# 2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 6 Statistical Inference

Students can Download Statistics Chapter 6 Statistical Inference Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, 2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and to clear all their doubts, score well in final exams.

## Karnataka 2nd PUC Statistics Question Bank Chapter 6 Statistical Inference

Section – A

### 2nd PUC Statistics Statistical Inference One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is simple random sample?
A simple random sample is a sample that is chosen in such a way where every unit has a possibility to be selected.

Question 2.
What is parameter?
A parameter is a statistical constant of the population or It is population constant.

Question 3.
What is statistic?
A statistic is the function of a sample value or it is sample constant.

Question 4.
What is parameter space?
The parameter space is the set of all admissible values of the parameter.

Question 5.
What is sample space?
Sample space is the set of the samples that can be drawn from the population.

Question 6.
What is sampling distribution of a statistic?
Sampling distribution of a statistic refers to the different values of the sample size.

Question 7.
What is standard error?
Standard error is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic.

Question 8.
Write the formula of S.E (x̄)
S.E(x̄) = $$\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}$$

Question 9.
Given σ2 = 9 cm2 and n = 36 calculate standard error of sample mean.
σ2 = 9, σ = √9 = 3 n = 36
S.E.(x̄) = $$\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}=\frac{3}{\sqrt{36}}=\frac{3}{6}$$ = 0.5

Question 10.
Write the formula of S.E.(x̄1 – x̄2)
S.E.(x̄1 – x̄2) = $$\sqrt{\frac{\sigma_{1}^{2}}{\mathrm{n}_{1}}+\frac{\sigma_{2}^{2}}{\mathrm{n}_{2}}}$$

Question 11.
Sizes of two samples are 50 and 100 population standard deviations are 20 and 10. Compute S.E.(x̄1 – x̄2)
n1 = 50, n2 = 100, σ1 = 20 and σ2 = 10
S.E.(x̄1 – x̄2) = $$\sqrt{\frac{\sigma_{1}^{2}}{\mathrm{n}_{1}}+\frac{\sigma^{2}}{\mathrm{n}_{2}}}$$ = $$\sqrt{\frac{20^{2}}{50}+\frac{10^{2}}{100}}=\sqrt{8+1}=\sqrt{9}=3$$

Question 12.
Write the formula of S.E.(P)
S.E.(P) = $$\sqrt{\frac{P Q}{n}}$$

Question 13.
If P = 0.02 and n = 64 then find S.E (P)
P = 0.02 n = 64 Q = 1 – P ⇒ 1 – 0.02 ⇒ 0.98
S.E = $$\sqrt{\frac{P Q}{n}}$$= $$\sqrt{\frac{(0.02)(0.98)}{64}}=\sqrt{\frac{0.0196}{64}}=0.0175$$

Question 14.
If P = 0.5 and n = 100 then find S.E(P)
P = 0.5; n = 100 Q = 1 – P ⇒ 1 – 0.5 ⇒ 0.5
S.E(P) = $$\sqrt{\frac{P Q}{n}}$$ = $$\sqrt{\frac{(0.5)(0.5)}{100}}=\sqrt{\frac{0.25}{100}}=0.05$$

Question 15.
Write the formula of S.E(P1 – P2) when P1 ≠ P2
S.E. (P1 – P2) when P1 ≠ P2 = $$\sqrt{\frac{\mathrm{P}_{1} \mathrm{Q}_{1}}{\mathrm{n}_{1}}+\frac{\mathrm{P}_{2} \mathrm{Q}_{2}}{\mathrm{n}_{2}}}$$

Question 16.
A lot contains 2% defective items 40 items are chosen from it. Another lot contains 1% defective items. 60 items are chosen from it. Find E(P1 – P2) and S.E (P1 – P2)
P1 = 2% P2 = l% n,1 = 40 n2 = 60
Q1 = 1 – P1 = 1 – 0.02 = 0.98
Q2 = 1 – P2 = 1 – 0.01 = 0.99
S.E(P1 – P2) = $$\sqrt{\frac{P_{1} Q_{1}}{n_{1}}+\frac{P_{2} Q}{n_{2}}}$$ ⇒ $$\sqrt{\frac{(0.02)(0.98)}{40}+\frac{(0.01)(0.99)}{60}}$$
$$=\sqrt{0.00049+0.000165}=\sqrt{0.000655}=0.0256$$
⇒ E(P1 – P2) (0.02 – 0.01) = 0.01

Question 17.
Write the formula of S.E.(P1 – P2) when P1 = P2 = P
S.E.(P1 – P2) when P1 = P2= P is $$\sqrt{P Q\left(\frac{1}{n_{1}}+\frac{1}{n_{2}}\right)}$$

Question 18.
Write the utility of standard error.

• Determine the efficiency and consistency of the statistic as an estimator.
• Obtain the confidence intervals of an estimate
• Standardise the distribution of test statistic in testing of hypothesis.

Question 19.
What is statistical inference?
Statistical inference is the theory of making decisions about the population parameters by utilising sampling and concept of probability.

Question 20.
Mention two branches of statistical inference.

1. Estimation
2. Testing of hypothesis.

Question 21.
What is meant by estimation?
Estimation is the method of obtaining the most likely value of the population parameter using statistic.

Question 22.
What is an estimator?
Any statistic which is used to estimate an unknown parameter is called as estimator.

Question 23.
What is an estimate?
Estimate is the numerical value of the unknown parameter.

Question 24.
What is point estimation?
If a single value is proposed to estimate an unknown parameter, then it is point estimation.

Question 25.
What is interval estimation?
If an interval is proposed to estimate an unknown parameter, then it is interval estimation.

Question 26.
What is confidence interval?
An interval (T1,T2) which contains an unknown parameter is called as confidence interval.

Question 27.
What are confidence limits?
The boundary values of confidence interval are confidence limits.

In this activity, students will discover the relationship between the degree and leading coefficient calculator of a polynomial.

Question 28.
What is confidence coefficient?
The probability that a confidence interval includes an unknown parameter is named as confidence coefficient.

Question 29.
What is statistical hypothesis?
A statistical hypothesis is a statement about the parameters of the population.
Ex.: H : μ = μ0

Question 30.
What is null hypothesis? Give an example?
The hypothesis is being tested for possible rejection is called as Null hypothesis.
Ex.: H0 : μ = μ0

Question 31.
What is alternative hypothesis? Give an example.
The hypothesis which is accepted when null hypothesis is rejected is called Alternative hypothesis.
E.g., If H0 : μ = μ0, then the alternative hypothesis could be H1 = population mean differs from a specified mean μ ≠ μ0 (two tailed).

Question 32.
What is type I error?
Type I error is the error which occurs by rejecting null hypothesis when it is actually true

Question 33.
What is type II error?
Type II error is the error which occurs by accepting null hypothesis when it is actually not true

Question 34.
What is size of the test?
The probability of rejecting H0, when it is true is called as the size of the test.

Question 35.
What is level of significance?
Maximum size of the test is called level of significance.

Question 36.
What is power of a test?
The probability of rejecting H0, when it is not true is called as power of a test. It is denoted by (1 – β).

Question 37.
What is critical region?
Critical region is the set of those values of the test statistic, which leads to the rejection of the null hypothesis.

Question 38.
What is critical value?
Critical value is the value which separates the critical region and acceptance region.

Question 39.
What is two tailed test?
It is a test of statistical hypothesis, where rejection region is located at both the tails of the probability curve.

Question 40.
What is one tailed test?
It is a test of statistical hypothesis, where the rejection region will be marked at only one tail of the probability curve. The rejection region will be either left of right tail of the curve depending upon the alternative hypothesis.

In testing H0 : μ = μ0 against H1 : μ < μ0 (left tailed or lower tailed) and H1: μ > μ0 (right tailed or upper tailed) are examples of one tailed tests.

Question 41.
What is null distribution
The statistical distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis is named null distribution.

Question 42.
What is test statistic?
A test statistic is based on the distribution where the test of hypothesis is conducted

### 2nd PUC Statistics Large Sample Test Exercise Problems

Question 1.
Write the testing procedure of large sample tests?
The test procedure contains following steps

• Setting up of the null hypothesis (H0)
• Setting up of the alternative hypothesis (H1)
• Identification of the test statistic and its null distribution and computation of test statistic.
• Identification of the critical region.
• Drawing a random sample and actually conducting the test
• Making the decision.

Question 2.
Write the testing procedure of population mean?
Test for population mean has following steps
1. H0: The population mean is μ0, μ = μ0

2. H1: The population mean two tailed test, μ ≠ μ0 (two tailed test)
(or) μ < μ0 (Left tailed test)
(or) μ > μ0 (right tailed test)

3. Calculation of test statistic Z = $$\frac{\bar{x}-\mu_{0}}{\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}}$$
Here x̄ = sample mean 7n
σ = population standard deviation
If it is unknown, then it should be replaced by sample standard deviation ‘s’ and ‘n’ is sample size.
Under H0 Z ~ N(0,1)

4. Depending on H1 and α the critical value ‘k’ is selected

5. If the calculated value of the test statistic (Zcal) is in acceptance region, then H0 is accepted, otherwise its rejected.

6. Prepare conclusion and make a decision.

Question 3.
A sample of 100 students is taken from a college. The mean and SD of their weights are 51 kg and 5 kg respectively, test at 1% level of significance that the average weight of college students is 50 kg?
n = 100, x̄ = 51, s = 5, μ0= 50, α = 1% .
H0: let Average weight of college students is 50 i.e. μ = 50
H1 : let Average weight of college student is not equal to 50 i.e. μ ≠ 50 .

The test is two tailed test

Level of significance is α = 0.01(1%) the critical values are -2.58 and +2.58 since Zcal value lies between the critical values (-2.58 and +2.58),
-2.58 < Z cal < + 2.58
∴ H0 is accepted
Conclusion: We can assume that average weight of a student is 50.

Question 4.
A machine is designed to fill 500 ml of milk to polythene bags. A randomly selected 100 milk bags filled by this machine are inspected. The mean milk is found to be 498 ml and SD is 10 ml. Is machine is functioning properly a 5% level of significance?
n = 100, x̄ = 498, s = 10, α = 5%, μ = 500
H0 : let machine works properly i.e., it fills 500 ml of milk to polythene bags i.e. μ = 500
H11 : let machine does not function properly i.e., it doesn’t fill 500 ml of milk to polythene bags i.e. μ ≠ 500

The test is two tailed test

Level of significance is α = 0.05 (i.e., 5%)
The critical values are -1.96 and 1.96
Since Zcal value lies in the rejection region
-1.96 < Zcal >+1.96
H0 is rejected
Conclusion: We can assume that Machine does not function properly

Question 5.
A random sample of 64 children is taken from a school. The average weight of the children is 29 kg SD is 5 kg. Can we assume that the average weight of the school children is less than 30 kg? (use α = 0.05)
n = 64, x̄ = 29 kg, s = 5, μ = 30, α = 0.05
H0 : let average weight of the school children is 30 i.e. μ = 30
H1 : let average weight of the school children is not equal to 30 i.e. μ < 30 (left tailed)

The test is one tailed
Level of significance α = 5%
Here
The critical value is -1.65
Zcal = -1.6
Zcal > critical value
H0 is accepted
Conclusion: We can assume that the Average weight of the school children is 30 kg.

Question 6.
A company manufactures car tyres their average life is 40,000 kms and SD 5000 kms. A change in the production process is believed to result in a better product. A test sample of 100 new tires has mean life of 41,000 kms, can you conclude at 5% LOS that the new product gives better result.
n = 100; x̄ = 41,000 ; σ = 5000 μ = 40,000; α = 5%
H0 : let average life of car tires is 40,000 kms i.e. μ = 40,000 kms .
H1 : let average life of car tires is not equal to 40,000 kms i.e. μ ≠ 40,000 kms

It is two tailed test
Level of significance is α = 0.05 (5%)
The critical value are -1.96 and + 1.96
Z cal value does not lie between the critical values.
-1.96 < Zcal > +1.96
H0 is rejected
Conclusion: We can assume that the Average life of car tires is not equal to 40,000 kms

Question 7.
A specified brand of automobiles tire is known to average life of 10,000 km with a SD of 500 km. A random sample of 36 tires of this brand, when tested resulted in the average life of 9800 km. Regarding quality what is your conclusion at 1% level of significance
x̄ = 9800 ; n = 36; σ = 500 km μ = 10,000 α = 1% = 0.01
H0 : let automobile tire has average life of 10,000 km i.e. μ = 10,000 km
H1 : let automobile tire does not have average life of 10,000 km i.e. μ ≠ 10,000 km

It’s a two tailed test
The level of significance is α = 0.01(1%)
The critical values are -2.58 and +2.58
Zcal lies between the critical values
-2.58< Zcal < +2.58. H0 is accepted
Conclusion: We can assume that the Automobile tire has an average life of 10,000 kms

Question 8.
Given x̄ = 203gm μ = 200 gm, σ = 10 gm and n = 64 calculate test statistic Z.
x̄ = 203 ; μ = 200 σ = 10 n = 64

Question 9.
Write the testing procedure of equality of population means.
1. H0 : population means are equal μ1 = μ2

2. H1: population means are not equal, μ1 ≠ μ2
If the mean of the first population is less than the second population i.e. μ1 < μ2
Its a left tailed test
If the mean of the first population is more than the second population i.e. μ1 > μ2
It’s a right tailed test

3. Calculate of test statistic = z = $$\frac{\bar{x}_{1}-\bar{x}_{2}}{\sqrt{\frac{\sigma_{1}^{2}}{n_{1}}+\frac{\sigma_{2}^{2}}{n_{2}}}}$$
Here x̄1, x̄2 = sample means
σ1, σ2 = standard deviations of populations.
If SD are unknown these values are replaced by s1 and s2 sample standard deviations
n1 n2= sample size

4. Critical value ‘k’ will be chosen depending on H1 and α through the table.

5. If the calculated value Zcal lies in acceptance region, then H0 is accepted otherwise H0 is rejected.

6. Find conclusion and make a decision.

Question 10.
For the following data, test whether means differ significantly.

n1 = 90; x̄ = 52 s1 = 9; n2 = 40 x̄ = 54 ; s2 = 2
H0 : means of two population are equal i.e. μ1 = μ2
H1 : means of two population are not equal, i.e. μ1 ≠ μ2

It is two tailed test
At 5% significance
Critical values = -1.96 and +1.96
Zcal value lies in rejection region
-1.96 > Z cal <+1.96
H0 is rejected
Conclusion: means of populations are not equal

Question 11.
450 boys and 350 girls are appeared for II PUC examination. The mean and SD of marks obtained by boys are 53 and 18 respectively. The mean and SD of marks obtained by girls are 50 and 14 respectively. Is there any significant difference between mean marks obtained by boys and girls?
n1 = 450, x̄1 = 53 σ1 = 18, n2 = 350, x̄2 = 50, σ2 = 14

H0 : mean marks obtained by boys and girls are same i.e. μ1 = μ2
H1 : mean marks obtained by boys and girls are not same i.e. μ1 ≠ μ2

Its two tailed test
Level of significance α = 5% = 0.05
Critical values = -1.96, +1.96
-1.96 < Zcal > +1.96
Zcal value does not lie in the acceptance region
H1 is rejected
Conclusion: mean marks obtained by boys and girls are not same

Question 12.
A random sample of 100 workers from South India shows that their mean wages are 146 per day with SD 20. A random sample of 150 workers from North India shows that their mean wages are 150 per day with SD 30. Test at 1% level of significance that the mean wages of south Indian is less than mean wages of North India.
n1 = 100, x̄1 = 146, σ1 = 20, n2 = 150, x̄2 = 150, σ2 = 30
H0 : mean wages of south Indian and North Indian is same μ1 = μ2
H0 : mean wages of South Indian is less than North Indian μ1 < μ2

Its lower tailed test
Level of significance α = 1% = 0.01
The critical value is -2.33
Zcal > -2.33, H0 is accepted
Conclusion: Mean wages of south Indian and North Indian are same

Question 13.
As examination was conducted to two sections A and B consisting of 50 & 40 students respectively. Mean marks obtained by section A is 74 with a SD of 8 and that of B is 78 with a SD of 7. Is there a significant difference between the performances of the two sections at 1% level of significance?
n1 = 50, x̄1 = 74, σ1 = 8, n2 =40, x̄2 = 78, σ2 = 7
H0 : mean marks of Section-A and Section-B is same i.e. μ1 = μ2
H0 : mean marks of Section-A and Section B are not same i.e. μ1 ≠ μ2

Its two tailed test
Level of significance α = 1% = 0.01
Zcal value -2.5273 lies between the critical values
-2.58 < Zcal < +2.58
H0 is accepted
Conclusion: Mean marks obtained by Section A and Section B are same

Question 14.
Intelligent test given to two groups boys and girls gave the following information

difference in the mean scores of boys and significant? Use 5% LOS
n1 = 100, x̄1 = 70, σ1 = 12, n2 = 50, x̄2 = 74, σ2 = 10
H0: mean scores of boys and girls are same = μ1 = μ2
H0: mean scores of boys and girls are not same= μ1 ≠ μ2

Its two tailed test
Level of significance α = 5 % = 0.05
Critical values = -1.96 & +1.96
Zcal = -2.1567
Zcal does not lie within the acceptance region
-1.96> Zcal <+1.96
H0 is rejected
Conclusion: Mean scores of boys and girls are not same

Question 15.
Write the testing procedure of population proportion
The test has following steps:
(a) H0 : P = P0 (A given value for population)

(b) H1: P ≠ P0 (two tailed test) OR
P < P0 (left tailed test) OR
P > P0 (Right tailed test)

(c) Calculation of test statistic

x = number of items processing
n = number of items in a sample

(d) Critical value ‘k’ is chosen depending on H1 and α

(e) If the computed value of the test statistic Zcal lies in the acceptance region then H0 is accepted if not H0 is rejected.

Question 16.
In a random sample of 1000 persons from large populations 470 are females. Can it be said that males and females are in the equal ration in the populations? Use α = 0.05
n = 1000, x = 470, P0 = 0.5, Q0 = 0.5
p = $$\frac{x}{n}=\frac{470}{1000}=0.47$$
Ho : males and females are in the equal ratio in the population Po = 0.5
H1 : males and females are not in the equal ratio in the population Po ≠ 0.5

It is two tailed test
Level of significance α = 0.05 = 5%
The critical values = -1.96 & +1.96

Zcal lie between the critical values
-1.96 < Zcal <+1.96
H0 is accepted
Conclusion: males and females are in the equal ratio in the population

Question 17.
In an election the leaders of a party contend that they would secure more than 36% of votes. A pre-pole survey of 400 voters revealed that the percentage is 42. Does the survey supports the leaders claim? use 1% LOS
n1 = 400, P0 = 36% = 0.36, p = 42% = 0.42,
α= 1% = 0.01, Q0 = 1 – P0 = 1 – 0.36 = 0.64
H0 : mean leaders contention in that they can secure exactly 36% of them votes P = 36%
H1 : mean leaders contention is that they secure more than 36% of votes P > 36%

It is right tailed test
Level of significance, α = 0.01 = 1%
The critical value is 2.33
Zcal doesn’t lie between the critical values
Zcal > 2.33
H0 is rejected
Conclusion: mean leaders contention is that they secure more than 36% of votes

Question 18.
In a random sample of 100 PUC statistics students 9 are distinction holders, at the 5% level of significance can we conclude that 10% of II PUC statistics students are distinction holders?
n = 100, x = 9, Po = 10% = 0.1, p = $$\frac{x}{n}=\frac{9}{100}$$ = 0.09, Q0 = 1 – P0 = 1 – 0.1 = 0.9
H0: 10% of II PUC statistics students are distinction P0= 10%
H1 : 10% of II PUC statistics students are not distinction P0 ≠ 10%

It is two tailed test
Level of significance α = 0.05 = 5%
The critical values = -1.96 & +1.96
Zcal lie between the critical values
-1.96 < Zcal < +1.96. H0 is accepted
Conclusion: 10% of II PUC statistics students are distinction holders.

Question 19.
A stock broker claims that he can predict with 80%accuracy whether a stock market value will rise or fall during the coming month. In a sample of 40 predictions he is correct in 28. Does this evidence supports broker’s claim at 1% level of significance
n = 40, x = 28,p = $$\frac{x}{n}=\frac{28}{40}$$ = 0.7, P0 = 80% = 0.8, Q0 = 1 – P0 = 1 – 0.8

H0 : we can support brokers claim that can predict with 80% accuracy whether a stock’s market will rise or fall
P0 = 80%
H1: we cannot support P0 ≠ 80%

It is two tailed test
Level of significance α = 0.01 = 1%
The critical values = -2.58 & +2.58
Zcal lies between the critical values
-2.58 < Zcal < +2.58. H0 is accepted .
Conclusion: We can support broker’s claim that he can predict with 80% accuracy whether a stock market value will rise or fall.

Question 20.
The manufacturer of surgical instruments claims that less than 2% of the instruments he supplied to a certain hospital are faulty. A sample of 400 instruments revealed that 12 were faulty. Test his claim at 5% level of significance
n = 400, x = 12, p = $$\frac{x}{n}=\frac{12}{400}$$ = 0.03, p0 = 2% = 0.02 Q0 = 1 – p0 = 1 – 0.02 = 0.98

H0 : Surgical instruments supplied to hospital has 2% faulty P0 = 0.02
H1 : Surgical instruments supplied to hospital has less than 2% faulty P0 < 0.02

It is left tailed test. LOS α = 0.05 = 5%
The critical values are – 1.65
Zcal value is greater than critical value 0
Zcal > -1.65
H0 is accepted
Conclusion: Surgical instruments supplied to hospital has 2% fault

Question 21.
Write the testing procedure of equality of population proportions
The test has following steps:
(a) H0: (The population proportions are equal) P1 = P2
(b) H1 : (The population proportions are not equal) P1 ≠ P2
(1st population proportion is less than 2nd population proportion) P1 < P2 (left tailed test)
(1st population proportion is greater than 2nd population proportion) P1 > P2(right tailed test)
(c) Calculation of test statistic

(d) The critical value ‘k’ is chosen depending on H1 and α
(e) If Zcal lies in acceptance region then H0 is accepted if not H0 is rejected.

Question 22.
A machine produced 26 defective articles among 250. Another machine produced 4 defective articles among 50. Test whether there is a significant difference between population proportions at 5% level of significance
n1 = 250, X1 = 26, n2 = 50, x2 = 4
p1 = $$\frac{x_{1}}{n_{1}}=\frac{26}{250}$$ = 0.104, P = $$\frac{x_{1}+x_{2}}{n_{1}+n_{2}}=\frac{26+4}{250+50}$$ = 0.1
Q = 1 – P = 1 – 0.1 = 0.9 p2 = $$\frac{x_{2}}{n_{2}}=\frac{4}{50}$$ = 0.08
H0: There is significant difference between population proportions P1 = P2
H1: There is no significant difference between population properties P1 ≠ P2

$$=\frac{0.024}{(0.09)(0.024)}=0.5164$$
It is a two tailed test
Level of significance α = 5%
The critical values = -1.96 and +1.96
Zcal = 0.5164 lies in between the critical values
-1.96 < Zcal > +1.96
H0 is accepted
Conclusion: There is significant difference between population proportions

Question 23.
Out of 400 PUC students of college A, 72% of students were passed, out of 200 PUC students of college B 66% of students were passed. Can it be concluded that performance of college A is better than performance of college B? Use 5% LOS.
n1 = 400, p1 = 72% = 0.72 n2 = 200, p2 = 66% = 0.66
H0 : the performance of college A is same as B, P1 = P2
H1 : the performance of college A better than B, P1 > P2
p = $$\frac{\mathrm{n}_{1} \mathrm{p}_{1}+\mathrm{n}_{2} \mathrm{p}_{2}}{\mathrm{n}_{1}+\mathrm{n}_{2}}$$ = $$\frac{(400) 0.72+(200) 0.66}{400+200}=\frac{288+132}{600}=\frac{420}{600}=0.7$$

Q = 1 – P = 1 – 0.7 = 0.3

It is upper tailed test
Level of significance α = 5% = 0.05
The critical value = 1.65
Zcal = 1.512 < 1.65
H0 is accepted
Conclusion: Performance of college A and B are same.

Question 24.
In a random sample of 100 people from a city in the year 2011 revealed that 65 were cricket match viewers. In another random sample of 100 peoples from same city in the year 2013 revealed that 75 were cricket match viewers examine whether there is a significant increase in cricket match viewers. Use 1% level of significance
n1 = 100; x1 = 65 P1 = $$\frac{x_{1}}{n_{1}}=\frac{65}{100}=0.65$$
n2 = 100; x2 = 75 p2 = $$\frac{x_{2}}{n_{2}}=\frac{75}{100}=0.75$$
$$P=\frac{x_{1}+x_{2}}{n_{1}+n_{2}}=\frac{65+75}{100+100}=\frac{140}{200}=0.7$$
Q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.7 = 0.3
H0 : there is no significant increase in cricket match viewers from 2011 to 2013 p1 = p2
H1 : there is significant increase in cricket match viewers from 2011 to 2013 p1 < p2

It is lower tailed test
Level of significance α = 1% = 0.01.
The critical value = -2.33. Zcal = -1.543 > -2.33
H0 is accepted
Conclusion: There is no significant increase in cricket match viewers from 2010 to 2013.

Question 25.
From the following data, test whether the difference between the proportions in the samples is significant use 5% level of significance.

 Sample I II Size 100 400 Proportion 0.02 0.01

n1 = 100, n2 = 400, p1 = 0.02, p2 = 0.01
p = $$\frac{n_{1} p_{1}+n_{2} p_{2}}{n_{1}+n_{2}}$$ = $$\frac{(100) 0.02+(400) 0.01}{100+400}=0.012$$
Q = 1 – P = 1 – 0.012 = 0.988
Ho: There is no difference between the proportions in the sample P1 = P2
H1 : There is difference between the proportions on the sample P1 ≠ P2

It is a two tailed test. Level of significance α = 5% 0.05,
The critical values = -1.96 and +1.96. Zcal = 0.82141 lies in between the critical values
-1.96 < Zcal > +1.96
H0 is accepted
Conclusion: There is no difference between the proportions in the sample. P1 = p2

### 2nd PUC Statistics T- Test Exercise Problems

Question 1.
Write two applications of t-Test?

1. To test the population mean.
2. To test the equality of two population means.

Question 2.
Write down the t-test statistics and degrees of freedom in case of test for mean?
T-test statistic

Degrees of freedom means, number of independent observations if there are ‘n’ observations then, Degrees of freedom = (n – c) where ‘c’ is number of independent constraints.

Question 3.
Write down the t-test statistic & degrees of freedom in case of test for for equality of means of two independent samples.
T-test statistic,

Question 4.
Write down the t-test statistic & degrees of freedom in case of test for for equality of means of praised observations.
T – test statistic,

Question 5.
In paired t-test if n = 5 d̄ = 3 and sd = 1.5. Then what would be the value of test statistic?
n = 5, d̄ =3, s = 1.5

Question 6.
A random sample of size 20 taken from normal population gives a sample mean of 42 and standard deviation of 6. Test the hypothesis that the population mean is 44.
n = 20, x̄ = 42, s = 6, μ = 44
H0 : The population mean is 44 μ = 44
H1 : The population mean is not equal to 44 μ ≠ 44

It is two-tailed test
The d.f is n – 1 = 20 – 1 = 19
Critical values = -2.09 and +2.09
tcal = 1.4529 is in the accepted region
-2.09 < 1.4529 < 2.09.
H0 accepted
Conclusion: The population mean is 44

Question 7.
A company has been producing steel tubes with mean inner diameter of 2.00 cms. A sample of 10 tubes gives a mean inner diameter of 2.01 cms and a variance of 0.004 cms2. Is the difference in the values of mean is significant?
μ = 2.00 cm, n = 10, x̄ = 2.01, variance = s2 = 0.004
s = √0.004 = 0.0632
H0 : there is no difference between population mean and sample mean μ = 2.00
H1 : there is a difference between population mean and sample mean μ ≠ 2.00

It is two tailed test. Los α = 0.05=5%
The d.f is n – 1 = 10 – 1 = 9.
Critical values = – 2.26 and +2.26.
-2.26 < 0.4748 < +2.26
tcal value 0.4748 lies in between the critical values
H0 is accepted.
Conclusion: There is no difference between population mean and sample mean.

Question 8.
The mean weekly sale of ice-cream bars was 140 bars. After an advertising campaign the mean weekly sale in 26 shops for a typical week increased to 150 and showed a SD 20. Is this evidence indicates that the advertising was successful?
x̄ =150, μ0 = 140, s = 20, n = 26
H0: μ = 140 Mean weekly sale of ice-cream bars after advertisement has not increased
H1: μ > 140 Mean weekly sale of ice-cream bars after advertisement has increased.

It is upper tailed test
α = 0.05 = 5%
The .d.f is n – 1 = 26 – 1 = 25
Critical value = 2.49
tcal value 1.970 > 1.72.
H0 is rejected.
Conclusion: The mean weekly sale of ice – cream bars after advertising has increased.

Question 9.
A fertilizer mixing Machine is set to give 12 kg of nitrate for every bag of fertilizer. Then 10 such bags are examined. The weight of nitrate in each bag (in kg) are given below:
11 14 13 12 13 12 13 14 11 12
Is there reason to believe that the machine is defective?
μ = 12, n = 10,
Calculation of mean and standard deviation

Σx = 125, Σx2 = 1573
x̄ = $$\frac{\Sigma x}{n}$$ = $$\frac{11+14+13+12+13+12+13+14+11+12}{10}=\frac{125}{10}=12.5$$

The test

The test is two-tailed
α = 5% = 0.05
The d.f is n – 1 = 10 – 1 = 9
Critical values = -2.26 and 2.26
tcal value 1.464 lies between the critical value in acceptance region
H0 is accepted
Conclusion: The machine is not defective

Question 10.
A random sample of size 16 has mean 53. The sum of the squared deviations taken from mean is 150. Can this sample be regarded as taken from the population having mean 56 (Use α = 0.01)
n = 16, x̄ = 53, μ = 56, α = 0.01 = 1%, Σ(x – x̄)2 = 150
H0 : population having mean 56, μ = 56
H1 : population is not having mean 56, μ ≠ 56

It is two tailed test
The d.f. is n – 1 = 16 – 1
Critical values = -2.95 and 2.95
χ2cal value is in accepted region
H0 is accepted

Question 11.
The marks obtained by two groups of students in a statistics test are given below

On the basis of this data, can it be concluded that there is a significant difference in the mean marks obtained by the two groups?
n1 = 15, n2 = 11, x̄1 = 42, x̄2 = 38, s1 = 10, s2 = 15
H0 : Mean marks of students of group A & B are same, μ1 = μ2
H1 : mean marks of group A and B are not same μ1 ≠ μ2

Under H0

Level of significance = α = 0.05
d.f = 15 + 11 – 2 = 24
It is two tailed test
Critical value= – 2.06 and + 2.06
tcal = 0.7829 lies between critical values
– 2.06 < 0.7829 <+ 2.06
H0 is accepted

Question 12.
For the following data examine if the means of two samples differ significantly.

n1 = 12; n2 = 7; x̄1 = 57.2; s1 = 3.41; x̄2 = 52.3; S2 = 3.62
H0 : μ1 = μ2 means are same
H1: μ1 ≠ μ2 means are not same

It is a two tailed test
d.f. n1 + n2 – 2 = 12 + 7 – 2 = 17
Critical values = – 2.11 and + 2.11. LOS = 5% = 0.05
tcal value 2.793 lies between the critical values
= – 2.11 < 2.793 > + 2.11
H0 is accepted.

Question 13.
A group of 5 patients treated with medicine A weighs 42, 39, 48, 60 and 41 kg, second group of 7 patients from the same hospital treated with medicine B weighs 38, 42, 56, 61, 69, 68 and 67 kg. Do you agree with the claim that medicine B increases the weight significantly?
n1 = 5 n2 = 7

H0 : Medicine B does not increase the weight, μ1 = μ2
H1 : Medicine B increase the weights significantly, μ1< μ2

It is lower tailed test
Level of significance = α = 0.05 = 5%
d.f. = n1 + n2 – 2 = 5 + 7 – 2 = 10
Critical value= – 1.81
tcal = – 1.695 > -1.81
H0 is accepted
Conclusion: Medicine B does not increase weight

Question 14.
Two new types of rations are fed to pigs. A sample of 11 pigs is fed with type A ration and another sample of 11 pigs is fed with type B ration, the gains in weight are recorded be low (in Pounds):

At 1% level, test whether type A ration is better than type B ration.
n1 = 11 n2 = 11

$$=\frac{3.2}{\sqrt{9.94(0.09+0.09)}}=\frac{3.2}{\sqrt{9.94 \times 0.1809}}$$
$$=\frac{3.2}{\sqrt{1.7982}}=\frac{3.2}{1.34}=2.38$$
At 5% los (n1 + n2 – 2) = 11 + 11 – 20 df.
Ttab = CV = 2.53
tcal = 2.38 < CVtab = 2.53
H0 is accepted.

Question 15.
Two laboratories A and B carry out independent estimates of fat content in ice-cream made by a firm. A sample is taken from each batch, halved and the separate halves sent to the two laboratories. The fat content obtained by the aboratories is recorded below.

Is there a significant difference between the means of fat content obtained by the two laboratories A and B?
H0: μ1 = μ2 means are same
H0: μ1 ≠ μ2 means are not same

It is a two tailed test
α = 0.05=5% d.f = n1+ n2 – 2 ⇒ 10 + 10 – 2 = 18
Critical value = -2.10 and 2.10.
-2.10 < -0.386 <+2.10
tcal = -0.386 this in accepted region
H0 is accepted.
Conclusion: means are same.

Question 16.
Twelve students were given intensive coaching and 2 tests were conducted before and after coaching. The score of 2 tests are given below. Do the scores before and after coaching show an improvement?

H0: Coaching is not useful, μ1 = μ2
H1: Coaching is better, μ11 < μ2

The test statistics is

It is left tailed test
Critical value =- k = -1.80
LOS = α = 0.05 = 5%
d.f = n – 1 = 12 – 1 = 11
tcal = – 4.891 < critical value,
-1.80 <-4.891
H0 is rejected
Conclusion: Coaching is not useful.

Question 17.
A certain stimulus administered to each of the 12 patients resulted in the following changes in blood pressure
5 2 8 -1 3 0 -2 1 5 0 4 6
Can it be concluded that the stimulus will be in general accompanied by change in blood pressure
H0: stimulus accompanied doesn’t increase BP, μ1 = μ2
H1 stimulus accompanied can increase BP, μ1 < μ2
d = 5 2 8 -1 3 0 -2 1 5 0 4 6
n = 12

$$=\sqrt{15.417-(2.583)^{2}}$$
$$=\sqrt{15.417-6.673}$$
$$=\sqrt{8.744}=2.9570$$

It is left tailed test
LOS = α = 0.05 = 5%
d.f. = n – 1 = 12 – 1 = 11
Critical value = k = 1.80
tcal values is greater than critical value,
2.896 > 1.80
H0 is rejected
Conclusion: stimulus accompanied can increase BP.

Question 18.
Nine patients, to whom a certain drug was administrated, registered the following increments in blood pressure.
7 3 -1 4 -3 5 6 -4 1
Show that the data do not indicate that the drug was responsible for these increments.
n = 9.

H0 : The drug is not responsible for increments in B.P.
H1 : The drug is responsible for increments in B.P.

It is two tailed test
LOS = α = 0.05 = 5%, d.f = (n – 1) = 9 – 1 = 8
K critical values = 2.31, -2.31
Tcal lies in acceptance region
H0 is accepted
Conclusion: The drug is responsible for increrment in b.p.

### 2nd PUC Statistics Chi – Square (χ2) Tests Exercise Problems

Question 1.
Mention 2 applications of χ2 test.

1. To test if the population has a given variance
2. To test goodness of fit in a given data of a theoretical distribution.

Question 2.
Write χ2 test statistic with degree of freedom in testing of population variance?

Question 3.
Write χ2 – test statistic with degrees of freedom in testing of goodness of fit
χ2 test statistic,

Question 4.
Mention two conditions for applicability of χ2 test of goodness of fit
Condition:

1. The total frequency ‘N’ should be large
2. The theoretical frequencies E1 ≥ 5. If any E1 < 5, it should be pooled with the adjacent frequency.

Question 5.
When is the pooling of the frequencies done in testing of goodness of fit?
The theoretical frequencies E1 ≥ 5 . If any E1 < 5, it should be pooled with the adjacent frequency.

Question 6.
In a χ2 test for goodness of fit, if there are 6 classes and one parameter is estimated, then find the value of degrees of freedom of test statistic?
D.f. in testing of goodness of fit is n – c; then d.f 6 – 1 = 5

Question 7.
Write the formula of χ2 – test with degrees of freedom in testing of independence of attributes in 2 × 2 contingency table.

Question 8.
What is the value of d.f. is 2 × 2 contingency table?
The value is 1df.

Question 9.
What are the conditions applicable while testing independent of attribute in 2 × 2 contingency table?
Conditions.

1. The total frequency ‘N’ should be large (> 50)
2. The observations should be independent.

Question 10.
For the χ2-test, what is the condition for expected cell frequency?
Each of the expected cell frequencies E1 should be 5 are more.

Question 11.
A random sample of size 25 taken from a population gives the sample standard deviation as 8.5. Test the hypothesis that the population standard deviation (a) is 10.
n = 25, s = 8.5, σ = 10 i.e., σ2 = 102 = 100
H0: σ2 = 102 Population SD is 10
H1 : σ2 ≠ 102 Population SD is not 10

It is a two-tailed test
d.f. = (n – 1) = 25 – 1 = 24
α = 0.05

Critical values K1 = 12.4, k2 = 39.36
χ2cal value lies with in the critical values
H0 is accepted
Conclusion: Population SD is 10

Question 12.
Weights in kg. of 10 students are given below:
38 40 45 53 47 43 55 48 52 49
Can we say that variance of the distribution of weights is equal to 20 kg2 ?

n = 10 σ2 = 20
x̄ = $$\frac{\Sigma x}{n}$$ = $$\frac{38+40+45+53+47+43+55+48+52+49}{10}$$
x̄ = $$\frac{470}{10}$$ = 47
The test statistic is
χ2 = $$\frac{\sum(x-\bar{x})^{2}}{\sigma^{2}}=\frac{280}{20}=14$$

H0 : Variance of the distribution of weights is 20kg σ2 = 20
H1 : Variance of the distribution of weights is not 20kg σ2 ≠ 20
It is a two-tailed test
Degree of freedom = 10 – 1 = 9
Level of significance = 0.05
Critical values are k1 = 2.70 and k2=19.02
k1 < 14 < k2
H0 is accepted
χ2cal value lies in acceptance region
Conclusion: variance of the distribution of weights of students is equal to 20 kgs2

Question 13.
In 120 throws of a single die, the following distribution of faces were obtained:

Test at 5% level of significance that the die in unbiased
H0 : The die is unbiased
H1 : The die is biased
Under H0 all the sides of die are equally probable.
Then frequencies should be equal and so, E1 = $$\frac{N}{n}=\frac{120}{6}$$ = 20

The test = χ2 = $$\Sigma \frac{\left(0_{i}-E_{i}\right)^{2}}{E_{i}}$$ = 12.9
THe degree of freedom is (n – c) = 6 – 1 = 5
α = 0.05
The critical value 11.07
χ2cal > c.v
H0 is rejected
Conclusion: The die is biased

Question 14.
Fit a binomial distribution to the following data and test for goodness of fit?

H0 : Binomial distribution is a good fit.
H1 : Binomial distribution is not a good fit.

x̄ = np = $$\frac{\Sigma f x}{n}=\frac{439}{100}$$ = 4.39
np = 4.39, 9p = 4.39 p = $$\frac{4.39}{9}$$ = 0.48
q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.48 = 0.52
The p.m.f is p(x) = 9Cx × (0.48)xim × (0.52)9 – x x = 0,1, 2 9
The frequency function is
p(0) = 9C0 × (0.48)0 – (0.52)9 – 0 = 1 × 1 × 0.002779
E(0) = N. p(0) = 100 × 0.002779 = 0.2779
By using recurrence relation for expected frequencies
E(x) = $$\frac{n-x+1}{x \cdot q} E(x-1)$$
E(1) = $$\frac{9-1+1}{1} \times \frac{0.48}{0.52} \times 0.2779$$ = 2.62 = 9 × 0.9231 × 0.2779 = 2.31
E(2) = $$\frac{9-1+1}{1} \times \frac{0.48}{0.52} \times 0.2779$$ = 4 × 0.9231 × 2.31 = 8.529
E(3) = $$\frac{9-3+1}{3} \times \frac{0.48}{0.52} \times 8.52$$ = 2.33 × 0.9231 × 8.529 = 18.344
E(4) = $$\frac{9-4+1}{4} \times \frac{0.48}{0.52} \times 18.344$$ = 18.344 = 1.5 × 0.923 l × 18.344 = 25.40
E(5) = $$\frac{9-5+1}{5} \times \frac{0.48}{0.52} \times 25.40$$ = 1 × 0.9231 × 25.40 = 23.45
E(6) = $$\frac{9-6+1}{6} \times \frac{0.48}{0.52} \times 23.45$$ = 0.67 × 0.9231 × 23.45 = 14.5
E(7) = $$\frac{9-7+1}{7} \times \frac{0.48}{0.52} \times 14.5$$ = 0.43 × 0.9231 × 14.5 = 5.76
E(8) = $$\frac{9-8+1}{8} \times \frac{0.48}{0.52} \times 5.76$$ = 0.25 × 0.9231 × 5.76 = 1.33
E(9) = $$\frac{9-9+1}{9} \times \frac{0.48}{0.52} \times 1.33$$ = 0.11 × 0.9231 × 1.33 = 0.14
Applying χ2 test
The theoretical frequencies are

Test statistic under H0 is
χ2cal $$\Sigma \frac{\left(0_{i}-E_{i}\right)^{2}}{E_{i}}$$ = 47.47
At 5% LOS (α = 0.05) for (n – c) = 6 – 2 = 4 df
The critical value is k2 = 9.49
since; χ2cal > k2
∴ H0 is rejected
Conclusion: BD is not a good fit

Question 15.
Following is the data regarding number of mistakes per page found in a book. Fit a Poison distribution test at 5%. L.O.S. that it is good fit.

x̄ = λ = $$\frac{\Sigma f x}{N}=\frac{120}{100}$$ = 1.2, pmf,
p(x) = $$\frac{e^{-\lambda} \lambda^{x}}{x !}$$ , x = 0,1,2,3,4
put x = 0 p(0) = $$\frac{\mathrm{e}^{-1.2}(1.2)^{0}}{0 !}$$ = 0.3102
F(0) = NP(x) = 100 × $$\frac{\mathrm{e}^{-1.2} \times(1.2)^{0}}{0 !}$$ =100 × 0.3012 = 30.12
Calculation of theoretical frequency using recurrence relation
T(x) = $$\frac{\lambda}{x} \cdot E(x-1)$$
T(1) = $$\frac{1.2}{1} \times 30.12$$ = 36.144
T(2) = $$\frac{1.2}{2} \times 36.14$$ = 21.68
T(3) = $$\frac{1.2}{3} \times 21.68$$ = 8.67
T(4) =  = 2.6

H0 : Poisson distribution is good fit.
H1 : Poisson distribution is not a good fit.
It is upper tail test χ2cal = $$\Sigma \frac{\left(0_{i}-E_{i}\right)^{2}}{E_{i}}$$ = 0.5210
d.F = n – c
=4 – 2 = 2
LOS = α = 0.5
Critical value is 5.99
χ2cal < C.V
H0 is accepted
Conclusion: The P.D. is a good fit
Note: e-1.2 = e-1 × e-0.2 = 0.3679 × 0.8187 = 0.30119

Question 16.
The following data shows the suicides of 1096 women in 8 Punjab cities during 14 years

Fit a Poisson distribution to the data and show that the distribution is not good fit.
H0 : Poisson distribution is a good fit
H1 Poisson distribution is not a good fit

x = λ = $$\frac{\Sigma f x}{N}=\frac{1295}{1096}$$ = 1.18
P(X) = $$\frac{\mathrm{e}^{-1.18} \cdot(1.18)^{\mathrm{x}}}{\mathrm{x} !}(\mathrm{x}=0,1, \ldots 7)$$
E(0) = N . P(0) = 1096 . $$\frac{\mathrm{e}^{-1.18} \cdot(1.18)^{0}}{0 !}$$ = 1096 × 0.3072 = 336.69
The expected frequencies can be calculated by using recurrence relation E(x) = $$\left(\frac{\lambda}{x} E(x-1)\right)$$
E(l) = $$\frac{1.18}{1} \times 336.69$$ = 397.296 118
E(2) = $$\frac{1.18}{2} \times 397.29$$ = 234.405
E(3) = $$\frac{1.18}{3} \times 234.405$$ = 92.19 118
E(4) = $$\frac{1.18}{4} \times 92.19$$ = 27.196 118
E(5) = $$\frac{1.18}{5} \times 27.196$$ = 6.418 118
E(6) = $$\frac{1.18}{6} \times 6.418$$ = 1.2627
E(7) = $$\frac{1.18}{7} \times 1.2627$$ = 0.213

Test statistic under H0 is

χ2 = $$\Sigma \frac{\left(0_{i}-E_{i}\right)^{2}}{E_{i}}$$ = 13.935
At 5% LOS (α = 0.05)
(n – c) = 6 – 2 = 4 df
Critical value = 9.49
since, χ2cal value does not lies in AR.
χ2 > K2,
H0 rejected
Conclusion: PD is not a good fit.
Note:
e-1.18 = e-1 × e-0.1 × e-0.08 = 0.3679 × 0.9048 × 0.9231 = 0.3072

Question 17.
Consider the following data.

Fit a poisson distribution to the data and test the goodness of fit (use 5% Los.)
H0 : Poisson distribution is a good fit
H1 : Poisson distribution is not a good fit

Mean x̄ = λ = $$\frac{\Sigma f x}{n} \Rightarrow \frac{99}{100}$$ = 0.09
The P.M.F
p(x) = $$\frac{e^{-\lambda} \cdot \lambda^{x}}{x !}$$ ; n = 0,1,2…..
E(0) = N.P(0)
E(0) = p(x = 0) = 100 × $$\frac{\mathrm{e}^{-0.99} \times(0.99)^{0}}{0 !}$$ ⇒(0.3176)100 = 37.16
Using recurrence relation E(x) = $$\frac{\lambda}{x} E(x-1)$$

χ2cal = 11.09
α = 5% LOS n – 2 = 4 – 2 = 2
Critical value k2 = 5.99
Here χ2cal does not lie in AR.
H0 is rejected
Conclusion: Poission distribution is not a good fit.
Note: e-0.09 = e-0.9 × e009
= 0.4066 × 0.9139 = 0.37159.

Question 18.
Among 64 off spring of a certain cross breeds of guinea pigs, 34 were red, 10 were black and 20 were white. According to genetic model this numbers should be in the ratio of 9 : 3 : 4. Are the data consistent with model at the 5% level?
H0 : The data is consistent :
H1 : The data is not consistent
Given
The theoretical frequency ratio is 9 : 3 : 4
E1 = 64 × $$\frac{9}{16}$$= 36
E2 = 64 × $$\frac{3}{16}$$ = 12
E3 = 64 × $$\frac{4}{16}$$ = 16

The test χ2cal = $$\Sigma \frac{\left(0_{i}-E_{i}\right)^{2}}{E_{i}}$$ = 1.44
df = n – C = 3 – 1 = 2
Critical value = 5.99, α = 5%
χ2cal < C.V
H0 is accepted
Conclusion: The data is consistent

Question 19.
The following information was obtained in a sample of 50 small general shops.

Can it be said that there are relatively more women owners of small general shops in villages than in towns?
H0 : Women owner and small general shops in villages are independent.
H1 : Women owner and small general shops in village are not independent

It is upper tailed test
α = 5% = 0.05 For 1 d.f.
The critical value k2 = 3.84
χ2cal < C.V
H0 is accepted
Conclusion: Women owners of small general shops are more in villages than in towns.

Question 20.
The opinion poll was conducted to find the reaction to a proposed civic reform in 100 members of each of the two political parties.

Test whether political parties and the reaction to a proposed civic reform are independent
H0 : political parties and the reaction to a proposed civic reform are independent.
H1 : political parties and the reaction to a proposed civic reform are not independent.

It is upper tailed test
LOS = 0.05 with 1 df
Critical value 3.84
χ2cal< C.V
H0 is accepted
Conclusion: Political parties and the reaction to a proposed civic reform are independent.

Question 21.
From the following data, test whether education and employment are independent at 5% LOS

H0 : Education and employment are independent
H1 : Education and employment are dependent

α = 0.05 for 1 df
k2 = 3.84
χ2cal value lies in acceptance region
χ2cal < K2
H is not accepted.
Conclusion: Education and employment are independent.

Question 22.
Of the 500 workers in a factory exposed to an epidemic 350 in all were attacked, 200 had been inoculated and of these 100 were attacked. Test whether inoculation and attack are independent.
H0 : Inoculation and attack are independent.
H1 : Inoculation and attack are not independent.

It is upper tailed test
α = 0.05 for 1 d.f.
C.V. is k2 = 3.84
χ2cal > c.v
H0 is rejected
Inoculation and attack are not independent.

### 2nd PUC Statistics Large Sample Tests Pratical Assignments

Question 1.
A machine is designed to fill 1 litre milk to polythene packets. A randomly selected 100 milk packets filled by this machine are inspected. The mean milk is found to be 998 ml and S.D. is 10 ml. Is the machine functioning properly at 1% level of significance?
Given: n = 100
x̄ = 998ml, s = 10ml, µ = 1 Litre = 100ml
H0 : Machine functioning properly (ie., machine fills 1 Ltr. Milk) i.e., µ = l Litre / 1000 ml.
H1 : Machine is not functioning properly [i.e., machine does’t fills 1 litre milk) i.e., µ ≠ 1 Litre / 100 ml (Two tail
test) under H0 the test statistic is : z = $$\frac{\bar{x}-\mu}{s \sqrt{n}}$$ ~ N(0,1)
zcal = $$\frac{998-1000}{10 \sqrt{100}}=\frac{-2}{10 / 10}=-2$$
At α = 1% the two critical values are ± k = ± 2.58
Here Zcal lies acceptance region (A.R)
i.e., k ≤ Zcal ≤ k
∴ H0 is accepted.

Conclusion: Machine is functioning properly; µ = 1 Ltr.

Question 2.
A random sample of 225 cans containing baby food has mean weight 998 gm and S.D. 15gm. Test whether the mean contents of the cans be considered as 2kg. (Use 5% L.O.S.)
Given: n = 225, x̄ = 998, s = 15, µ = lkg = 1000 grams
H0: Mean content of the can is 1 kg i.e., µ = 1000 grams
H1: Mean content of the can differs from 1 kg i.e., µ ≠ 1000 grams. (Two tail test) under H0, the test statistic is:

At α = 5% the two critical values are ± k = ± 1.96
Here Zcal lies in rejection region (R.R)
∴ H0 is rejected.

Conclusion: Mean content of the can differs from 1 kg. i.e., µ ≠ 1000 grams.

Question 3.
On 60 different days the numbers of passengers in a bus were noted. The mean and S.D. of the number of passengers was found to be 40 and 5 respectively. At 5% level of significance, test the hypothesis that the average number of passengers in the bus is more than 38.
Given: n = 60, x̄ = 40, s = 5, α = 5% µ = 38
H0 : The average number of passengers is 38. i.e., µ = 38
H1 : The average number of passengers is more than 38. i.e., µ > 38(upper tail test)
Under H0, the test statistic is:

At α = 5% the upper tail critical value k = 1.65
Here Zcal lies in rejection region
∴ H0 is rejected.

Conclusion: The average number of passengers is more than 38.

Question 4.
A company manufactures car tyres. Their average life is 40,000 kilometers and standard deviation 5,000 kilometers. A change in the production process is believed to result in a better product. A test sample of 100 new tyres has mean life of 41,000 kilometers. Can you conclude at 1% L.O.S. that the new product gives better result?
Given: µ = 40,000, σ = 5,000, n = 100,
x̄ = 41,000, α = 1%
H0 : Mean life of tyres is 40,000 km. i..e, µ = 40,000 kms
H1: Mean life of tyres is more than 40,000 kms.
(i.e., New product of tyres gives better result] i.e., µ > 40,000 kms
Under H the test statistic is z = $$\frac{\bar{x}-\mu}{\sigma \sqrt{n}}$$ ~ N(0,1)
zcal = $$\frac{41,000-40,000}{5000 / \sqrt{100}}=2$$
At α = 1% the upper tail critical value k = 2.33
Here Zcal lies in acceptance region i.e., Zcal < k
∴ H0 is rejected.

Conclusion: Mean life of tyres is 40,000 Kms
i.e., µ = 40,000 Kms.

Question 5.
A certain brand of soap is said to weigh 125 gm on the average. A consumer agency received complaints that the weight is much less. To test the claim the agency selects 100 pieces and finds mean is 123 gm with S.D. 5 gm. complete the test at 5% level of significance?
Given: µ = 125gm, n = 100, x̄ = 123 gm, s = 5gm
H0 : Average weight is 125 gmi..e, µ = 125 kms
H1 : Average weight is less than 125 gm i.e., µ < 125 gm (Lower tail test)
under H0 the test statistic is

Zcal = $$\frac{123-125}{5 \sqrt{100}}$$ = -4
At α = 5% the lower tail critical value – k = -1.65
Here Zcal lies in rejection region (R. R)
i.e., Zcal < -k
∴ H0 is rejected.

Conclusion: Average weight is less than 125 gms
i.e., µ < 125 gms.

Question 6.
The mean of weight of 50 boys of a college is 58 kg and that of 40 girls of the same college is 54 kg. The variances of weights of boys and girls are 64 and 49 respectively. Can we conclude that boys and girls studying in the college have same weight? Use 5% level of significance.
Given: n1 = 50, x̄1 = 58, n2 = 40; x̄2 = 54, s21 = 64, s22 = 49
H0 : Boys and girls have same weight i.e., µ1 = µ2
H1 Boys and girls do not have same weight i.e., µ1≠ µ2 (two tail test)

At α = 5% the lower tail critical values are ± k = ± 1.96
Here Zcal lies in rejection region (R. R)
∴ H0 is rejected.

Conclusion: Boys and girls do not have same weight i.e., µ1≠ µ2

Question 7.
400 women shoppers are chosen at random in market A. Their average weekly expenditure on food to be ?500 with S.D. of ?40. The figures are ?492 and ?50 respectively, in the market B, where 500 women shoppers are chosen at random from this place. Test at 5% level of significance whether the average weekly food expenditure of population of shoppers are equal.
Given: n1 = 400, x̄1 = 500, s1 = 40,
2 = 492, s2 = 50, n2 = 500, α = 5%
H0 : Average weekly expenditure of women shopers in market A and B are same i.e., µ1= µ2
H1 : Average weekly expenditure of women shopers in market A and B are not same i.e., µ1≠ µ2 (two tail test)

At α = 5% the two tail critical values are ± k = ± 1.96
Here Zcal lies in rejection region (R. R)
∴ H0 is rejected.

Conclusion: Average weekly expenditure of women shoppers in market A and B are not same µ1≠ µ2

Question 8.
For the following data, test whether means differ significantly, (Use α = 0.01)

Given: n1 = 40, x̄1 = 70, s1 = 8, n2 = 60, x̄2 = 66, s2 = 6
H0: Means does’t differ significantly i.e., µ1 = µ2
H1 : Means differ significantly i.e., µ1≠ µ2 (two tail test)

At α = 0.01 the two tail critical values are ±k = ±2.58
Here Zcal lies in rejection region (R. R)
∴ H0 is rejected.

Conclusion: Means differ significantly.

Question 9.
Test at 1% level of significance, that average life of bulbs manufactured by Firm – A is less than Firm – B.

Given:
Let n1 =32, x̄1 =1300, s21 = 64,
n2 = 50, x̄2 = 1305, s21 = 100
H0 : Average life of bulbs of firm A and B is same, (i.e., µ1= µ2)
H1 : Average life of bulbs of firm A is less than Firm B i.e., µ1 < µ2 (Lower tail test)

At α = 1% the lower tail critical value – k = -2.33
Here Zcal lies in rejection region (R. R)
i.e., Zcal < – k
∴ H0 is rejected.

Conclusion: Average life of bulbs of firm A is less than firm B. i.e., µ1 < µ2.

Question 10.
Following is data regarding mean weights of randomly selected boys and girls of P.U.C. students. Test whether, mean weight of boys are greater than mean weight of girls. (Use α = 0.05.)

Given: n1 = 64, x̄1 = 63, s1 = 8, x̄2 = 60, s2 = 12
H0 : Mean weight of Boys and girls is same, (i.e., µ1= µ2)
H1 : Mean weight of Boys is greater than girls i.e., µ1> µ2 (upper tail test)

At α = 0.05 the upper tail critical value +k = +1.65
Here Zcal lies in acceptance region (A. R)
i.e., Zcal < k
∴ H0 is accepted

Conclusion: Mean weight of Boys and girls is same i.e., 0 µ1> µ2

Question 11.
Intelligence test given to two groups of boys and girls gave the following information:

Is the difference in the mean score of boys and girls statistically significant Use 1% L.O.S.
Given: n1 – 100, x̄1 = 74, s1 = 12,
n2 = 50, x̄2 = 70, s2 = 10
H0 : The mean score of boys and girls does’t differs significantly i.e., µ1= µ2
H1 : The mean score of boys and girls differ significantly i.e., µ1 1µ2 (two tail test)

At α = 1% the tail critical values are ± k = ± 2.58
Here Zcal lies in acceptance region (A. R)
∴ H0 is accepted

Conclusion: Mean scores of boys and girls does’t differ significantly i.e., µ1= µ2

Question 12.
A coin is tossed 400 times and head turns up 220 times. Can we conclude that the coin is unbiased ? (Use α = 0.05)
Given: n = 400, x = 200, P0 = 0.5 (unbiased)
H0 : The coin is unbiased i.e., P0 = 0.5
H1 : The coin is biased i.e., P0 ≠ 0.5 (Two tailed test)
Under H0, the test statistic is : z = $$\frac{p-p_{0}}{\sqrt{\frac{P_{0} Q_{0}}{n}}}$$
Here sample proportion :
p = $$\frac{x}{n}=\frac{220}{400}$$ = 0.55 and Q0 = 1 – P0 = 1 – 0.5
∴ zcal = $$\frac{0.55-0.5}{\sqrt{\frac{0.5 \times 0.5}{400}}}=\frac{0.05}{0.025}=2$$
At α = 0.05 the two tail critical values are ±k = ±1.96
Here Zcal lies in rejection region (R. R) i.e., Zcal > k
∴ H0 is rejected

Conclusion: The coin is biased i.e., p0 ≠ 0.5

Question 13.
In a city, out of 900 men 486 were smokers. Does this information indicate that the majority of men in the city are smokers?
Given: n = 900, x = 486, P0 = 0.5 (majority)
H0 : Men smokers in the city are50% i.e., P0 = 0.5
H1 : Majority of men in the city are smoker i.e., P0 > 0.5 (upper tailed test)
Under H 0, the test statistic is : z = $$\frac{p-P_{0}}{\sqrt{\frac{P_{0} Q_{0}}{n}}}$$ ~ N(0,1);
Here sample proportion :
P0 = $$\frac{x}{n}=\frac{486}{900}$$ = 0.54 and Q0 = 1 – P 0 = 1 – 0.5 = 0.5
∴ Zcal = $$\frac{0.54-0.5}{\sqrt{\frac{0.5 \times 0.5}{900}}}=\frac{0.04}{0.0167}=2.3952$$
At α = 1% the upper tail critical value k = 2.33
Here Zcal lies in rejection region (R R)
i.e., Zcal > k
∴ H0 is rejected

Conclusion: Majority of men in the city are smokers i.e., p0 > 0.5.

Question 14.
A manufacturer claims that less than 2% of his products are defective. A retailer buys a batch of 400 articles from the manufacturer and finds that 12 are defectives. Test at 1% level of significance that, whether the manufacturer claim is justifiable.
Given p0 = 2% = $$\frac{2}{100}$$ = 0.02, n = 1000; x = 10
∴ p = $$\frac{x}{n}=\frac{10}{100}=0.01$$ and
Q0 = 1 – P0 = 1 – 0.02 = 0.98
H0 : 2% of the products are defectives i.e., P0 = 0.02
H1 : Less than 2% of the products are defectives i.e., P0 < 0.02 (Lower tail test)

At α = 5% the lower tail critical value = k = – 1.65
Here Zcal lies in rejection region (R R)
i.e., Zcal < – k
∴ H0 is rejected

Conclusion: Less than 2% of the products are defectives i.e., P0 < 0.02.

Question 15.
A stock broker claims that he can predict with 75% accuracy whether a stock’s market value will rise or fall during the coming month. In a sample of 50 predictions he is correct in 35. Does this evidence supports broker’s claim at 5% level of significance.
Given: P0 = 75% = 0.75.
∴ Q0 = 1 – p0 = 1 – 0.75 = 0.25 n = 50, x = 35,
∴ Sample proportion p = $$\frac{x}{n}=\frac{35}{50}$$ = 0.7
H0 : Stock broker can predict 75% accurately i.e., P0 = 0.75
H1 : Stock broker cannot predict 75% accurately i.e., P0 ≠ 0.75 (two tail test)

At α = 5% the two tail critical value ±k = ± 1.96
Here Zcal lies in acceptance region (A. R) – k ≤ k
∴ H0 is accepted

Conclusion: Stock broker can predict 75% accurately i.e., P0 = 0.75.

Question 16.
The manufacturer of surgical instruments claims that less than 1% of the instruments he supplied to a certain hospital are faulty. A sample of 300 instruments revealed that 6 were faulty. Test his claim at 1% level of significance.
Given: P0 = 1% = 0.01 and
Q0 = 1 – P0 = 1 – 0.01 = 0.99; n = 300, x = 6,
P = $$\frac{x}{n}=\frac{6}{300}$$ = 0.02
H0 : 1% of instruments are faulty i.e., P0 = 0.01
H1 : Less than 1% instruments are faulty i.e., P0 < 0.01 (Lower tail test)

At α = 1% lower tail critical values – k = – 2.33
Here Zcal lies in acceptance region (A. R)
i.e., Zcal > k
∴ H0 is accepted

Conclusion: 1% of the instruments are faulty i.e., p0 = 0.01

Question 17.
Among randomly selected 100 students of college A, 66 were passed. Among randomly selected 200 students of college B, 114 were passed. Test whether passing proportion is same in both the colleges. Use 5% L.O.S.
Given: n1 =100, x1 =66, ∴ p1 = $$\frac{x_{1}}{n_{1}}=\frac{66}{100}$$ = 0.66,
n2 = 200, x2 = 114 ∴ p2 = $$\frac{x_{2}}{n_{2}}=\frac{114}{200}$$ = 0.57
H0 : Passing proportion is same in both colleges i.e., P1 = P2
H1 : Passing proportion is not same in both colleges – i.e., P1 = P2 (Two tail test)

At α = 5% the two tail critical values are ±k = ± 1.96
Here Zcal lies in acceptance region (A. R)
i.e., H0 is accepted

Conclusion: passing proportion is same both colleges, i.e., P1 = P2.

Question 18.
Among 80 randomly selected persons from district A, 36 are interested in viewing hockey match. Among 40 randomly selected persons from district B, 12 are interested in viewing hockey match. Test at 5% level of significance that, the proportion of viewers in district A is more than district B.
Given: n1 = 80, x1= 36, n2 = 40, x2 = 12
The sample proportions:
p1 = $$\frac{x_{1}}{n_{1}}=\frac{36}{80}$$ = 0.45
p2 = $$\frac{x_{2}}{n_{2}}=\frac{12}{40}$$ = 0.3
H0 : Proportion of hockey viewers in district A and B is same i.e., P1 = P2
H1 : Proportion of Hockey viewers in district A is more than district B i.e., P1 > P2 (upper tail test)

At α = 5% the upper tail critical values are + k = + 1.65
Here Zcal lies in acceptance region (A. R)
i.e., -k ≤ Zcal ≤ k
∴ H0 is accepted

Conclusion: The proportion of Hockey viewers in district A and B is same (P1 = P2)

Question 19.
In a random sample of 200 people from a city in the year 2011 revealed that 150 were cricket match viewers. In another random sample of 100 people from same city in the year 2013 revealed that 90 were cricket match viewers. Examine whether there is a significant increase in cricket match viewers. Use 5% level of significance.
Given: n1 = 200, x1 = 150, ∴ P1 = $$\frac{x_{1}}{n_{1}}=\frac{150}{200}$$ = 0.75
n2 = 100, x2 = 90, ∴ P2 = $$\frac{\mathrm{x}_{2}}{\mathrm{n}_{2}}=\frac{90}{100}$$ = 0.9
H0 : Proportion of cricket viewers in 2011 and 2013 is same i.e., P1 = P2
H1 : Proportion of cricket viewers in 2011 is less than 2013 P1 < P2
(i.e., increases means more in 2013 than 2011)
under H0 the test stastistic is :

At α = 5% the lower tail critical values – k = -1.65
Here Zcal lies in rejection region (R. R)
∴ H0 is rejected

Conclusion: proportion of cricket viewers in 2011 is less than 2013 i.e., 1 < P2

Question 20.
From the following data, test whether the difference between the proportions in the samples is insignificant. Use 5% level of significant.

Given: n1 = 200, p1 = 0.12, n2 = 100, p2 = 0.09, α = 5%
H0 : There is no significant difference in the population proportions i.e., P1 = P2
H1 : There is a significant difference in the population proportions i.e., P1 ≠ P2 (Two tailed test)
Under H0, the test statistic is :

At α = 5% the two tail critical values are ± k = ± 1.96
Here Zcal lies in Accepted Region (A. R)
i.e., – k < zcal < k.
∴ H0 is accepted

Conclusion: There is no significant difference in the population proportions.

Question 21.
A mechanist is making engine parts with axle diameters 0.700″ a random sample of 10 parts shows a means diameter of 0.742″ with a S.D of 0.04″. Test whether work is meeting the specification?
Given: µ0 =0.700, n = 10, x̄ = 0.742, s = 0.04
H 0 : Mean diameter of axle is 0.7” i.e., µ = 0.700”
H1 : Mean diameter of axle differs from 0.7” i.e., µ ≠ 0.700” (Two tail test)
Under H0, the test statistic is : t = $$\frac{\bar{x}-\mu}{s \sqrt{n-1}}$$ ~ t(n – l)d.f. ;
tcal = $$\frac{0.742-0.700}{0.04 / \sqrt{10-1}}=\frac{0.042 \times 3}{0.04}=3.15$$
At α = 5% for (n – 1) d.f = 10 – 1 = 9 d.f.
the two tail critical values are ± k = ± 2.26.
Here tcal lies in rejection region (R.R)
i.e., tcal > K
∴ H0 is rejected

Conclusion: Mean diameter of axle differs from 0.700″ i.e., µ ≠ 0.700.

Question 22.
A soap manufacturing company was distributing a particular brand of shop through a large number of retail shops. Before a heavy advertisement campaign, the mean sales per week per shop was 140 dozens. After the campaign a sample of 26 shops was taken and mean sales was found to be 147 dozens with standard deviation 16. Can you consider the advertisement effective?
Given: µ0 = 140, n = 26, x̄ = 147, s = 16
H1 : Advertisement is effective i.e., µ > 140, (upper tail test) (i.e., sales increased)
Under H0, the t-test statistic is : t = $$\frac{\bar{x}-\mu}{s \sqrt{n-1}}$$ ~ t(n – l)d.f.
tcal = $$\frac{147-140}{16 / \sqrt{26-1}}=\frac{7 \times 5}{16}=2.1875$$
At α = 5% for (n – 1) = 26 – 1 = 25d.f
the upper tail critical value k = 1.71
Here tcal > k,
i.e., tcal lies in rejection region.
∴ H0 is rejected

Question 23.
A survey in a locality revealed that on an average 16% of persons bought a particular newspaper. But the newspaper agent felt that it is more. He conducted a survey in 10 locality and it was found that on an average 185 bought the newspaper with S.D 6. Conduct the t – test at α = 0.01.
Given: µ = 180, n = 10, x̄ = 185, s = 6. α = 0.01
H0 : Average is 180 i.e., µ = 180
H1 : Average is more than 180 i.e., µ > 180 (upper tail test)
Under H0, the t-test statistic is : t = $$\frac{\bar{x}-\mu}{s \sqrt{n-1}}$$ ~ t(n – l)d.f.;
tcal = $$\frac{185-180}{6 \sqrt{10-1}}=\frac{5 \times 3}{6}=2.5$$
At α = 0.01 the upper tail critical value for
(n – 1) = (10 – 1) = 9.d.f k = 2.82
Here tcal lies in acceptance region (A.R)
∴ H0 is accepted.

Conclusion: Average is 180 i.e., µ = 180

Question 24.
The weights of 5 students are 50, 48, 46, 49 and 50kgs. Test whether the average weight of the students is 50 kgs?
Given: n = 5, µ0 = 50
H0: Average weight is 50 kg i.e., µ = 50
H1 : Average weight differs from 50. i.e., µ ≠ 50 (Two tail test)
Under H0, the t-test statistic is :

At α = 5% for (n – 1) d.f = 5 – 1 = 4 d.f
the two tall critical values are ±k = 2.78 Hear tcal lies in AR
∴ H0 is accepted.

Conclusion: Average weight is 50 kg i.e., µ = 50

Question 25.
Ten students are selected at random from a college and their heights are found to be 138, 140, 144, 150, 160, 162, 164, 166 and 168 Cms. Test at 5% level of significance that the average height of the student of the college is 150 cms.
Given: n = 5, µ0 = 150 cms.
H0 : The average height of the students is 150 cms i.e., µ = 150
H1 : The average height of the students differs from 150 cms i.e., µ ≠ 150 (Two tail test)
Under H0, the t-test statistic is : t = $$\frac{\bar{x}-\mu}{s \sqrt{n-1}}$$ ~ t(n – l)d.f.

x̄ = 150 – $$\frac{50}{10}$$ = 145 s = $$\sqrt{\frac{1364}{10}-\left(\frac{50}{10}\right)^{2}}$$ = 10.55
∴ tcal = $$\frac{145-150}{8.899 / \sqrt{10-1}}$$ = -1.42
At α = 5% for (n – 1) d.f = 10 – 1 = 9 d.f
the two tail critical values are ±k = 2.26
Hear tcal lies in acceptance region (A.R)
i.e., -k ≤ tcal ≤ k
∴ H0 is accepted.

Conclusion: Average height of the students is 150 cms. i.e., µ = 150.

Question 26.
A company states that it sells 5600 articles in a month, but an insepector feels that it is not 5600. He randomly selects 17 months and finds that on an average the sales is 5750 and S.D. = 175. conduct the test at 5% level of significance
Given: n = 17, µ0 = 5600, x̄ = 5750, s = 175, α = 5%
H0 : The average sales is 5600 i.e., µ = 5600
H1 : The average sales differs from 5600, i.e., µ ≠ 5600 (Two tailed test)
Under H0, the t-test statistic is : t = $$\frac{\bar{x}-\mu}{s \sqrt{n-1}}$$ ~ t(n – l)d.f.
∴ tcal = $$\frac{5750-5600}{175 \sqrt{17-1}}=3.4286$$
At α = 5% for (n – 1) d.f = 17 – 1 = 16 d.f
the two tail critical values are ±k = ±2.12
Here tcal lies in acceptance region (R.R)i.e., tcal > k
∴ H0 is accepted.

Conclusion: The average sales differs from 5600.
i.e., µ = 5600.

Question 27.
For the following data examine whether the means of two samples differ significantly

Given: n1 = 12, n2 = 71, x̄1 = 572,
2 =52.3, S1 = 3.41, s2 = 3.62
H0 :Means does’t differ significantly i.e., µ1 = µ2
H1 :Means differs significantly i.e., µ1 ≠ µ2 (Two tail test)
Under H0, the t-test statistic is :

At α = 5% for (n1 + n2 – 2) d.f = 12 + 7 – 2 = 17 d.f.
the two tail critical values are ±k = ±2.11
Here tcal lies in rejection region i.e., tcal> k
∴ H0 is rejected.

Conclusion: Means differs significantly i.e. µ1 ≠ µ2

Question 28.
The mean and variance of 4 observations are 2.075 and 1.022 respectively and that of 5 observations are 2.86 and 3.106 respectively. Test whether mean of the first set of observation is less than the second.
Given: n1 = 4, x̄1 = 2.075, s12(variance) = 1.022
n2 =5, x̄2 = 2.86, s22 = 3.106
H0 : Mean of first and second set of observations same i.e., µ1 = µ2
H1 : Mean of first set of observation is less than second are set of observation i.e., µ1 < µ2 (Lower tail test)
Under H0, the t-test statistic is :

At α = 5% for (n1 + n2 – 2) d.f= 4 + 5 – 2 = 7 d.f.
The lower tail critical value – k = -1.90
Here tcal lies in acceptance region (A.R)
∴ H0 is accepted.

Conclusion: Means of first and second set of observations are same i.e., µ1 = µ2.

Question 29.
The average weight 6 randomly selected women is 68kgs and that of 10 randomly selected men is 67.8kgs. Their variance are 12 and 17.066 respectively. Test whether the average weight of women is more than men. Take α = 0.01.
Given: n1 = 6, x̄1 = 68, n2 = 10, x̄2 = 67.8,
s12 = 12, s22 = 17.066, α = 0.01
H0 The average weight of women and men are same i.e., µ1 = µ2
H1 The average weight of women is more than men i.e., µ1 > µ2 (upper tail test)
Under H0, the t-test statistic is :

At α = 0.01 the upper tail critical value for
(n1 + n2 – 2) d.f = (6 + (10 – 2) = 14. d.f. k = 2.62
Here tcal is lies in acceptance region (A.R) i.e., tcal > k.
∴ H0 is accepted.

Conclusion: Means of first and second set of observations are same i.e., µ1 = µ2

Question 30.
A group of 5 students weight 41, 60, 39, 48, 42 kgs and another group of 7 students weight 42, 56, 64, 38, 68, 62, 69 kgs. Test whether the mean weight of first group is less than second groups.
Given n1 = 5, n2 = 7, (Two independent groups)
H0 : Mean weight of first group and second group is same i.e., µ1 = µ2
H1 : Mean weight of first group is less than the second group, i.e., µ1 < µ2 (Lower tail test)
Under H0, the t-test statistic is:

Let x1 and x2 be the weight of the groups.

At α = 5% for (n1 + n2 – 2) d.f = (5 + 7 – 2) = 10. d.f.
the Lower tail critical value – k = – 1.81
Here tcal is lies in acceptance region (A.R)
i.e., tcal > k.
∴ H0 is accepted.

Conclusion: Mean weight of first and second group is same i.e., µ1 = µ2.

Question 31.
The heights of 6 randomly chosen sailors are: 63”, 65″, 58”, 69″, 71” and 72”. The heights of 8 randomly chosen soldiers are : 61″, 62”, 69″, 65”, 70″, 71”, 72″ and 73″ Do these figures show that soldiers are on an average shorter than sailors.
Given n1 = 6, n2 = 8
H0 : Soldiers and sailors have same height i.e., µ1 = µ2
H1 : Soldiers are shorter than sailors, i.e., µ1 < µ2 (Lower tail test)
Under H0, the t-test statistic is:

Let x1 and x2 be the heights.

At α = 5% for (n1 + n2 – 2) d.f = 6 + 8 – 2 = 12. d.f.
the Lower tail critical value – k = -1.78
Here tcal is lies in acceptance region (A.R)
i.e., tcal > – k.
∴ H0 is accepted.

Conclusion: Soldiers and sailors have same height, i.e., µ1 = µ2.

Question 32.
An IQ Test was administered to 5 persons before and after training.

Test whether there is any significant difference between average IQ before and after training. Take α = 0.01.
Given: n1 = n2 = 5
(Before and offer of same students so, use paired t – test)
H0: Average IQ before and after training is same i.e., µ1 = µ2,
H1 : Average IQ before and after training is not same i.e., µ1 ≠ µ2 (Two tailed test) under H0, the paired t-test statistic is:

Let x and y be the I.Q. before and after training.

At α = 0.01 for (n – 1)d.f = 5 – 1 = 4 d.f.
the two tail critical values are ±k = ±4.60.
Here tcal lies in acceptance region (A.R) i.e., – k < tcal < k.
∴ H0 is accepted.

Conclusion : Average I.Q before and after training is same i.e., µ1 = µ2.

Question 33.
Eleven school boys were given a test in geometry. They were given a month’s tuition and second test was held at the end of it. Test whether the tuition was benefited the students. (Use a = 0.05)

n = 11, α = 0.05
H0 : Mean marks before after getting tuition is same i.e., µ1 = µ2, (Tuitions not benefited)
H1 : Mean marks has increased after getting tuition i.e., µ1 < µ2 (Tuitions benefited): Lower tail test under H0, the paired t-test statistic is:

At α = 0.05 for (n – 1) d.f = (11 – 1) = 10d.f.
the two tail critical values -k = -1.81.
Here tcal lies in rejection region (R.R)
i.e., tcal < – k.
∴ H0 is rejected.

Conclusion : mean marks has increased after getting tuition i.e.,µ1 < µ2.(Tuition benefited)

### 2nd PUC Statistics chi – Square Test Pratical Assignments

Question 1.
Weights of 10 students are given below:
Weight (in kgs): 32,48, 50,47,49, 55,46, 51, 50. Can you conclude that standard deviation of the distribution of weights of students is 4kg? Use α = 0.01.
Given: n = 10, = 4, α = 0.01
H0 : S.D. of weight of students is 4kg i.e., σ = 4
H1 : S.D. of weight of students differ from 4 kg : σ ≠ 4 (Two tail test)
Under H0 the χ2 – test statistic is χ2 = $$\frac{\mathrm{ns}^{2}}{\sigma^{2}} \sim \chi^{2}(\mathrm{n}-1)$$
Let x be the weight then s2 – sample variance is calculated as below:

∴ χ2cal = $$\frac{10 \times 32-84}{42}$$ = 20.525
At α = 0.01 for (n – 1) d.f= 10 – 1 = 9 d.f.
the two tail critical values are k1 = 1.73 and k2 = 23.59
Here χ2cal lies in acceptance region (A.R) i.e., k1 ≤ χ2 ≤ k2
∴ H0 is accepted.

Conclusion: S.D. of weight of students is 45kg i.e., σ = 4

Question 2.
A manufacturer claims that the life time of a brand A batteries produced by the factory has variance less than 4000 hours2. To test this, a sample of 18 batteries of brand A was tested and found the variance of 600 hours2. Test the manufactures claim at α = 0.05.
Given σ2(variance) = 4000, n = 18, s2 = 600, α = 0.05
H0 : variance of life of batteries is 4000 Hours2, ie., σ2 = 4000
H1 : variance of life of batteries is less than 4000 Hours2 ie., σ2 < 400 (Lower tail test) under H0, the χ2 – test statistic is:
χ2 = $$\frac{\mathrm{ns}^{2}}{\sigma^{2}} \sim \mathrm{x}^{2}(\mathrm{n}-1) \mathrm{d} . \mathrm{f}$$
χ2cal = $$\frac{18 \times 600}{4000} = 2.7$$

At α = 0.05, for (n – 1) d.f = 18 – 1 = 17. d.f.
the: lower tail critical value k1 = 8.67
Here χ2cal lies in acceptance region (A.R)
ie., χ2cal < k1.
∴ H0 is accepted
Conclusion : variance of life of batteries is σ2 = 4000 hours2 ie.,

Question 3.
Test the hypothesis that a = 5, given that sample standard deviation is 6 for a random sample of size 25 from a normal population. Use α = 0.05
Given: σ = 5, S = 6, n = 25, α = 0.05
H0 : σ = 5
H1 : σ ≠ 5 (Two tailed test)

under H0, the χ2 – test ststistic is:
χ2 = $$\frac{\mathrm{ns}^{2}}{\sigma} \sim \mathrm{x}^{2}(\mathrm{n}-1) \mathrm{d} . \mathrm{f}$$ χ2cal = $$\frac{25 \times \sigma^{2}}{5^{2}}=36$$
At α = 0.5 for (n-1) d.f = 25 – 1 = 24. d.f
the two tail critical values are k1 = 12.40 and k2 = 39.36
Here χ2cal lies in acceptance region (A.R)
i.e., k1 ≤ χ2cal ≤ k2
∴ H0 is accepted
Conclusion: σ = 5.

Question 4.
The variance of the height of 20 SSLC students is 4Cms2. Test at 1% level of significant that the variance of height of SSLC students is more than 3cm2.
Given: n = 20, s2 = 4cm2, α = 1%, σ2 = 3cm2
H0 : variance of height is 3cm2 ie., σ2 = 3
H1 : variance of height is more than 3cm2 ie., σ2 > 3 (upper tail test)
Under H0, the χ2 – test statistic is:
χ2 = $$\frac{\mathrm{ns}^{2}}{\sigma^{2}} \sim \mathrm{x}^{2}(\mathrm{n}-1) \mathrm{d} . \mathrm{f}$$
χ2cal = $$\frac{20 \times 4}{3}=26.67$$

At a = 1% the upper tail critical value k2 for (n – 1)
d.f = (20 – 1) = 19.d.f is k2 = 36.19
Here χ2cal lies in a acceptance region (A.R)
ie., χ2cal < K2
∴ H0 is accepted
Conclusion: variance of height is 3cm2. ie., σ2 = 3.

Question 5.
Binomial distribution is fitted to an observed frequency distribution after estimating ‘p’ from the observed data. The observed and the expected frequencies are given below.

Test whether B.D is a good fit.
H0 : Binomial distribution is good fit
H1 : Binomial distribution is not good fit

Given that p is estimated from the data.

χ2cal = 7.16
At α = 5% for (n – 2)d.f = 6 – 2 = 4.d.f
the upper tail critical value k2 = 9.49
Here χ2cal lies in acceptance region
ie., χ2cal < k.
∴ H0 is accepted
Conclusion: Binominal distribution is good fit.

Question 6.
From the following data, test whether the Poisson distribution is a good fit. The values are tabulated after estimating the parameter use α = 0.01

H0 : poisson distribution is good fit.
H1 : poisson distribution is not good fit
under H0, the χ2 – test statistic is :

Given that parameter is estimated from the data.

∴ χ2cal = 1.243
At α = 0.01 for(n – 2) = 4 – 2 = 2 d.f.
the upper tail critical value k2 = 9.21
Here χ2cal lies in acceptance region (A.R)
ie., χ2cal < k2
∴ H0 is rejected
Conclusion: poisson distribution is good fit.

Question 7.
Five coins are tossed 250 times and the following distribution is obtained.

fit a binomial distribution to the data and test the goodness of fit at 1% level of significance.
Let x be the number of tails and f be the no. of tosses, then from the observed frequency
distribtion : mean = x̄ = np = $$\frac{\sum f x}{N}$$ : Here n = 5

5p = $$\frac{648}{250}$$; p = $$\frac{2.592}{5}$$
∴ p = 0.52 and q = 1 – p = 1 – 0.52 = 0.48
The p.m.f is: p (x) = nCxPx qn – x; x = 0, 1, 2….n
P(x) = 5Cx(0.52)x (0.48)5 – x; x = 0,1, 2….5
Theoretical frequency:
Tx = p(x)N
T0 = p(x)250
T0 = 50(0.52)0(0.43)5 – 0 × 250 = 6.35
Using recurrence relation : Tx = $$\frac{n+1-x}{x} \frac{P}{q} T_{x}-1$$

The observed and theoretical frequency distribution is

Chi – square test:
H0 : Binomial distribution is good fit.
H1 : Binomial distribution is not good fit.

χ2cal = 134.606
At a = 1% for ( n – 2) = 6 – 2= 4 d.f
the upper tail critical value k2 = 13.28
Here χ2cal lies in rejection region (R.R)
i.e., χ2cal > k2,
∴ H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted
Conclusion: B.D is not good fit.

Question 8.
A die is thrown 120 times and each time the number of the upper most face is noted
The resulted are as follows:

At 5% level of significance test whether the die is fair.
Let 0/01 be the observed no. of frequency. If the die is assumed as fair, then outcomes / frequencies are equally distributed through out the faces of a die and so, each
E1 = $$\frac{120}{6}$$ = 20 each.
H0 : The die is fair
H1 : The die is not fair
Under H0, the χ2 – test statistic is:
χ2 = $$\Sigma \frac{(0-E)^{2}}{E}-\chi^{2}(n-1) d . f$$

∴ χ2cal = 10.8
At a = 5% for (n – 1) = 6 – 1 = 5d.f
the upper tail critical value k2 = 11.07
Here χ2cal lies in acceptance region (A.R)
ie., χ2cal > k2
∴ H0 is accepted
Conclusion: The die is fair.

Question 9.
Consider the following data

Fit a poisson distribution to the data and test at 5% whether the distribution is a good fit.
From the given frequency distribution λ is obtained as:

The distribution of observed and theoretical frequencies is:

Chi – square test:
H0 : Poisson distribution is good fit
H1 : Poisson distribution is
under H0 χ2 – test statistic is

λ is estimated from the data so (n – 2) d.f.

χ2cal = 11.05
At α = 5% for (n – 2) = 4 – 2 = 2 d.f
the upper tail critical value k2 = 5.99
Here χ2cal lies in rejection region (R.R)
i.e., χ2cal > k2
∴ H0 is accepted
Conclusion : poission distribution is not good fit i.e., Oi ≠ Ei

Question 10.
A sample analysis of examination results of 500 students was made. It was found that 220 student had failed, 170 has secured 3rd class, 90 were placed in 2nd class, and 20 got 1st class. Do these figures commensurate with the general examination result which is in the ratio of 4:3:2:1 for various categories respectively?
Let 0/0 be observed no, of students: 220,170,90,20.
The expected frequencies are in the ratio of 4:3:2:1
∴ E1 = $$\frac{500}{4+3+2+1} \times 4=\frac{500}{10} \times 4=200$$
E2 = $$\frac{500}{10} \times 3=150$$
E3 = $$\frac{500}{100} \times 2=100$$ and
E4 = $$\frac{500}{10} \times 1=50$$
H0 : Figures commensurate with the general result.
H1 : Figures doesn’t commensurate with the general result under H0, the

∴ χ2cal = 23.67
At a = 5% for (n – 1) = 4 – 1 = 3d.f
the upper tail critical value k2 = 7.81
Here χ2cal lies in rejected region (R.R)
ie., χ2cal > k.
∴ H0 is rejected
Conclusion: Figures does’t commensurate with the general result.

Question 11.
Consider the following 2 × 2 contingences table. Test whether X and Y are independent at 1% level of

Given :
H0 : X and Y are independent
H1 : X and Y are dependent.(upper tail test)
The 2 × 2 contingency table is:

At α = 1% forl.d.f the upper tail critical value
k2 = 6.63
Here χ2cal lies in acceptance region (A.R)
ie., χ2cal < k2
∴ H0 is accepted.
Conclusion : X and Y are independent.

Question 12.
For the following data, test the effect of vaccine in controlling the independence of a certain disease.

Test at 5% level of significance.
H0: Inoculation and effect of disease are independent
H1 : Inoculation and effect of disease are dependent
The 2 × 2 contingency table is:

At α = 5% for l.d.f the upper tail critical value k2 = 3.84
Here χ2cal lies in acceptance region (A.R)
ie., χ2cal < k2.
∴ H0 is accepted.
Conclusion: Inoculation and affect of disease are independent.

Question 13.
40 students of college A and 120 students of college B are appeared for an examination. The results are as follows.

H0 : Result of the examination and colleges are independent
H1 : Result of the examination and colleges are dependent.
Under H0, the χ2 – test statistic is:

χ2cal = $$\frac{160(25 \times 20-100 \times 15)^{2}}{125 \times 35 \times 400+120}$$
= $$\frac{160 \times 1000 \times 1000}{21000000}$$ = 7.619
At α = 5% for l.d.f the upper tail critical value
k2 = 3.84
Here χ2cal lies in rejection region (A.R)
∴ H0 is rejected.
Conclusion: Result of examination is dependent on college.

Question 14.
In an experiment an immunization of cattle from tuberculosis, the following results were obtained.

Test whether the vaccine is effective in controlling tuberculosis.
H0 : vaccline is not effective in controlling T.B.
H1 : vaccline is effective in controlling T.B
The 2 × 2 contingency table as:

At α = 5% for 1. D.f the upper tail critical values
k2 = 3.84
Here χ2cal lies in rejection region (R.R)
ie., χ2cal > K2
∴ H0 is rejected.

Conclusion: vaccine is effective in controlling the disease.

Question 15.
In a survey of 200 boys of which 75 were intelligent, 40 had skilled fathers, while 85 of the unintelligent boys had unskilled fathers. Do these figures support the hypothesis that skilled fathers have intelligents boys.
H0 : skill offathers and intelligence of boys are independent
H0 : skill offathers and intelligence of boys are dependent
The 2 × 2 contingency tables as below:

given data; 200 – 75 = 125; 125 – 85 = 40 etc.,
The test statistic is:

At α = 5% for 1 d.f the upper tail critical value
k2 = 3.84.
Here χ2cal lies in rejection region (R.R)
i.e., χ2cal > k2
∴ H0 is rejected.

Conclusion : Skill of fathers and intelligence of boys are dependent.