

By far the most visible outcome of this empowerment is the ’Anti¬Arrack Movement’ in an adult literacy class by village women which forced the state government to declare Andhra Pradesh a dry area. A lesson against alcoholism in a primer intiated a spontaneous blockade by women in the import of into Dubigunta, a village of Andhra Pradesh.

The Government has been cognizance of the demands made by women’s group and amended the existing rape and dowry laws, legislated on amniocentesis tests to curb female foetide, introduced reservation quota for women in local bodies and set up the national commission for women to look into the policies and programmes affecting women.

The women’s movement has remained predoiminantly middle class. The women’s movement in India has chosen to influence and pressurize the state and its organs rather than oppose, fight and seize state power.

2nd PUC Sociology Social Movements Additional Questions and Answers

I. One Mark Questions.

Question 1.
Mention any one type of Social Movement.
Answer:
Backward Class Movement.

Question 2.
Mention any one type of Exclusivist Movement.
Answer:
The Movement for Telangana.

Question 3.
Mention any one typology of peasants movements in India as presented by Kathleen Gough.
Answer:
Mass in Corrections.

Question 4.
Mention any one factor for the peasant movement of India.
Answer:
The Collection of heavy revenue.

Question 5.
Mention one factor for Kagodu Movement.
Answer:
The issue of price stability.

Question 6.
Mention one demand of KRRS.
Answer:
Provide crop insurance through out state, without demanding premium from farmers.

Question 7.
Mention any major issue of KRRS movements.
Answer:
Environmental Issue.

Question 8.
Why did the Neera Movement Start?
Answer:
Coconut farming belt of Karnataka was affected by pests and no amount of pesticide or conventional method could save the trees, this put farmers into hardship and prof. Nanjunda Swamy started the ’Neera Movement’ to argument the farmers income.

Question 9.
Who founded the ‘Satya Shodak Samaj’.
Answer:
Jyothi Rao Phule.

Question 10.
Name the organisation founded by Basaweshwara
Answer:
Anubhava Mantapa.