2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 8 Social Change in India

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 8 Social Change in India

2nd PUC Sociology Social Change in India Text Book Questions and Answers

I. One Mark Questions.

Question 1.
Who introduced the concept of Sanskritization?
Answer:
M.N.Srinivas.

Question 2.
Who is the author of the book ‘Religion and Society’ among the coorgs of South India.
Answer:
M.N.Srinivas.

Question 3.
What is Sanskritization?
Answer:
The tendency among the low castes to move higher in the caste hierarchy in a generation or two by adopting vegetarianism and teetotalism and by Sanskritizing its rituals. – M.N.Srinivas.

Question 4.
What do mean by ‘Dwija’?
Answer:
’Dwija’ means twice born, first by physical birth and next by initiation of a Guru.

Question 5.
Who wrote the book called ‘Social Change in Modern India’.
Answer:
M.N.Srinivas.

Question 6.
Who introduced the concept of Westernization.
Answer:
M.N.Srinivas.

Question 7.
What is Westernization?
Answer:
Westernization are the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 15 years of British rule, and the term subsumes changes occuring at different levels, technology, institutions, ideology, values.

Question 8.
Who introduced the term ‘Modernization’.
Answer:
Daniel Learner.

Question 9.
Name any one characteristic of Modernization.
Answer:
A temper of Science.

Question 10.
Who introduced the term Globalization.
Answer:
Theodore Levitt.

II. Two Marks Questions.

Question 11.
Define Sanskritization.
Answer:
A process by which a low Hindu caste or a tribe or other group changes its customs, rituals, ideology and way of life in the direction of high, frequently twice-born caste.

Question 12.
Define Westernization?
Answer:
Westernization virtually indicates the process of imitation of western life-styles by the Indian.

Question 13.
Define Modernization.
Answer:
Modernization is the process of social change whereby less developed societies acquire the characteristics common to developed societies.

Question 14.
Define Globalization.
Answer:
Globalization refers to the growing interdependence of societies across the world, with the spread of the same culture and economic interests across the globe.

Question 15.
Name any two areas of Westernization.
Answer:

• Technology
• New Institutions.

Question 16.
Name any two characteristics of Modernization.
Answer:

• Secularism
• Investment in human resources.

III. Five Marks Questions.

Question 17.
List out the five major aspects of Sanskritization.
Answer:

1. Ritual
2. Marriage
3. Treatment of Widows
4. Treatment of Womens
5. Kinship.

Question 18.
List out the five causes of Modernization.
Answer:

1. Education
2. Communication
3. Ideology based on Nationalism
4. Charismatic Leadership
5. Coercive Government Authority.

Question 19.
Explain the process of Modernization of India.
Answer:
Process of Modernization in India.
1. At the Economic Structural Level:
There is a persistent and growing tendency to adopt the rational mechanized industrial economy in place of older communal familistic tool economy. This is even responsible for the breakdown of traditional systems like Jajmani System.

2. At the Political Structural Level:
The change in the power structure is being introduced through the abolition of semi-feudal group oriented power structure of the past and by replacing it by a rational parliamentary democratic structure of power.

3. At the Cultural Level:
The change in the realm of values is from sacred value system to secular value system.

4. At the Social Structural Level:
There is a decline in the traditional principle of ascribed status and role to achieve status and role.

Question 20.
Explain the contributing factors of Globalisation.
Answer:
Anthony Giddens in his work ‘Sociology’ has explained the following factors contributing to Globalization.
1. The Rise of Information and Communication Technology:
The explosion in global communication has been facilitated by a number of important advances in technology and the world’s telecommunications infrastructure satellite communication has also contributed to International communication. In countries with highly developed communication systems, homes and offices now have multiple links to the whole world.

Telephones, Digital Satellite and cable TV, e-mail and the Internet. 140 million people were using the internet in mid-1998 and in 2013 2.4 billion were using the internet. The use of internet, telephones, computer networking, television known as information and communication technology – ITc – have revolutionized the world communication in an amazing manner.

The expansion of ITC has brought about a time-space compression. Although IT industry has exited in India since 1980’s, it is only after the new telecome policy of 1999, which introduced private players that communication has been on the rise. The reduced rates in international calling and outsourcing by big corporations have made India one of the leading to Business process outsourcing (BPO)which resulted in call centres and data processing centres.

The world is even more connected by the facts that world events, entertainment, issues are beamed to you in your living room TV through this you donot participate in it directly one becomes a part of global community of audience and participants.

2. Information Flows:
Globalization has facilitated the flow of information about people and events in distant places. The global media bring news, images and information into homes, linking them directly and continously to the outside world. Some of the most gripping events of the past two decades such as the fall of the Berlin wall, the violent crack down in democratic protesters in China’s.

Tiananmen Square and the Terrorist attacks on Bombay in 11th September 2011, spring movement in Arabian Countries have unfolded through the media to a global audience. In the case of natural disasters, interventions of humanitarian relief and technical assistance have been made.

3. Economic Factors:
Globalization is also being driven forward by the integration of the world economy. In contrast to previous eras, the global economy is no longer primarily agricultural or industrial in its basis. Rather, it is increasingly dominated by activating that is weightless and intangible. This weightless and intangible.

This weightless economy is one in which products have their base in information, as is the case with computer software, media and entertainment products and internet-based services. The emergence of the knowledge society has been linked to the development of a broad base of consumers who are technologically literate and eagerly integrate new advances in computing, entertainment and telecommunications into their every day lives.

The very operation of the global economy reflects the changes that have occurred in the information age. Many aspects of the economy now work through networks that cross national boundaries, rather than stopping at them. In order to be competitive in globalizing conditions, business and corporations have restructured themselves to be more flexible and less hierarchical in nature.

4. Transnational Corporations:
In globalization the role of transnational companies and corporations is particularly important. Transnational corporations are companied that produce goods or market services in more than one country.

Some of the biggest transnational corporations are companies known all around the world; Coco-cola, Pepsi, Johnson and Johnson, Ford, General Motors, Colgate- Palmotive, Kodak, Mitsu-Bishi and many others Indian corporations like Reliance, TATA’s, Birla Group, Infosys, Mahindras, TVS Group, Wipro and etc., Even when Trans-national corporations have a clear national base, they are oriented towards global markets and global profits. They are at the centre of economic globalization.

5. The Electronic Economy:
The electronic economy is another factor that underpins economic globalization. Banks, Corporations, Fund managers and individual investors are able to shift funds internationally with the click of a mouse. As the global economy becomes increasingly integrated, a financial collapse in one part of the world can have an enormous effect on distant economies.

IV. Ten Marks Questions.

Question 21.
Explain the factors of Sanskritization.
Answer:
Major Factors of Sankritization:
1. Rituals:
Inspite of the theoretical existence of certain restrictions the low castes or other groups did manage to imitate the customs and rites of ‘Twice-born’ (DW- IJAS) castes. This is the best way of claiming higher position in the caste hierarchy.

2. Marriage:
According to a strict rule of Brahminism, a Brahmin should give his daughter in marriage before she attains puberty. Pre-puberty marriages were common. It was foremost duty of a Brahmin father to get his daughter married before puberty, otherwise he would be committing a grave sin. The marriage’s were indissoluble.

Among low-caste Hindus, past- puberty marriages were common and the dissolution of marriage was possible. In order to rise up in the caste Hierarchy, the low Hindu castes started practicing pre-puberty marriages and these marriages became indissoluble.

3. Treatment of Widows:
Brahmin widows were not allowed to remarry and were treated miserablely. She was required to shave her head and was not allowed to wear jewellery or ornaments. She was regarded as in a suspicious and not allowed to attend auspicious functions.

Among the lower-castes marriage; was dissoluble, and widow remarriages were practised widows were not required to shave their heads, regulations of sexual behaviour was not strict. To imitate the Brahmins the lower castes started practising the ways of Brahmins and banned widow remarriage and started treating in the manner of Brahmins.

4. Treatment of Women:
Higher-caste women held a secondary position and were treated badly. Rirginity in brides and chastity in wives were preferred. A wife was expected to treat her husband as God. Women were required to perform a number of ’Vratas’ or religious vows with the aim of wishing a long life for the husband.

At the time of menstruation, child birth, the higher caste women were treated as untouchables and their presence as inauspicious. Women of lower-castes generally received good treatment and occupy good position. But to imitate the higher-castes, lower-castes started treating women badly and were given secondary position.

5. Kinship:
According to M.N.Srinivas ’In the sphere of kinship, sanskritization stresses the importance in the patrilineal lineage, sanskritization results in increasing the importance of sons. The Sanskrit word ‘Putra’ means son who prevents his parents from going to hell called ‘put’. The members of high castes prefer sons to daughter, whereas among the lower castes both boys and girls were preferred.

For instance among the non-brahmin though son was preferred, a daughter is also demanded. The treatment that women recetred was not as bad as that of Brahmins. Now-a-days lower castes prefer sons to daughters.

6. Ideology:
The Brahmins used ideas and values expressed in Sanskrit literature such as Karma, Darma, Punya, Maya, Samskara, Moksha etc., frequently in their conservations. The lower-castes were exposed to these ideas and values, which now has become frequent in their conversation.

7. Food Habitas:
Brahmins in India are strict non-vegetarian, except Kashmiri and Saraswatha Brahmins. The lower castes usually are non-vegetarians. Sanskritization resulted in the lower castes, imitating the food-habits of higher castes and becoming strict vegetarians and teetotalers to raise in the caste hierarchy.

8 Dress Habits:
Dwijas were entitled to wear the sacred thread ‘Janivar’ at the vedic rite of ’Upanayana’ while shudras do not some old castes wear the sacred thread and also imitated the dress style such as wearing doti, shalya, turban, kachche, panche so on.

9. Nomenclature:
Many of the low-castes started giving names to new born members of the higher casfes. For example in place of traditional names and typical names such as Kariya, Kempa, Kala, Horini,’ Thimmi, Kempi etc., they started naming such as Rama, Krishna, Shankara, Madhava, Gowri, Parvathi, Lakshmi, Shoba, Radha and so on.

Question 22.
Explain the contributing factors of Globalisation.
Answer:
Globalization:
The term ’Globalization’ was coined by Theodore Levitt, a former professor at Harvard Business School. Globalisation refers to the growing interdependence of societies across the world, with the spread of the same culture and economic interests across the Glove.

Globalisation is created by the coming together of political, social, cultural and economic factors. The development of information and communication technologies has intensified the speed and scope of interaction between people all over the world.

Factors of Contributing to Globalization: Anthony Giddens in his work ’Sociology’ has explained the following factors contributing to Globalization.
1. The Rise of Information and Communication Technology:
The explosion in global communication has been facilitated by a number of important advances in technology and the world’s telecommunications infrastructure satellite communication has also contributed to International communication. In countries with highly developed communication systems, homes and offices now have multiple links to the whole world.

Telephones, Digital Satellite and cable TV, e-mail and the Internet. 140 million people were using the internet in mid 1998 and in 2013 2.4 billion were using the internet. The use of internet, telephones, computer networking, television known as information and communication technology – ITc – have revolutionized the world communication in an amazing manner.

The expansion of ITC has brought about a time-space compression. Although IT industry has exited in India since 1980’s, it is only after the new telecom policy of 1999, which introduced private players that communication has been on the rise. The reduced rates in international calling and outsourcing by big corporations have made India one of the leading to Business process outsourcing (BPO)which resulted in call centres and data processing centres.

The world is even more connected by the facts that world events, entertainment, issues are beamed to you in your living room TV through this you do not participate in it directly one becomes a part of global community of audience and participants.

2. Information Flows:
Globalization has facilitated the flow of information about people and events in distant places. The global media bring news, images and information into homes, linking them directly and continuously to the outside world. Some of the most gripping events of the past two decades such as the fall of the Berlin wall, the violent crack down in democratic protesters in China’s.

Tiananmen Square and the Terrorist attacks on Bombay on 11th September 2011, spring movement in Arabian Countries have unfolded through the media to a global audience. In the case of natural disasters, interventions of humanitarian relief and technical assistance have been made.

3. Economic Factors:
Globalization is also being driven forward by the integration of the world economy. In contrast to previous eras, the global economy is no longer primarly agricultural or industrial in its basis. Rather, it is increasingly dominated by activating that is weightless and intangible. This weightless and intangible.

This weightless economy is one in which products have their base in information, as is the case with computer software, media and entertainment products and internet- based services. The emergence of the knowledge society has been linked to the development of a broad base of consumers who are technologically literate and eagerly integrate new advances in computing, entertainment and telecommunications into their every day lives.

The very operation of the global economy reflects the changes that have occurred in the information age. Many aspects of the economy now work through networks that cross national boundaries, rather than stopping at them. In order to be competitive in globalizing, conditions, business and corporations have restructured themselves to be more flexible and less hierarchical in nature.

4. Transnational Corporations:
In globalization the role of transnational companies and corporations is particularly important. Transnational corporations are companied that produce goods or market services in more than one country. Some of the biggest transnational corporations are companies known all around the world; Coco-cola, Pepsi, Johnson and Johnson, Ford, General Motors, Colgate- Palmolive, Kodak, Mitsu-Bishi and many others Indian corporations like Reliance, TATA’s, Birla Group, Infosys, Mahindras, TVS Group, Wipro and etc., Even when Trans-national corporations have a clear national base, they are oriented towards global markets and global profits. They are at the centre of economic globalization.

5. The Electronic Economy:
The electronic economy is another factor that underpins economic globalization. Banks, Corporations, Fund managers and individual investors are able to shift funds internationally with the click of a mouse. As the global economy becomes increasingly integrated, a financial collapse in one part of the world can have an enormous effect on distant economies.

6. Political Changes:
The political changes in the contemporary world has driven globalization.
(I) The collapse of soviet communication in 1991, has led the former soviet bloc countries to adopt western political and economic systems, dhd also the collapse of communism has hastened this process, and also is a result of globalization.

(II) The important political factor leading to intersifying globalization is the ‘Growth of International and Regional Mechanisms of Government’ The ‘United Nations’ and the ‘European Union’, ’SAARC’, ’Bries’ are the important international organisations that bring nation-states together into a common political forum.

Finally, globalisation is driven by ‘International Governmental organisation’ (INGOs). An IGO is a body that is established by participating Governments and given responsibility for regulating or over seeing a particular domain of activity that is transnational in scope.

The first such body, ‘The international Telegraph union’, was founded in 1865. Since then, a great number of similar bodies have been created to regulate issues ranging from civil areation to broadcasting to the disposal of hazardous waste. In 1909, there were only 37 IGOs in existence but by 1996 there were 260.

Independent organisations that work alongside government bodies in making policy decisions and addressing international issues. Some of the best known INGOs are ‘Green peace’, ‘Medicines Sans Border’, ‘Red Cross’ and Amnesty International, which are involved in environmental protection and humanitarian efforts. The acitivities of lesser known groups also link together countries and communities.

Question 23.
Explain Westernization and its major aspects.
Answer:
Westernization is another major cultural process of change. The term westernization was introduced by the Indian sociologist M.N.Srinivas. It has been used to analyze the exogenous source of social change in contemporary India.

M.N.Srinivas in his book ‘Social Change in Modern India’ explains Westernization in these words, “The changes brought about in Indian Society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels, technology, institutions, ideology, values.”
Major aspects of Westernization:
1. Technology:
The new and large scale industries introduced by the British exposed Indians to the influence of western technology. Widespread use of the western technology led to the process of industrialization. The process of industrialization is normally associated with the growth of towns and’ cities which started attracting people from the rural areas.

The cities provided a favourable atmosphere for the spread of western influence. Technology led to the development in the fields of communication, post and telegraph, telephone, radio, railways, roadways etc., Radical progress in the field of transport and communication added greater spread of western way of life.

2. New Institution:
Westernization brought changes in the institutional system also. For eg:

• Traditional educational institutions were replaced by western formal educational institutions such as schools, college, technical institutions, research centres, universities etc., English became the medium of language in these institutions and gained prominence. It also served to spread English culture.
• In the place of traditional caste panchayats the modern law legislation, court, police and other legal system came to stay.
• The modern capitalist mode of economy give a fatal blow to the existing Tajmani system. New commercial establishments banks, and new accounting system came to the established.
• New institutional arrangements such as Life Insurance Schemes, Social Security Scheme etc. in order to provide protection and security to people when ever required.

3. Ideology and Value:
Westernization implies certain value preferences also. Humanitarianism, Rationalism, Egalitarianism and values had a great impact on Indians. They changed the traditional attitudes and outlook of the people. Western ideologies and values provided inspiration for social reform movement, such as Brahma Samaja, Arya Samaja, Ramakrishna Mission and so on.

Question 24.
Criticize the process of Sanskritization and Westernization.
Answer:
Criticism of Sanskritization:

1. Since the reference group is not always Brahminis but in many cases, it is the local dominant caste.
2. Sanskritization primarily analyse social change in cultural- and not in structural aspects.
3. Srinivas’ Model fexplains the process of social change only in India, which is based on the caste system.
4. Yogendra Sharma maintains that Sanskritization fails to account for many aspects of cultural changes in the past and contemporary India as it neglects the non-Sanskrit traditions.
5. In some parts of the country, what were imitated by lower castes were not Sanskrit traditions but Islamic traditions. In Punjab Sikkism emerged as a synthesis of Hindu tradition with the Islamic movements of sulfism and mysticism.

Criticisms of Westernization:
Sociologists have pointed out certain limitations in the analysis of change. The important are as follows:

1. According to Yogendra Singh, Westernization is a concept primarily focused to analyse cultural changes and have no scope for systematic explanation of changes in social structure.
2. Westernization denotes the impact of British on India. This view appears to be narrow in post¬independence period, the impact of Russian and American on India has been considerable.
3. M.N.Srinivas prefers the term Westernization to ’Modernization’, whereas Daniel Lerner, Herald Gould, Milten Singer and Yogendra Singh prefer Modernization in the place of Westernization. He considers the later term as subjective and the former term as objective.
4. According to Zeter Berg, Westernization is theoretically a loose term. It is devoid of any theory; it contains no hypothesis.
5. According to Ram Ahuja, the form and pace of Westernization of India raried from region to region and from one section to another, ’For instance, one group of people became westernized in their dress, diet, manner, speech, sports, while the other absorbed western science, knowledge, literature, remaining relatively traditional, for eg: some people accepted the dress and English education, using gadgets like Radio, Car etc., but they did not accept the British diet, dancing, hunting and etc., This distinction is however only of relative emphasis.
6. According to ’Daniel Learner’ the concept of Westernization is unsuitable because, some important components of western technological superiority were derived from ancient India, Gunpowder, printing type and paper were all invented in China;
7. According to B.Kuppaswamy, the concept of Westernization as used by M.N.Srinivas covers three aspects viz
   • Behavioral aspects, like eating, drinking, dressing, dancing etc.,
   • The knowledge aspects like literature, science etc., and
   • The value like humanitarianism, secularism etc.,

2nd PUC Sociology Social Change in India Additional Questions and Answers

I. One Mark Questions.

Question 1.
Name the two categories of the sources of change.
Answer:
Endogenous and Exogenous.

Question 2.
Name the categories of Endogenous change.
Answer:
Sanskritization, westernization, modernization and globalization.

Question 3.
Name some low castes who imitated Brahmins.
Answer:
Kshatriyas, Vaishya, Jats, Lingayats, Vokkalingas and Reddies.

Question 4.
Mention one factor of Sanskritization.
Answer:
Rituals.

Question 5.
What is Modernization according to W.W.Rustow and L.F.Ward.
Answer:
‘The basic process in modernization is the application of modern science to human affairs.

Question 6.
Mention one important characteristic of Modernization.
Answer:
A temper of science.

Question 7.
Mention one process of Modernization.
Answer:
Education is one process of modernization.

Question 8.
Who wrote the book ‘Modernization of Indian Tradition’?
Answer:
Yogendra Singh.

Question 9.
Mention one factor of Globalization.
Answer:
The rise of information and communications technology.

Question 10.
Mention one Transnational Company.
Answer:
General Motors.

Question 11
Mention one International Government Organisation.
Answer:
SAARC.

Question 12.
Mention one International non¬Government Organisation.
Answer:
Green-peace.

Question 13.
Write one major dimension of Global outlook.
Answer:
“As a global community people increasingly perceive that social responsibility does not stop at national borders”.

Question 14.
Which company manufactures Barbie-Doll.
Answer:
American Toy Company Mattel, Inc.

II. Two Marks Questions.

Question 15.
List out the process of Modernization.
Answer:

1. Inventive outlook.
2. Invention of new tools and techniques.
3. Flexibility of social structures and continuing identity.

Question 16.
List out two causes for modernization.
Answer:

1. Communication
2. Charismatic leadership.

III. Five Marks Questions.

Question 17.
List out the five causes of Modernization.
Answer:

1. Education
2. Communication
3. Ideology based on Nationalism
4. Charismatic Leadership.
5. Coercive Government authority.