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Karnataka 2nd PUC Biology Question Bank Chapter 4 Reproductive Health
2nd PUC Biology Reproductive Health One Mark Questions and Answers
Question 1.
Name any two sexually transmitted diseases.
Answer:
Syphilis and Gonorrhoea.
Question 2.
What is meant by tubectomy?
Answer:
Tubectomy is the method of birth control involving ligation of the fallopian tube.
Question 3.
What is azoospermia?
Answer:
Loss of motility of sperms due to altered morphology and physiology is called azoospermia.
Question 4.
What is oligospermia?
Answer:
The deficiency in sperm count going below 20 million ml of seminal fluid is called oligospermia.
Question 5.
Mention any two methods of birth control?
Answer:
(a) Intra uterine devices – copper T, loop,
(b) Mechanical barriers – condom, diaphragm.
Question 6.
Name the causative organisms of syphilis and Gonorrhoea.
Answer:
Syphilis – Treponema pallidum.
Gonorrhoea – Neisseria gonorrhoea.
Question 7.
Expand MTP and ICSI.
Answer:
MTP: Medical Termination of Pregnancy.
ICSI: Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection.
Question 8.
What is lactational amenorrhoea?
Answer:
It refers to the absence of menstruation during period of intense lactation.
Question 9.
Name the technique by which one can diagnose any possible chromosomal or metabolic disorders in foetus.
Answer:
Amniocentesis.
Question 10.
Write one reason for the ban on amniocentesis.
Answer:
As it can be used for foetal sex determination.
2nd PUC Biology Reproductive Health Two Marks Questions and Answers
Question 1.
Explain the role of sex hormones in the female reproductive cycle.
Answer:
1. Estrogen in association with gonadotropins results in puberty in females and also stimulates the growth of female accessory reproductive organs.
2. Progesterone promotes the development of endometrium and prepares uterus for implantation. It maintains pregnancy and prevents premature expulsion of foetus.
Question 2.
Suggest any four measures to prevent sexually transmitted diseases.
Answer:
- Clean sexual habits.
- Weaning of drug addicts.
- Use of sterilized instruments in hospitals.
- Some veneral diseases can be prevented by screening donor’s semen, cornea, kidneys. bone marrow and other organs.
Question 3.
Explain any two spacing methods of birth control.
Answer:
a. Natural contraception: It is a physiological contraceptive method based on the knowledge of menstrual cycle and conceiving period. In a normal, healthy adult female menstrual cycle will be of 28 days. Tenth to eighteenth day of the menstrual cycle can be considered as the conceiving period. Avoiding copulation during this unsafe period prevents conception.
b. Intra uterine contraceptive methods (IUD): IUDs such as loop and copper-T prevent the implantation of blastocyst. Hence IUDs can be used as contraceptives.
Question 4.
How can infertile couples be assisted through modern technological methods to have their own children?
Answer:
The technique of preventing infertility and maintaining the fertility is called infertility control. lt can be achieved by certain modem scientific techniques called Assisted Reproductive techniques i.e ART. These basic procedures are,
- Invitro fertilization (IVF)
- Embryo transfer (ET)
- Tubal embryo transfer (TET)
- Gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT).
- Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT).
- Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI):
- Artificial insemination:
Question 5.
What is aminocentesis? Why is it banned?
Answer:
It is a prenatal diagnostic technique in which a sample of amniotic fluid from the womb of a pregnant woman is taken during the early stages of foetal development and the cells are ^ cultured and analyzed.
In this method the chromosomal abnormalities, the sex of the foetus and developmental disorders could be detected for treatment. Since it is misused for destroying the normal female foetuses, it is legally banned.
Question 6.
Name a few methods of contraception.
Answer:
(a) Rhythm method or calendar method or physiological method,
(b) Coitus interrupts (Withdrawal method),
(c) Lactational amenorrhoea,
(d) Use of Condom (Sheath), Diaphragm (cap) and Intra uterine device (IUD).
Question 7.
What do you think is the significance of reproductive health in a society?
Answer:
Reproductive health refers to a total well being in all aspects of reproduction i.e., physical, emotional, behavioural and social. Therefore, a society, where people having physically and functionally normal reproductive organs and normal emotional and behavioural interactions among them in all sexually related aspects, is termed reproductively healthly.
Question 8.
Is sex education necessary in schools? Why?
Answer:
Yes, it will provide the right information about sex to the children. Such education will also discourage children from believing in myth and misconceptions about sex related aspects. Also awamess about STD’s and safe and hygienic sexual practices.
Question 9.
What are the suggested reasons for the population explosion?
Answer:
- Decline in death rate, maternal mortality rate and infant mortality rate,
- Increase in number of people in the reproductive age,
- Control of diseases and
- Better public health care and greater medical attention.
Question 10.
Is the use of contraceptives, justified? Give reasons.
Answer:
Yes, to overcome the problem of over population and to have a small family, the use of contraceptive could be the best option. Also to avoid the spread of STDs contraceptives are recommended.
Question 11.
Removal of gonads cannot be considered as a contraceptive option. Why?
Answer:
It is because an ideal contraceptive should be,
- user friendly,
- easily available and reversible,
- with no or least side effect, and
- should not interfere with the sexual drive, desire and or the sexual act of the user.
Question 12.
Amniocentesis for sex determination is banned in our country. Is this ban necessary? Comment.
Answer:
Yes, because this technique is being misused for female foeticide, (i.e.„ killing of female foetus) if the foetus found to be a female in amniocentesis analysis.
Question 13.
What are the measures one has to take to prevent from contracting STDs?
Answer:
- Avoid sex with unknown partner/multiple partners.
- Always use condoms during intercourse.
- If a person is in doubt, he or she must consult a qualified doctor. If STD is detected get complete treatment.
Question 14.
Write an example for copper releasing and hormone releasing IUDs each.
Answer:
Copper releasing – CuT/Cu 7 /Multiload 375
Hormone releasing – Progestasert / LNG – 20
Question 15.
Name an oral pill used as contraceptive in females. How does it prevent pregnancy?
Answer:
Saheli, Mala-D, Unwanted – 72, i-pill
They inhibit ovulation and implantation
Altering the quality of cervical mucus to prevent/retard entry of sperms.
Question 16.
What is reproductive health? Mention its significance.
Answer:
Though reproductive hea4th simply means healthy reproductive organs and their normal functioning, the term ¡n its broader perspective includes the emotional and social aspects of reproduction.
Significance: Its aim is to have a reproductively healthy society.
Question 17.
What is amniocentesis? Why is it legally banned in our country?
Answer:
his a prenatal diagnostic technique in which a sample of amniotic fluid from the womb of a pregnant woman is taken during the early stages of foetal development and the cells are cultured and analyzed.
2nd PUC Biology Reproductive Health Three Marks Questions and Answers
Question 1.
Expand the following
(i) GIFT
(ii) ICSI
(iii) IUCD.
Answer:
(i) Gamete Intra FallopianTransfer.
(ii) Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
(iii) Intra Uterine Contraceptive Devices.
Question 2.
Mention any four objectives of RCHC.
Answer:
RCHC refers to a popular programme called “Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCHC) and the major tasks under these programmes are
- Creating awareness about various reproduction related aspects e.g. STDs, birth control methods.
- Providing facilities and support for building up a reproductive healthy society.
- Educating people about care of pregnant women, importance of breast feeding.
- Awareness about sex abuse and sex related crimes.
Question 3.
State the consequences of over population.
Answer:
The consequences of overpopulation are :
- An increase in demand and therefore pressure on the natural resources.
- An increase in the level of pollutions.
- More number of unemployment, poor infrastructure and pressure on the country’s economy.
Question 4.
What are STDs? How can we prevent sexually transmitted diseases?
Answer:
Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse are collectively called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) e.g.: gonorrhoea, syphilis, hepatitis-B etc.
Sexually transmitted diseases can be prevented by the following methods.
- By using condoms during sexual intercourse.
- Having sex only with one’s married partner.
- During infection of sexual and associated organs, taking medicines and advice only from a well qualified doctor.
Question 5.
Suggest the aspects of reproductive health which need to be given special attention in the present scenario.
Answer:
In the present scenario, attention should be given on the following problems to achieve reproductive health.
- Control on over population through programmes like family planning and Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) programmes.
- Creating awareness among the people about reproduction.
- Sex education in the Schools.
- Awareness about adolescence related changes and STDs.
- Awareness about sex abuse and sex related crimes.
- Birth control and care of mother and child.
- Infrastructural facilities and material support.
- Research on reproduction related areas.
Question 6.
Suggest some methods to assist infertile couples to have children.
Answer:
1. In vitro fertilization (Test-tube baby):- It involves fertilization of ovum outside the body, (i.e., in invitro conditions in the lab) followed by embryo transfer into the uterus of a female.
2. Gamete intra fallopian transfer. It involves the collection of ovum from a donor female and transferring it into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce ovum, but can provide suitable environment for fertilization and further development of the embryo.
3. Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection: Sperm is directly injected into the ovum under proper conditions.
4. Artificial insemination: It involves collection of semen either from husband or a healthy donor which is artificially introduced either into the vagina or into the uterus of the female, so that fertilization happens and further development of zygote takes place.
Question 7.
How do intra-uterine devices prevent conception in humans?
Answer:
Intra uterine device (IUD): Intrauterine devices are used by women. The device ¡s in the form of small object made up of plastic, copper or stainless steel. It is in the form of a loop, coil or T. The IUD is inserted to the uterus with the help of an insertion tube by an experienced gynaecologist. The IUD is provided with strings which are useful to check and confirm its position. They are also useful in removing the IUD.
An IUD could remain in the uterus upto three years. It should be replaced after 3 years. It prevents implantation. It is a reliable methbd. of birth control. Loop and copper T are very widely used by women in our country.
Question 8.
What is MTP? Mention an advantage and disadvantage of this technique.
Answer:
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP). Termination of pregnancy is called abortion. Medical termination of undesired pregnancy is a method of birth control. However termination of advanced pregnancies is dangerous. This should be done within 2-2 1/2 months of pregnancy.
Question 9.
Distinguish betweeen vasectomy and tubectomy.
Answer:
Vasectomy : This is.a method of male sterilization, it involves surgical removal of a small portion of each vasdeferens. An incision is made in the scrotum on each side, the vas defens is located and each one is tied in two plaèes. Then the portion bêtween the two ties of cut-off. In this method, production of sperm continues in the testes but they cannot reach the urethra. Vasectomy is reversible.
Tubectomy (tubal ligation): This is a method of female sterilization. It involves surgical removal of small portion of each uterine tube. A small incision is made into the abdominal cavity and the uterine tubes are squeezed to form a small loop called knuckle and a suturels tied at the baše of the knuckle then the knuckle is cut.
In about 4 to 5 days the suture is digested bý the body fluids and the two severed ends of the tubes separate. Therefore, the ovum is prevented from passing into the uterus, and the sperms cannot reach the ovum. Tubectomy is reversible.
2nd PUC Biology Reproductive Health Five Marks Questions and Answers
Question 1.
What is contraception? Make a list of birth control measures and explain the application of any two of them.
Answer:
Any method which prevents fertilization after sexual intercourse may be considered as contraception.
(a) Oral contraception
(b) Intra uterine devices
(c) Mechanical barriers
(d) Rhythm method
(e) Sterilization
Application of contraceptive methods:
(a) Natural contraception: It is a physiological contraceptive method based on the knowledge that the normal menstrual cycle of 28 days. Tenth to eighteenth day of menstrual cycle can be considered as conceivihg period. Avoiding copulation during this unsafe may prevent conception.
(b) Intra uterine contraceptive methods (IUD) : IUDs such as loop, Copper-T prevent the implantation of blastocyst. Hence IUDs are used as safer contraceptives.
Question 2.
Explain the steps involved in IVF-ET techniques.
Answer:
The steps involved in IVF-ET techniques are,
(a) Collection of oocytes: By injecting gonadotropins into a female, super ovulation or multiovulation is induced. Using laparoscope and ultra sound scanning oocytes are aspirated from the ovary. Aspirated oocytes are graded and the best ones are preserved in an incubator.
(b) Collection of sperms: Sperms are collected from the husband or a donor or a sperm bank. These sperms are centrifuged and vigorously motile sperms are pipetted out.
(c) Invitro fertilization: Oocytes from the female and sperms collected from the male are released into a petridish containing a culture medium. Fertilization occurs in the petridish. Hence the name invitro fertilization. Fertilization is confirmed by microscopic examination.
(d) Embryo culture: After fertilization the zygote is incubated for about four days. During this period of incubation zygote develops into a blastocyst.
(e) Embryo transfer (ET): Before embryo transfer, uterus of the female or surrogate mother is prepared for implantation by administering progesterone into the uterus. To the uterus of the female a maximum of three pre-embryos are transferred by using catheters.
(f) Pregnancy and delivery: Transferred embryos get implanted to the wall of the uterus. They undergo normal development. During the course of development, best developing embryo is retained and the remaining are aborted. After gestation period, baby is delivered by normal or caesarian operation.
Question 3.
Explain the cause, symptoms, prevention and treatment of Gonorrhoea.
Answer:
Gonorrhoea is an infectious sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus). It affects both men and women. It is transmitted through direct sexual contact. It may be transmitted even to a new born baby during birth from the infected mother.
Symptoms : Symptoms appear about 10 days after infection. Symptoms in men include a severe burning sensation in the penis during urination. A greenish yellow discharge called gleet comes out of the penis with a severe burning sensation. Symptoms in women include severe pain during urination, discharge of pus from the Vagina and pain in the lower part of the abdomen.
Effects: Patients of gonorrhoea suffer from inflammation of urethra called urethritis, inflammation of the cervix called cervicitis, inflammation of the synovial membranes of the joints which may lead to arthritis and inflammation of the lining of the heart which may even damage the valves of the heart. Gonorrhoea may also lead to infertility.
Prevention : Multiple sexual contacts should be avoided and a condom can be used as a protection against the disease.
Treatment: Penicillin is the most effective drug used to treat gonorrhoea. Other antibiotics like erythromycin tetracycline, spiramycin etc., are also used depending on the intensity of the infection.
Question 4.
Explain the cause, symptoms, prevention and treatment of Syphillis.
Answer:
Syphilis is an infectious sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium, Treponema pallidum. It affects both men and women. It may be transmitted even to a new born baby during birth, from the infected mother.
Symptoms: Symptoms of syphilis progress through the following four stages:
1. Primary stage : Symptoms of primary stage usually appear between 14 and 28 days – after infection. The chief symptom is the appearance of a painless localized ulcer or an open sore called chancre around the sex organs, anus and even mouth. However, they are painless and soon disappear without treatment.
2. Secondary stage: Symptoms of the secondary stage usually appear 6 to 24 weeks later. The symptoms include skin rashes, fever, body aches and pain in the muscles and joints.
3. Latent – stage: The second symptoms disappear temporarily. This symptomless period is called the latent stage or latent syphilis. During this period the bacteria may invade body organs. This stage may last upto 30 years.
(iv) Tertiary stage: This stage appears between 1 and 30 years after the latent stage. It is referred to as late syphilis. It results in serious disorders affecting various parts of the body.
Effects: Syphilis bacteria attack the nervous system resulting in blindness, partial paralysis due to nervous disorder and loss of memory. Patients may. become irritable and develop hallucinations. Motor areas of the cerebrum may be extensively damaged and hence the patient may be unable to control urine and bowel movements (incontinence). Syphilis patients , may develop liver and heart diseases also.
Prevention: Multiple sexual contacts to be avoided and use of a condom may be helpful in prevention.
Treatment: Penicillin is the most effective drug Used for the treatment of syphilis. Other antibodies like erythromycine, tetracycline, spiramycin etc., are also used depending on the intensity of infection.
Question 5.
What is infertility? How infertility is treated by assisted reproductive technologies like IVF-ET and ZIFT?
Arnswer:
Infertility : An woman who is unable to conceive is called infertile. This infertility is caused due to defects in men or women or both.
Causes of Infertility of Men :
- Deficiency of FSH and ICSH lead to diminished production of sperms.
- To maintain fertility, there must be 20 millions of sperms in 1 ml of semen*but sterility is caused due to less number of sperms i.e, less than 10 millions in 1 ml of semen and it is called oligospermia.
- Due to infections caused by virus, bacteria and diseases like T-8 may affects the spermatogenesis. Some times, there will be no production of sperms in the Semen, called Azoospermia.
- In some cases, when the testis remains in abdomen and does not descend in to the scrotal sacs, it is called
- cryptorchidism. This causes more temperature in the body and affects spermatogenesis.
- Inflammation of prostate gland and seminal vesicle.
- Impotence: It is the inability of the male to attain or hold an erection of the penis long enough for normal intercourse.
- Defective epididymis and vas deference.
Causes of infertility in women:
- Deficiency of FSH and LH of pituitary
- Blockage of fallopian tube leads to infertility.
- When uterus is very small and such a congenital defect may lead to sterility.
- Improper development of uterus lead to sterility.
- Injury or diseases of ovary leads to sterility.
- Deficiency of vaginal fluid (Mucous)leads to sterility.
- Non-canal ization of vagina.
Infertility Control :
The technique of preventing the infertility and maintaining the fertility is called infertility control. It can be achieved by certain modem scientific techniques called Assisted reproductive techniques i.e ART. These basic procedures are
- Invitro Fertilization (IVF)
- Embryo transfer (ET)
- Tubal embryo transfer (TET)
- Gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT).
- Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT).
- Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI):
- Artificial insemination:
IVF and ET:
These can be adopted when the ovaries are defective or fallopian tube is defective. This technique involves the collection of sperms. In the former case, ovaiy is stimulated to produce oocytes by the administration of proper doses of FSH and LH, then many oocytes must be collected by laproscope and they are graded, selected and preserved in an incubater. Collection of many oocytes from the ovary by administrating artificial FSH and LH is known as super ovulation.
In the later case, sperms are also collected from a donor or from a sperm bank. These sperms are centrifuged and then incubated. The fast moving sperms are collected in a pipette.
The sperms and ova are released into the petridish or test tube containing a nutrient medium. Then both male and female gametes are fused in an artificial medium. Such a fusion process is called invitro fertilization. This results in the many zygotes in invitro medium undergo cleavage resulting and blastocysts. The embryos can also be cultured in an artificial medium. Finally the embryos are transferred directly into the uterus by using an embryo transfer catheter. Normally more than one selected embryos are transferred so as to increase the chances of implantation.
This phenomenon is known as embryo transfer or tubal embryo transfer. This leads to the pregnancy and finally delivery is occurred by natural or by artificial method i.e, Caesarian. The baby born out of IVF and ET is known as test tube baby. It was first carried out by doctors Steptoe and Edward. The baby, Louis Joy Brown was born in 1978.
ZIFT: Zygote intra fallopian transfer: In this case, after invitro fertilization, zygote is cultured and transferred into the uterus. This leads to pregnancy. Afterwards baby can be delivered either by Caesarian or by natural method.
Question 6.
a) What is AIDS?
b) Mention any four possible routes by which transmission of HIV occurs.
c) Name any two immune cells that are susceptible to HIV attack.
d) Name the widely used diagnostic test for AIDS.
Answer:
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome): AIDS is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV). It destrõys the antibody producing lumphocytes and cripples the immune system. The first case of AIDS was discovered at the centre for disease control in Atlanta, USA in the year 1981. However the causative virus HIV was discovered in the year 1983. The first case of AIDS reported in our country was from TamilNadu in 1986.
AIDS is not a single disease but a syndrome. ¡t is a set of diseases which results from destruction of body’s defence by HIV. The virus enters the body through blood, semen and vaginal fluids. HIV infected people eventually get AIDS, anybody can get AIDS.
Casuse : AIDS is spread when the blood, seminal fluid or vaginal secretion of a HIV infected person comes in contact with the blood or mucus membrane of a healthy person. I-11V spreads in the following way
- Having sexual intercourse with an infected person.
- Intravenous drug abuse. ‘
- Using unsterilized needless and syringes.
- Transfusion of HIV positive blood.
- Using a common razor at the barber’s shop or tonsuring at religious places.
- Getting tattooed without sterilizing the needle.
- From an infected mother toher unborn child.
Diagnosis of HIV and AIDS: The ELISA (Enzyme linked Immouno Sorbent Assay) blood test is conducted for diagnosis of HIV. It has to be confirmed by the western blot test or an ELISA test with a different kit. Generally it takes 3 to 24 weeks for persons to test positive after they have been infected.
Question 7.
What are sexually transmitted diseases? Give examples. Mention the different modes of transmission and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.
Answer:
Diseases or infections which are transmitted mainly through sexual intercourse are collectively called Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) or Venereal Diseases (VD) or Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs).
Other modes of transmission include sharing of injection needles, surgical instruments etc. with infected persons, transfusion of blood from an infected mother to the foetus too.
Early symptoms of most of these are minor and include itching, fluki discharge, slight pain, swellings etc in the genital area. Infected females may often be asymptomatic.
If timely detection and proper treatment is not taken it could lead to complications like Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases (PJD), abortions, still births, ectopic pregnancies, infertility or even cancer of the reproductive tracts.
STDs include gonorrhea, syphilis, genital herpes, chiamydiasis, genital wrts. trichomoniasis, hepatitis B and AIDS.
Except for hepatitis B, genital herpes and HIV infections, other diseases are completely curable.