2nd PUC Geography Question Bank Chapter 7 Land and Water Resources

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Question Bank Chapter 7 Land and Water Resources

2nd PUC Geography Land and Water Resources Text Book Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
What is meant by Land-use?
Answer:
The Layout or arrangement of the uses of the land is known as “Land use pattern”.

Question 2.
Which state has the highest area under forest?
Answer:
Madhya pradesh state has the highest area under forest.

Question 3.
What is fallow land?
Answer:
The land which is not utilized for cultivation for last 3-5 years is considered as Mow land.

Question 4.
What is land Capability?
Answer:
Land capability is the ability of a piece of land to sustainable support a specific land use.

Question 5.
Mention the main source of surface water resource?
Answer:
India has been blessed with extensive surface water resources. The most important source of surface water is Rainfall and Rivers.

Question 6.
What is irrigation?
Answer:
It is an artificial means of watering the crops Or plants Or an art of suppling water to crops. Irrigation refers to the supply of water to agricultural Land fromrivers, reservoirs, tanks and wells.

Question 7.
Which State in India has the highest irrigated land?
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh state in India has the highest irrigated Land.

Question 8.
What is well irrigation?
Answer:
Suppling ground water by digging or drilling wells is called well Irrigation.

Question 9.
What is canal irrigation?
Answer:
Canal Irrigation is very Important system of Irrigation in India. India has one of the largest canal system of the world. There are 2 types in canals they are:

Inundation canal
perinnial canal

Question 10.
What is tank irrigation?
Answer:
It is practised in India since acient times. Tanks are natural or man made hallows. Or depressions into which rain water is collected. Small bunds are constructed across streams. Water is stored and Supplied to cultivable areas through small canals or pipes.

Question 11.
What is Sprinkler irrigation?
Answer:
The sprinkler of water to the crops through the pipe with nozzels under great pressure is called sprinkler Irrigation.

Question 12.
What is drip irrigation?
Answer:
It is a newly developed irrigation system originally it developed in Israel. This was introduced in India in the seventies. In this system a small amount of water passes through pipe and falls drop by drop just at the position of Roots Or a limited area around the land.

Question 13.
Define the multi-purpose river valley project?
Answer:
River valley project which provides many benefits are known as multi purpose river valley project.

Question 14.
Which is the first muolti-purpose river Valley project in India?
Answer:
Damodar river valley project is the first multi purpose river valley project of India.

Question 15.
Across which river Bhakra Nangal dam is constructed?
Answer:
Bhakra Nangal dam is constructed across the river sutlej.

Question 16.
What is the name of Bhakra reservoir?
Answer:
The reservoir ofBhakra is Govinda Sagar.

Question 17.
Which is the longest dam in India?
Answer:
Hirakud Dam is the longest dam in India.

Question 18.
What is meant by water conservation?
Answer:
Water conservation refers to the action taken to use water efficiently it involves the controlling, protecting, managing and planning for the wise use of our water resources.

Question 19.
What is watershed?
Answer:
The land area from which water flows towards a common water course in natural basin is called water shed.

II. Answer the following questions in three to four sentences each.

Question 1.
What are the main physical features determine the land-use pattern?
Answer:
The main physical features that determine the land use pattern are relief features, climate, soil, density of population, technical and socio-economic factors.

Question 2.
Mention four reasons of need for irrigation?
Answer:
The four reasons ofneed for Irrigation are:

Nature of Rainfall
Nature of Soil
probability of drought.
Need of Irrigation in dry area.
For pasture development.
Increase of population.

Question 3.
Which are the major sources of irrigation?
Answer:
The major sources of Irrigation are:

Well Irrigation
Tank Irrigation
Canal Irrigation
Drip Irrigation
Sprinkler Irrigation

Question 4.
What is the difference between Inundation canal and perennial canal system?
Answer:

“In undation canal”: Take out directly from rivers without making any barrage or dam which remain operational during rainy season only.
“Perenial canal”: Which are taken out from the reservoirs by constructing barrage or ware to regulate to flow of water.

Question 5.
What is tank irrigation? Mention its inherent drawbacks?
Answer:
A tank is natural or man made hallow on the earth surface into which rain water or surface drinage is collected, stored and used for irrigation. Tank Irrigation is suffereing from certain inherent drawbacks.

Tanks get silted up soon.
Most of the tanks are non-perenial and become dry during winter and summer seasons when water is urgently required.
They occupy Large fertile areas which could have been used for cultivation.

Question 6.
Mention the major objectives of multi purpose project?
Answer:
The main aim of multi purpose river valley project are:

Providing Irrigation
Genaration of hydro electricity.
Flood control.
Soil conservation.
Afforestation.
Navigation.
Domestic purpose.
Recreation.
Employment for inhabitants.

Question 7.
What is water conservation? Give examples.
Answer:
Water conservation refers to the action taken to use water efficiently. It involves the controling, protecting, managing and planning for the wise use of our water resources. Ex: reducing run-off losses Reduction of Irrigation lossers, Re-use of water, and prevention of wastage of water.

Question 8.
What is watershed management?
Answer:
The rational utilization of land and water resources for optimum production that causes minimum damage to the natural resources is water shed management.

Question 9.
Mention the main objectives of rainwater harvesting?
Answer:
The main objectives of rain water harvesting are:

It checks the run off water and avoid flooding.
It helps to over come the inadequacy of surface water to meet demand of water.
If the ground water happens to be branches it will reduce the salinity.
It also reduces ground water contamination and improve water quality.
It helps to increase agricultural production and improve ecology of an area.

Question 10.
Mention the techniques of rainwater harvesting?
Answer:
The techniques of rainwater harvesting are:

In-situ method.
- Infiltration pits.
- Contour bunds and trenches.
- Rooftop water harvesting.
“Ex-situ method: This method of rainwater harvesting involves storing of running water. It is collected check dams, huge percolation, tanks. Etc. It is an expensive method.

Question 11.
Mention the need of watershed management.
Answer:
Water shed management is extreamely necessary for regular supply of water and economy of the nation. The 1st integrated water shed management was adopted in 1949 by the Damodar valley corporation.

Question 12.
Mention the benefits of rainwater harvesting.
Answer:
The main objectives of rain water harvesting are:

It checks the run off water and avoid flooding.
It helps to over come the inadequacy of surface water to meet demand of water.
If the ground water happens to be brenches it will reduce the salinity.
It also reduces ground water contamination and improve water quality.
It helps to increase agricultural production and improve ecology of an area.

III. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Give an account of land-use pattern in India.
Answer:
The layout or arrangement of the uses of the land is known as “land use pattern”. The important types of land use in the country are:
1. Forest Area:
The proportion of the forest area is not evenly distributed in the country. According to National forest policy 1952, the total area of the forest land is 3 3.3% Madhya pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Andra Pradesh and Andaman Nicobar Islands are reporting under large area of forest due to heavy rain fall and relief features. In contrast Dadra Nagar Haveli, Haryana, Punjab and Goa state have less area under forest.

2. Land not available for cultivation:
The land used for human settlements, transport routes, canals, mountains, deserts come under this category. The total land area ofthis type accounts 14.2% Arunachala pradesh. Rajasthan Gujarath and Madhya Pradesh have more area of this type. In contrast Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Chandigarh and Sikkim have less area under this category.

3. Other uncultivated land including fallow land:
Permanent pasture, other grazing area land under tree crops grooves and cultivable waste come under the above category. The permanent pasture and other grazing area is high in Rajastan, Himachal Pradesh and Madhya prades it is less in Manipur, Goa, and Andamon and Nicobar Islands.

The land under tree crops and groves is found high in the state of uttar pradesh, Andra pradesh and less area in goa, Delhi, pondechery. The cultivable waste land is found more in Rajastan, madhya pradesh and maharastra and less in tripura, manipur and punjab.

4. Fallow lands:
The land which is not utilized for cultivation for last 3-5 years is considered as fellow land this category is more in the state of Rajastan, Andhrapradesh and Jharkhand it is less in Tripura, puduchery and Andaman and Nicobar Hands.

5. Net sown area:
India has a net sown area of 46.2% of the total land in India. Still we need to increase the net sown area in order to meet the increasing demand for food and Raw materials the proporation and distribution of the net sown area is not evenly distributed all over the country.

It differs from one state to another on the basis of Relief features, Soil, climate. The highest proportion is found in the state of punjab, Haryana, West Bengal and least in Arunachalpradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur and sikhim.

Question 2.
Discuss the importance of land capability.
Answer:
Land capability is the ability of a piece of land to sustainable support a specific land use. Land capability is based on the understanding that every components ofland has its own particular capacity to provide ecosystem services land capability assessment enables the reconciliation of production and protection. Land capability does not include social or Economic components.

It focuses entirely on requirements for sustainability of the ecosystem. After the assessment ofland capability we have to overlay this with the social and economic constraints. Land capability is the physical capacity of the land to sustain the land uses and management practice in Longtum without dergradation to soil, air and water resources.

Question 3.
Explain the water resources of India.
Answer:
Water is an important Natural resource water resources can be divided into surface water and ground water. The surface water are rainrfall, rivers, lakes, tanks, and springs. The water that percolates into the soil and accumulates below the surface of the earth is called Ground water India has large number of rivers and gets sufficient rainfall. It has vast reserves of Ground water.
Surface water Resource:
India has an extensive surface water Resource due to Large number of rivers but it is not evenly distributed the important source of surface water is rainfall rivers and lakes, Rainfall is not evenly distributed the average rainfall of india is 118 cms Some area gets heavy rainfall. Ex: Mawsynram in Meghalaya plateau and very less rain fall at Royly in Rajastan.

The second source of surface water is rivers. The surface water resources is not evenly distributed all over the country. 60-65 % of the total surface water resources is by the North-Indian rivers the remaining is provided by the other river system.

Ground water Resources:
About 40% of the Ground water is found in the Ganga basin. Which has the highest potential in the country. Among the states Uttar Pradesh has the maximum potential of 20% Totally 37.4% of the available Ground water resources have been Developed so far.

Question 4.
Explain the distribution of wells and tube wells irrigation in India.
Answer:
Artificial method of supplying water to the Agricultural field is called Irrigation Since- immemorial time wells have been used in India wells are cheap, dependable and popular source of Irrigation well irrigation is practised in areas where plently of ground water is available. The largest concentration of wells is found in the Gangetic plain wells are also found in Rajastan, Madhyapradesh, Andra Pradesh, Karnataka andTamilnadu.

The states of Rajastan, Uttar pradesh, punjab and Madhya pradesh have more than 50% of the Irrigated area under well Irrigation. At present well and Tube wells are most popular source of Irrigation in India. Digging tube wells started in 1930 in the Ganga plains. Today there are more than 45 lakhs tube wells under Governments and private ownership.

For individual farmers pumpset are useful Uttar pradesh has the largest number of tube wells in the country. The area under tube well irrigation is highest in Uttar pradesh. Madhy pradesh has the least under well Irrigation.

Tube well Irrigation has become popular for providing facility of electricity in rural areas well Irrigation has greatly contributed for Green revolution in North-western India. Tube well Irrigation is hampered by shortage of power and hike in prices of Diesel.

Question 5.
Explain the canal irrigation in India.
Answer:
India has one of the largest canal system of the world-canals are the second largest source of Irrigation in the country. Canals irrigate a sizable area in Tamil Nadu, West bengal and Gujarat.
Cannals are of 2 types:
1. Inundation Cannal:
Taken out directly from rivers without making any barrage or dam which remain operational during Rainy season only.

2. Perennial Cannals:
Which are taken out from the reservoirs by constructing barrage or weir to regulate the flow of water. Qannal Irrigation is practised in sutlej, Ganga plain and deltas of penensular rivers. Uttar Pradesh ranks 1st in india with regard to cannal Irrigation which is most expensive, Ganhal Irrigation suffers from a number of drawbacks such as water logging, increase in water table and alkalinity of soils.

Question 6.
Discuss the present situation of Tank irrigation in India.
Answer:
Tanks are natural or man made hallows r or depressions into which rain water is collected. They are bit by individuals or Group of farmers by raising bunds aross streams tank Irrigation is found in the easten part of the sout hem peninsular tank Irrigation is practised in Andra pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka states, They get first 3 places respectively in tank Irrigation. Tank Irrigation is an ancient method of Irrigation in the country.
Due to some drawbacks tank Irrigation has decreased the drawbacks of tank Irrigation are:

Tanks get slit up soon.
Most of the tanks are non-perennial and become dry during winter and summer season. So they are not dependable sources of Irrigation.
They occupy large fertile areas which could have been used for cultivation.

Question 7.
Explain the development and distribution of other types of irrigation.
Answer:
The other types of Irrigation are sprinkled irrigation and Drip Irrigation.
1. Sprinkler Irrigation:
The spraying of water to the crops through the pipe with nozzles under great pressure is called “Sprinkler – Irrigation” In this method water consuming is less but it provides more moisture to the plants, this type of irrigation is very expensive. Sprinkler Irrigation is popular in punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan Karnataka and Gujarath.

2. Drip Irrigation:
This method is a newly developed one. This type of Irrigation was first developed in Israel. This type of irrigation was introduced in India in seventies. In this system a small amount of water passes through pipe falls drop by drop just at the position of roots or a limited area around the plant. It saves more water and irrigates more area.

This method is more expensive and this method is not suitable for all crops. Drip Irrigation is practised is Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Karnataka and TamilNadu. This type of Irrigation is practised for coconut, grapes, citrus fruits, vegetables and plantation crops.

Question 8.
What is Multipurpose River Valley? Explain its importance in India.
Answer:
The project which servers many purpose and provides multiple benefits is called multipurpose river valley project. The main aims ofMultipurpose river valley project are:

It provides water for irrigation.
It helps in the generation of hydro electric power.
It controls floods.
It prevents soil erosion.
It helps in inland Navigation.
It provides water for Industries.
For afforestation.
For fishing.
For recreational purpose.
For domestic purpose.

Question 9.
Discuss the important features and aims of Damodar Valley project.
Answer:

The Domodar valley corporation [DVC] was started in 1948 it is based on the pattern of Tennesse valley Authority [TVA] in U.S. A River Domodar rises in Chotanagpur pleateau of Jharkhand. It is a tributary of Hoogliriver it is known as sarrow of Bengal as it causes floods in Bengal. Damodar river valley project is a joint venture of 2 states Bihar and West Bengal. It is the 1^st multipurpose project of India.

It is planned on the pattern of tennesse valley Aurthority of US A. The Domodar valley corporation was establised on 18 Febrauary 1948. The main aim of this project is to control floods, for irrigation, generating Hydro – Electricity, fishing, navigation, aflforestotion, Recreation facilites. This project has 4 dams, three hydal power station, one Barrage, three thermal power stations.
1. Tilaiya Dam:
This Dam is constructed across the river Barakar it is the tributary of Damodar. Its length is 366 mtr and height is 30 mtrs and it’s capacity is 395 million c.mtrs. It is the only concrete Dam. 2 Power stations have been setup here.

2. KonarDam:
It is contracted on river Konar. It’s length is 3549 mtrs and it’s height is 49 mtrs. It is an earthen Dam. It’s storage capacity is 337 millian c.mtrs. It provides Irrigation facilities.

3. Maithon Dam:
It is constructed on Barakar river it’s length is 144 mtrs height is 94 mtrs. Storage capacity is 1,357 million c.mtrs. There are three Hydro electric power stations here.

4. Panchet hill Dam:
It is also an earthen dam. It is constructed on river Damodar. It’s length is 2,545 mts. and height is 45 mtrs. It’s storage capacity is 1,497 million c.mtrs.

5. Durgapur Barrage:
It is created on river Damodar for the storage of Irrigation water. It is 692 mtrs. long and 12 mtrs heigh. It stores the water released from konar, Tilaiya, maithon and pancheth hill Dams.

Question 10.
Explain the main objectives and importance of Bhakra Nangal project.
Answer:

The Bhakra Nangal project is a joint venture of 3 states punjab, Haryana, and Rajastan. It is the Highest Dam 2 Dams are constructed at Bhakra and Nanagal on Sutlej River in himachal pradesh. Its main aim is to control floods, Irrigation facility, Hydel power genaration, afforestation. The Bhakra Dam is constructed across the river sutlej at Bhakra in Himachal pradesh it’s length is 518 mtrs and height is 226 mtrs.

The reservoir of Bhakra Dam is called Gobind Sagar. It provides water for Irrigation for Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan. The Nanagal Dam is constructed across the river sutlej at Nanagal its length is 305 mtrs and Height is 29 mtrs.

It supplies water to Hariyana and Punjab. It plays an important role on agriculture in the north-western part of India by providing Irrigation. There are 4 power stations, two are on either side of the Bhakra Dam and other two on nanagal cannal. Punjab, Hariyana and Rajasthan states are benefited by the power, from this power stations.

Question 11.
Explain the chief aims and importance of Hirakud project.
Answer:

Hirakud project is constructed across the river Mahanadi in orrisa. 3 Dams were constructed at different places. It is the Longest Dam in India. It’s storage capacity is 810 crore cubic mtrs. There are 3 flow cannals two from left dyke and one from Right dyke. The project has 2 Hydro electric power stations 2 Dams at Tikarapara andNaraj are constructed.
The chef aim of this project are:

Control of flood.
Irrigation Development.
Generation of hydro electric power.
Provides navigation.
Recreational facility.
Afforestation.

Mahanadi is called sarrow of orrisa as it causes flood and destroys crop life and property in Orrisa.

Question 12.
Explain the main features and importance of upper Krishna project.
Answer:

This is the biggest multipurpose project in north Karnataka, constructed across the river krishna. It has two dams namely Alamatti and Narayana pura. Alamatti dam is constructed near Alamatti village in Basavana Bagewadi and Narayanapura dam was constructed near Siddapura village in Muddebihal taluk of Bijapur district. It irrigates so many Taluks. This project includes power generation at Alamatti.

Question 13.
Give an account of water conservation and management.
Answer:
Water is one of the most precious natural resource. But it is becoming scarce resource in India, the available fresh water is diminishing due to in adequate management, de forestation, increasing pollution and uncertainity in the distribution of rainfall. Water conservation refers to the action taken to use water efficiently, It involves the controlling, protecting, managing and planning for the wise use of water resources the following methods are adopted for conservation of water.
1. Reducing and Run-off losses:
A large amount of water loss occurs due to run off. This can be reduced by contour cultivation, terrace farming matching, addition of chemical wetting agents and chemical conditioners.

2. Reduction of Irrigation losser:
It can be reduced by drip and sprinkler Irrigation

3. Re use of water:
the treated waste water can be used for watering gardens washing vehicles and floors of the building it helps in saving fresh water.

4. Prevention of wastage of Water:
This is done in households, commercial buildings and public places preventing by closing taps when not in use, repairing any leakage from pipes and using small capacity flush in toilets, every drop of water has to be wisely used. Water conservation awareness has to be created among the public.

The rational utilization of land and water resources for optimum production that causes minimum damage to the natural resources is water management. Water shed management is necessary for regular supply of water and economy of the nation. The first integrated water shed management was adopted in 1949 by DVC

Question 14.
Explain the Watershed management.
Answer:
The important measures taken up for the management of water shed are as follows:

Water harvesting: In order to use water in dry season in low rain tall areas, proper storage of water is done.
Afforestation and Agroforestry: They help to prevent soil errosion and retention of moisture.
Scientific mining and Quarrying: It minimizes the distractive o ffers in water shed areas.
Mechanical measures: It includes terracing, bunding, bench terracing, contour cropping, strip cropping. It reduces the soil erosion.
Public participation: For the success of water shed management programme, the involvement of local people, farmers and tribals is essential.

Question 15.
Discuss about the Rainwater harvesting.
Answer:
The collection of Rain water for the use of human, animal and plant is necessary. It involves collection and storage of rain water at surface or insubsurface before it is lost as surface run-off. This is one of the most effective method of water management and water conservation.
The main aims of rain water harvesting are:

It checks the run off water and avoid flooding.
It replenishes the ground water table and enables the wells.
It helps to overcome the in adequacy of surface water to meet demand of water.
If the ground water happens to brackish, it will reduce the salinity.
It also reduces ground water contamination and improve water Quality.
It helps to increase agricultural production and improve ecology of an area.

There are 2 methods for rain water harvesting.
(A) In-situ method:
The method percolating the rain at the point of its fall is called in-situ rain water harvesting.
It is done in many ways.

Infiltration pits: The rainwater is collected and stored in pits and used for irrigation.
Contour bunds and trends: It is a simple and cheap method of rainwater harvesting.
Roof topwater harvesting: The rainwater that falls on the roof of the building is collected and stored in under ground sumps or wells or In drums and used for domestic purposes.

(B) Ex-situ method:
This method of rainwater harvesting involves storing of running water. It is collected in check dams huge percolation tanks. It is an expensive method. Rainwater harvesting is mandatory for both urban and Rural area.