2nd PUC History Question Bank Chapter 5 Medieval Period

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Karnataka 2nd PUC History Question Bank Chapter 5 Medieval Period

2nd PUC History Delhi Sultanate Text Book Questions and Answers

Delhi Sultanate

I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who were the first among the Muslims to invade India?
Answer:
Arabs were the first among the Muslims to invade India.

Question 2.
Name the famous book of Alberuni.
Answer:
Kitab-Ul-Hind is the famous book of Alberuni.

Question 3.
Who was the founder of the Slave dynasty?
Answer:
Qutub-ud-din Aibak was the founder of the Slave dynasty.

Question 4.
Who was the founder of the Khilji dynasty?
Answer:
Jalaluddin Khilji was the founder of the Khilji dynasty.

Question 5.
Who was the commander of Alla-ud- din Khilji who led the Southern expedition?
Answer:
Malik Kafiir was the commander of Alla-ud-din Khilji who led the Southern expedition.

Question 6.
Who was called ‘The Parrot of India?
Answer:
Amir khusru was called ‘The Parrot of India.

Question 7.
Who was the founder of the Tughlak dynasty?
Answer:
Ghiyasuddin Tughalak was the founder of the Tughlak dynasty.

Question 8.
Who was the famous Sultan of Tughlak dynasty?
Answer:
Muhammad-bin-Tughalak was the famous Sultan of Tughlak dynasty.

Question 9.
Who shifted the capital from Delhi to Devagiri?
Answer:
Muhammad-bin-Tughalak shifted the capital from Delhi to Devagiri.

Question 10.
Who introduced token Currency?
Answer:
Muhammad-bin-Tughalak introduction token Currency.

Question 11.
Who commenced the construction of Qutub Minar at Delhi?.
Answer:
It was commenced by Qutub-ud-din Aibak.

II. Answer the following in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
In which year did the second battle of Tarain take place? Between whom was it fought?
Answer:
The second battle of Tarain was fought between Prithviraj Chauhan and Muhammad Ghori in 1192.

Question 2.
Name any two dynasties of Delhi Sultanate.
Answer:
Khilji dynasty and Tughalak dynasty.

Question 3.
Name any two important monuments constructed by AUa-ud-din Khilji.
Answer:
The fort of Siri and Jamait Khan Masjid are the two important monuments constructed by Alla-ud-din Khilji.

Question 4.
Why did Alla-ud-din Khilji call himself as Sikandar II?
Answer:
He had an ambition to conquer the whole world. But had to be satisfied in conquering the entire India. Even then, he issued the coins with the title Sikandar.

Question 5.
Name any two generals of Alla-ud-din Khilji.
Answer:
]Ulugh Khan and Nazarath Khan, the two generals of Alla-ud-din Khilji.

Question 6.
Give any two causes for the transfer of capital by Mohammad bin Tughlak.
Answer:
To safeguard the capital from the Mangol invasions, the Sultan decided to shift’the capital from Delhi to Devagiri. He built a new city near Devagiri and named it as Daulatabad. The other causes for shifting the capital were the proximity of Delhi to the border and the new capital being in the center of the empire.

Question 7.
Name two historians of Tughlak period.
Answer:
Zia-ud-din Barani and Ibn Batuta were great historians of Tughalak period.

Question 8.
Who started the writing of ‘Tarik-i- Firozshahi’ ? Who completed it?
Answer:
Shams-i-Siraj Afif completed the work Tariki-Firoz-shahi which had been incompleted by Barani.

Question 9.
Name two books of Amir Khusrau?
Answer:
Khazyan-ul-Fautuh and Tarkish-i-Alai were his works.

III. Answer the following in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Write a note on the south Indian expedition of Alla-ud-din Khilji.
Answer:
II South Indian Campaign:
Alla-ud-din Khilji was the first Muslim ruler to attempt the conquest of south India. He deputed his able general Malik Kafur for the South Indian campaign. The enormous wealth of South India and his ambition to conquer it were the causes for his campaign.

Expedition to Devagiri (1307 CE):
Ramachandradeva, the king of Devagiri had given shelter to Kamadeva and his daughter Devaladevi and had also not paid the annual tribute for three years. Alla-ud-din sent Malik Kafur against Devagiri with an army of 30,000 soldiers. He defeated Ramachandradeva and captured devaladevi. She was married to Khizer Khan, the eldest son of Alla-ud-din Khilji. Ramachandradeva agreed to pay an annual tribute.

Warrangal Expedition: (1309 CE)
Malik Kaliir marched towards Warrangal via Devagiri and besieged the fort. King Prataparudradeva of Warrangal was forced to surrender and he agreed for peace. Golden statue of King Prataparudradeva, 100 elephants, 7000 horses and large quantities of gold and silver jewels and money were carried away to Delhi by Malik Kafur. Amir Khusru says Malik Kafur proceeded to Delhi with booty on a thousand camels groaning under the weight of treasure.

Conquest of Dwarasamudra (1310 CE):
Malik Kafur attacked Dwarasamudra which was ruled by Vira Ballala III. The Hoysala king was surprised by the sudden attack of the Muslim army and could not defend his capital. It was looted. A number of temples were axed by Malik Kafur. Veera Ballala III surrendered some elephants, horses and treasure, and offered to pay annual tribute to the Sultan.

Conquest of Madhurai (1311 CE):
There was a civil war at Madhurai between the brothers Sundara pandya and Veera Pandya. Malik Kafur marched towards Madhurai and plundered all the important towns and temples on the way to Pandya kingdom. He reached as far as Rameshwaram and destroyed the great temple and built a mosque there. He came to Delhi in 1311 CE with rich spoils.

Second expeditions ofDevagiri (1312 CE):
The last war of the South Indian expedition of Malik Kafur was against Shankaradeva of Devagiri. Shankaradevahad withheld the tribute and tried to reign independently. So Malik Kafur marched against Devagiri and defeated and killed him. Devagiri was annexed to the Delhi Empire.

Question 2.
Explain the reforms of Alla-ud-din Khilji.
Answer:
Reforms of Alla-ud-din Khilji Administrative Reforms:
Alla-ud-din was a strong and efficient ruler. He set up a strong central government. He was the highest authority of the state and he believed in the theory of divine right. Hence the Sultan considered himself a representative of God or Shadow of God on earth.

He took various measures for the prevention of rebellions, such as restricting matrimonial relations among nobles and officers, prohibiting secret meetings and parties, appointing spies to keep an eye on them, confiscating then excess wealth, prohibiting wine and gambling and himself refraining from them andpreventing the interference ofUlemas in administration.

Military reforms:

Alla-ud-din maintained a strong and huge standing army to safeguard his empire.
He introduced the system of branding of horses and maintenance of descriptive register of soldiers to prevent false musters and corrupt practices.
He abolished the jagir system and paid the salaries in cash.
He fixed the pay of soldiers at 234 tanka a year; with an additional 78 tanka for a soldier to maintain two horses.
Ariz-i-Mumalik was in charge of the appointment of soldiers.

Revenue reforms:

Alla-ud-din Khilji introduced scientific method of measurement of land for the assessment of land revenue.
He imposed heavy taxes on the Sardars, Jagirdars and Ulemas.
Jazia was imposed on non-Muslims. They had to pay it along with other taxes like pilgrim tax, octroi etc.,
In order to check bribery and corruption among revenue officials, the salaries were increased.
The post of a special officer called Mustakhraj was created to collect land revenue from the peasants.
He took steps to safeguard the peasants from the demands of corrupt revenue officials by imposing strict punishments even for petty offences.

Economical reforms:
Alla-ud-din introduced the market regulation to help soldiers and to make ends meet. Prices of all articles ofcommon use were fixed. Separate department and special officers were appointed to regulate the market. The price fixed in the capital was applicable to all towns. Grains were stored in government granaries.

The storage was meant for emergencies like times of scarcity and famine. Any trader or vendor who cheated in weights and measurements were punished with cutting of an equal weight of flesh fromhis body. The last days of Alla-ud-din were unhappy. He was poisoned by his trusted general Malik Kafur and the Sultan died in 1316 CE.

Question 3.
Why is Mohammad bin Tughalak called a ‘Mixture of Opposites’?
Answer:
Token currency reforms (1329-32 CE):
Muhammad -bin-Tughalak carried out experiments on coinage and currency. His main aim was to save precious metals like gold and silver and introduce more money in circulation. For this reason copper coins were issued which had the same value as the silver tanka. Minting the copper coins was not retained as a monopoly of the government.

Hence the Empire was flooded with thousands of counterfeit copper coins. People paid taxes with these counterfeit coins. Copper coins lost their value as a medium of exchange. Trade suffered a lot. The Sultan therefore, recalled copper coins. The people were asked to exchange their copper coins with silver and gold coins.

Hence, the royal treasury became empty. Thus the currency reform of the Sultan utterly Med. His character traits and achievements have elicited much discussion and controversy. Dr. V. A. Smith says that he was a compound of contradictions. He was a learned scholar, an excellent speaker, a talented calligraphist and a devout Musalman.

He possessed sound knowledge of mathematics, astronomy, philosophy and logic. However, his policies, though well meant, were ill planned and badly executed. They made him very unpopular, giving him the reputation ofbeing a mixture of opposites.

IV. Answer the following in 30 to 40 sentences.

Question 1.
Describe the achievements of Alla- ud-din Khilji.
Answer:
Achievements of Alla-ud-din Khilji:
Conquest of North India:
Conquest of Gujarat:
(1297 CE) Gujarat was ruled by Rajput king Kamadeva. In 1297 CE. Ulugh Khan and Nazarath Khan, the generals of Alla-ud-din attacked Gujarat and captured Anhilwada, Somanatha and Cambay and looted the wealth. King Kamadeva fled to devagiri along with his daughter Devaladevi. The general captured Kamaladevi, the quec.

Kamadeva. Alla-ud-din Khilji married During this expedition an eunkafur was purchased for one thousand dinars. Hence he was popular as Hazar Dinari.

Conquest of Ranthambore (130ICE):
Raja Hamira Deva was the ruler o Ranthambore. He had given shelter to some Neo Muslims. This offended Alla-ud-din. Ulugh Khan and Nazarath Khan invaded Ranthambore. It was captured after a siege of 11 months. Hamirdeva lost his life in the battle.

Conquest of Mewar (1303 CE):
The Sisodias of Mewar enjoyed great respect among the Rajputs. Their fort of Chittor was considered unconquerable. Tradition maintains that the immediate cause of Alla-ud-din’s attack was his desire to carry away Padmini, the beautiful wife of Rana Ratan Singh! When defeat seemed certain, Padmini and other Rajput women committed Jauhar. Chittor was captured and Sultan’s eldest son Khizer Khan was made the governor of Chittor.

Other Conquests:
Malwa, Ujjain, Mandu, Dhar, Chanderi and Jolur were conquered and by 1305 CE Alla-ud-din completed his Northern conquests.

The Mangol Raids:
Alla-ud-din had to face more than six Mangol invasions between 1296 and 1308 CE. Frequent raids by the Mangols were a constant threat to the empire. Neo Muslims were also helping the Mangols. Alla-ud-din measures like building roads and forts and garrison at regular intervals, stationing sufficient trained soldiers, mercilessly massacriring Neo muslims, etc., to face the Mangol raids.

II South Indian Campaign:
Alla-ud-din Khilji was the first Muslim ruler to attempt the conquest of South India. He deputed his able general Malik Kafur for the South Indian campaign. The enormous wealth of South India and his ambition to conquer it were the causes for his campaign.

Expedition to Devagiri (1307 CE):
Ramachandradeva, the king of Devagiri had given shelter to Karnadeva and his daughter Devaladevi and had also not paid the annual tribute for three years. Alla-ud-din sent Malik Kaffir against Devagiri with an army of 30,000 soldiers. He defeated Ramachandradeva and captured Devaladevi. She was married to Khizer Khan, the eldest son of Alla-ud-din Khilji. Ramachandradeva agreed to pay an annual tribute.

Warrangal Expedition (1309 CE):
Malik Kafur marched towards Warrangal via Devagiri and besieged the fort. King Prataparudradeva of Warrangal was forced to surrender and he agreed for peace. Golden statue of King Prataparudradeva, 100 elephants, 7000 horses and large quantities of gold and silver jewels and money were carried away to Delhi by Malik Kaffir. Amir Khusru says Malik Kaffir proceeded to Delhi with booty on a thousand camels groaning under the weight of treasure.

Conquest of Dwarasamudra (1310 CE):
Malik Kafur attacked Dwarasamudra which was ruled by Vira Ballala III. The Hoysala king was surprised by the sudden attack ofthe Muslim army and could not defend his capital. It was looted. Anumber of temples were axed by Malik Kafur. Veera Ballala III surrendered some elephants, horses and treasure, and offered to pay annual tribute to the Sultan.

Conquest of Madhurai (1311 CE):
There was a civil war at Madhurai between the brothers Sundara pandva and Veera Pandya. Malik Kafur marched towards Madhurai and plundered all the important towns and temples on the way to Pandya kingdom. He reached as far as Rameshwaram . and destroyed the great temple and built a mosque there. He came to Delhi in 1311 CE with rich spoils.

Second expeditions of Devagiri (1312 CE):
The last war of the South Indian expedition of Malik Kafur was against Shakaradeva of Devagiri. Shankaradeva had withheld the tribute and tried to reign independently. So Malik Kafur marched against Devagiri and defeated and killed him Devagiri was annexed to the Delhi Empire.

Alla-ud-din’s empire extended from Lahore in the North to Madhurai in the South and Bengal in the East to Gujarat in the West. By 1312 CE Alla-ud-diun had become the master of the whole of India. He had an ambition to conquer the whole world. But had to be satisfied in conquering the entire India. Even then, he issued the coins with the title Sikandar.

Question 2.
Give an account of the contributions of Sultanate of Delhi.
Answer:
Contributions of Sultanate of Delhi:
Administration:
The Kingdom of Delhi Sultanate was a theocratic state. Shariat were the rules of the state. The Ulema controlled the state and administration. The sultans called themselves Naib of Kalifa.

Central Government:
Sultan was the fountain head of administration. He exercised the legislative, executive and judicial powers. He was often guided by the Ulemas, however, Alla-ud-din Khilji kept the Ulema away from the state affairs. The sultan carried the administration with the help of a number of ministers. They were in charge of departments like foreign affairs, revenue, royal correspondence, agriculture, markets, military, justice, finance etc.

Revenue:
Land revenue, the war booty, annual tributes, house, water, religious and poll taxes, etc, were the various sources of income to the state. Land revenue could be paid either in cash or kind.

Justice:
The sultans administered justice with the help of Kazi-Ul-Qazat. The Chief Kazi was helped by Kazis and assisted by Muftis. Kotwal was the police officer in charge of law and order. The criminal law was very severe.

Army:
The sultan maintained a strong army. It consisted of cavalry, infantry and elephant forces. The sultanate was primarily a military state. The sultan was the supreme commander. All ministers and officers except the Chief Justice and the Khazis were to render both civil and military duties. Diwan-I- Ariz was in charge o f army organization and administration.

Provincial administration:
The sultanate was devided into a number of provinces called Iqtas. Each was under a. governor called “Naib sultan”. The governor enjoyed absolute powers in his province. He looked after the administration, collected the revenue and maintained law and order in his province. He maintained an army of his own.

Some sultans had the habit of transferring the governors and punishing them very severely if they revolted against the sultan. Each province was divided into Shiqs and Paragans. They were looked after by Shiqdars and Amils respectively. Village was the primary unit of administration. It had traditional officers such as the Chaudhari, the Patwari, the Chaukidar etc.,.

Literature:
This period witnessed the growth of Persian and Vernacular literature. Persian poets of central Asia sought shelter in the court of the sultans of Delhi. Amir Khusru was the most outstanding writer. He was called the Parrot of India. Khazyan-ul-Fautuh and Tarkish-i-Alai were his works. Amir Hasan Dehalvi wrote sonnets, Badr-ud-din, maualna- Oud-din, Umrani and Hassan nizami were some of th great Persian writers.

Muhammad-bin- tughalak and Firoz shah were great scholars. Zia-ud-din Barani and Ibn Batuta were great historians of the Tughalak period. Shamas -i- Siraj Afif completed the work Tarik-i-Firoz Shahi which had been left incomplete by Barani.

Art and architecture:
The heritage of Indian architecture was enriched by the sultans of delhi. They caused a new style of architecture called Indo- Islamic. It represents a synthesis of the two religious ideals, viz, Hinduism and Islam The important features of the Indo-islamic monuments re minarates, arches, domes, Hazaras, large gate ways etc, Quwat-ul-Islam mosque at Delhi and Adai-dinka – Jhampara mosque at Ajmir were earliest creations.

The Qutub Minar was a great achievement of the early period. It was commenced by Qutub-ud-din Aibak and completed by Iltumish, Iltumish built Hauz-i-Shamsi, Jami Masjid and Shamsi Idgah. The Jami masjid is one of the largest and most beautiful ofhis buildings. Alla-ud-din Khilji built the palace of Hazar situm, the fort of Siri, the Jamait Khan Masjid and the Alai Darwaza at Delhi.

The Alai Darwaza has been regarded as one of the most treasured gems of Islamic Architecture in India. The Tughalaks showed keen interest in building of cities and forts. Firoz Shah was the greatest of the builders. He laid out the cities of Firozabad, Fatehbad, Hissar and Janpur.

Question 3.
Critically examine the administra tive experiments of Mohammad-bin- Thghalak.
Answer:
Administrative experiments of Mohammad-bin-Tughalak:
Increase of taxes in the Doab:
The area between the river Ganges and Yamuna being very fertile, Muhammad decided to increase the taxes in this area to enhance the revenues of his empire. Although it was a practical decision the tax hike was too steep and introduced at a time when lack of rainfall had already created much unhappiness. When the farmers were unable to pay, they were ruthlessly punished. This measure made Muhammad-bin-Tughalak very unpopular.

Transfer of Capital (1327 CE):
To safeguard the capital from the Mangol invasions, the Sultan decided to shift the capital from Delhi to Devagiri. He built a new city near Devagiri and named it as Daulatabad. The other causes for shifting the capital were the proximity ofDelhi to the border and the new capital being in the center of the empire.

He desired to shift the entire population. Barani says not a cat or a dog was left. Ibn Batuta says a blind man and a cripple who were unwilling to move were dragged to the new Capital. The reasons for the move were very practical, but the method adopted was impractical. The entire population ofDelhi was made to travel to Daulatabad.

The tiresome journey passing through the dense forest, heavy rains, diseases, dacoits attacks, hunger etc., resulted in death and sufferings of the people. Realizing that he had made a mistake, Sultan ordered all the people to march back to Delhi again causing many more casualties. The entire incident made him highly unpopular.

Token currency reforms (1329-32 CE) :
Muhammad -bin-Tughalak carried out experiments on coinage and currency. His main aim was to save precious metals like gold and silver and introduce more money in circulation. For this reason, copper coins were issued which had the same value as the silver tanka. Minting the copper coins was not retained as a monopoly of the government.

The nobles chose Firoz Shah as his successor. The sultanate had slowly begun to decline. The Tughalaks were followed by the Sayyids and the Lodis. The last Lodi ruler, Ibrahim Lodi was defeated in the first Battle of Panipat in 1526 CE by Babur the founder of Mughals.

2nd PUC History Delhi Sultanate Additional Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who failed in the first battle of Tarain?
Answer:
Mohammad Ghori was defeated by Prithviraj Chouhan in the first battle of Tarain.

Question 2.
How many times Mohammad Ghazni led expeditions to India?
Answer:
Mohammad Ghazni led 17 expeditions to India.

Question 3.
Who was Mohammed Ghori’s slave?
Answer:
General Qutub-ud-din -Aibak was the entrusted slave of Mohammed Ghori.

Question 4.
When was Muhammad-bin-Highalak died? Where?
Answer:
Muhammad-bin-Tughalak died at Tatta in 1351 CE.

II. Answer the following in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Which are the dynasties rules the Sultanate of Delhi?
Answer:

5.1. The slave dynasty
5.2. The Khilji dynasty
5.3. The Tughalak dynasty.
5.4. The Sayyid dynasty and
5.5. The Lodhi dynasty

Question 2.
Write the conquest of Ranathambore.
Answer:
Raja Hamira Deva was the ruler of Ranathambore. He had given shelter to some ‘Neo Muslims’. This offended alla-ud-din. Ulugh Khan and Nazarath Khan invaded Ranathambore. It was captured after a siege of 11 months. Hamirdeva lost his fife in the battle.

III. Answer the following in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Mention the military and revenue reforms.
Answer:
Military reforms:

Alla-ud-din maintained a strong and huge standing army to safeguard his empire.
He introduced the system of branding of horses and maintenance of descriptive register of soldiers to prevent false musters and corrupt practices.
He abolished the jagir system and paid the salaries in cash.
He fixed the pay of soldiers at 234 tankas a year, with an additional 7 8 tankas for a soldier maintaining two hprses.
Ariz-i-Mumalik was in charge of the appointment of soldiers.

Revenue reforms:

Alla-ud-din Khilji introduced scientific method of measurement of land for the assessment of land revenue.
He imposed heavy taxes on the Sardars, Jagirdars and Ulemas.
Jazia was imposed on non-muslims. They had to pay it along with other taxes like pilgrim tax, octroi etc.,
In order to check bribery and corruption among revenue officials the salaries were increased.
The post of a special officer called ‘Mustakhraj’ was created to collect land revenue from the peasants.
He took steps to safeguard the peasants from the demands of corrupt revenue officials by imposing strict punishments even for petty offences.

IV. Answer the following in 30 to 40 sentences.

Question 1.
Give an account of Administrative contributions of Sultanate of Delhi.
Answer:
Administration:
The Kingdom of Delhi sultanate was a theocratic state. Shariat were the rales of the state. The Ulema controlled the state and administration. The sultans called themselves Naib of Kalifa.

Revenue:
Land revenue, the war booty, annual tributes, house, water, religious and poll taxes, etc, were the various sources of income to the state. Land revenue could be paid either in cash or kind.

Justice:
The sultans administered justice with the help of Kazi-Ul-Qazat. The chief kazi was helped by Kazis and assisted by Muftis. Kotwal was the police officer in charge of law and order. The criminal law was very severe.

Army:
The sultan maintained a strong army. It consisted of cavalry, infantry and elephant forces. The sultanate was primarily a military state. The sultan was the supreme commander. All ministers and officers except the chief justice and the Khazis were to render both civil and military duties. Diwan-I- Ariz was in charge of army organization and administration.

Provincial administration:
The sultanate was divided into a number of provincescalled Iqtas. Each was under a governor called “Naib sultan”. The governor enjoyed absolute powers in his province. He looked after the administration, collected the revenue and maintained law and order in his province. He maintained an army of his own.

Some sultans had the habit of transferring the governors and punishing them very severely if they revolted against the sultan. Each province was divided into Shiqs and Paragans. They were looked after by Shiqdars and Amils respectively. Village was the primary unit of administration It had traditional officers such as the Chaudhari the Patwari the Chaukidar etc.

2nd PUC History The Mughals Text Book Questions and Answers

The Mughals

I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
When did the First Battle of Panipat take place?
Answer:
1526.

Question 2.
Who was the founder of Mughal dynasty?
Answer:
Babur was the founder of Mughal dynasty.

Question 3.
Who was the queen of Gondwana?
Answer:
Durgavathi was the queen of Gondwana.

Question 4.
When did the battle of Haldi Ghat take place?
Answer:
The battle of Haldi Ghat took place on 18th June 1576.

Question 5.
What was the new religion introduced in Akbar?
Answer:
Din-I -Ilahi was the new religion introduced by Akbar.

Question 6.
Who was the famous revenue minister of Akbar?
Answer:
Raja Thodarmal was the famous revenue minister of Akbar.

Question 7.
Who wrote the book ‘Humayan Nama’?
Answer:
Gubana Begam wrote the book ‘Humayan Nama’.

Question 8.
Who wrote the book ‘Akbarnama’?
Answer:
Abul Fazal wrote the book ‘Akbarnama’.

Question 9.
Who wrote the book‘Ain-i-Akbari’?
Answer:
Abul Fazal wrote the book ‘Ain-i-Akbari’.

Question 10.
Who was the famous musician in the court of Akbar?
Answer:
Surdar was the famous musician in the court of Akbar.

Question 11.
Who was the Master Architect of the Taj-Mahal?
Answer:
Shahjahan was thd Master Architect of the Taj-Mahal.

II. Answer the following in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Between whom was the second battle of Panipat fought?
Answer:
Between Hemu and Akbar was the second battle of Panipat fought.

Question 2.
Where and when was Akbar born?
Answer:
1556.

Question 3.
Name any two famous historians of Akbar’s period?
Answer:
Abul Fazal and Muntakhas-ul-Tawarik of Badauni.

Question 4.
Which were the capitals of Akbar?
Answer:
Agra.

Question 5.
Name any two types of lands classified by Todarmal.
Answer:
Polaj and Paurats two types of lands classified by Todarmal.

Question 6.
Name the two works of Abul Fazal.
Answer:
Akbarnama and Ain-i-Akbari’ the two works of Abul Fazal.

Question 7.
Who built Taj-Mahal? Where is it?
Answer:
Shah Jahan built Taj-Mahal, it is in Agra.

Question 8.
Name any two famous musicians of Mughal period.
Answer:
Surdar and Tulsidas were the two famous musicians of Mughal period.

Question 9.
Mention any two famous Mughal monuments at Delhi.
Answer:
Red fort and Diwan-i-am are the two famous Mughal monuments at Delhi.

III. Answer the following in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Describe the religious and Rajput policy of Akbar.
Answer:
Religious and Rajput policy of Akbar:
Religious Policy:
Akbar was one of the most enlightened and liberal monarchs of Medieval India. In 1563 CE., he abolished the Pilgrimage tax that all Hindu pilgrims had to pay. He also abolished the Jaziya. People were allowed to build places of worship without restrictions.

Hindus were appointed to high posts and he took part in the celebrations ofvarious Hindu festivals. His Hindu wives exercised remarkable influence on him. He prohibited Child marriages and Sati. He also encouraged widow remarriages.

Din-I-Ilahi (1581-82):
Akbar founded a new religion Din-i-llahi. His new religion was based on the principles of peace for all. It was an attempt to unite the people of different faiths into brotherhood. In 1582, he built the Ibadat Khana at Fatepur Sikri. The religious leaders of Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam would meet here and hold religious discussions.

Akbar assimilated the general principles of various religions and founded the new religion. The followers of this religion were expected to respect all religions, worship fire, and celebrate their birthday in the company of people of other religions and not to marry old women or minor girls. Akbar did not force anybody to follow his new religion. It lost its importance after the death of Akbar.

Rajput policy:
Rajputs were the powerful enemies of the Mughals. Akbar realized that the valour and loyalty of Rajputs were essential for the consolidation of the Mughal Empire. Therefore, he tried to win their support by adopting measures like friendly relations, co¬operation, entering into matrimonial alliances and appointing many of them as Mansabdars.

Akbar married Jodha Bai, the daughter of Biharimal of Ambar. Raja Surjan Ray of Ranathambore voluntarily accepted the overlordship of Akbar in 1569 CE. The rulers of Jodhpur and Bikaner also accepted the sovereignty of Akbar. The only Rajput state which refused to accept Akbar’s overlordship was Mewar.

Akbar captured Chittor, the capital of Mewar by defeating its ruler Uday Singh in 1568. But Uday Singh continued to fight against the Mughals till his death. His son Rana Pratap Singh also continued to fight after the death of his father. The most important battle fought between the Mughals and Rana Pratap Singh was the battle of Haldighat in 1576.

Rana Pratap singh suffered heavy losses in this battle. Mewar was completely occupied by Akbar only after the death of Rana Pratap Singh. Rajput Kings were allowed to retain internal autonomy. The important Rajput commanders of Akbar were Raja Todarmal, Raja mansingh, Raja Baghavandas and others.

Question 2.
Briefly write about the administration of Akbar.
Answer:
Akbar’s administration:
Akbar providecf a very good system of administration. This continued all through the mughal period with very few changes. Mughal administration under Akbar was centralized. He was the fountainhead of all the powers. The Mughal emperor was called Padishah or Badshah. He was considered as Shadow of God and he ruled in accordance with Islamic Principles.

Emperor had a cabinet of ministers, who helped him in the matters of administratioa All of them worked under the emperor’s guidance. He could dismiss any of them at any time. Akbar’s empire consisted of 16 provinces called Subhas. Each province was headed by a governor called Subhardar. He was held responsible for collection of revenue and maintaining law and order.

Some of the important officers ofthe provinces were Diwan, Bakshi, Sardar, Faujdar, Kotwal,Quazi, etc., Subhas were further divided into Sarkars and again into Paraganas. Kotwals were incharge of city administration. Village was the lowest unit of administration. The administration of the village was carried out by the village panchayat.

The Mansabdari system:
Akbar introduced a new system of military and civil administration known as Mansabdari system. The word Mansab means rank or position. It is originated from the Persian concept Nasabkardan. It means fixing a particular person to a particular place. Mansabdars were therefore holders of these places or ranks in the services ofthe king. In 1571 CE., Akbar, with the help of his Mir Bakshi set up the Mansabdari system.

The mansabdars could be transferred from one place to another. All the officers of the kingdom held mansabs and had to recruit a certain number of soldiers under them The Emperor could appoint, promote, and dismiss mansabdars at his will. _

Revenue system:
Akbar setup an excellent land revenue system. According to this system land was measured and classified based on fertility of soil as

Polaj- land always in cultivation.
Parauti – land that was left to fallow for one or two years.
Chachaur – land that is left uncultivated for 3 to 4 years.
Banjar-land that was not cultivated for over 5 years.

Based on the average crops grown for ten years the revenue was fixed. It was 1/3 of the average produce. The revenue could be paid in cash or kind.

Question 3.
Describe the contributions of Mughals to literature and Art and Architecture.
Answer:
Contributions of Mughals to literature, Art, and Architecture.
Education and literature:
The Mughal rulers established Madarasas and colleges. Akbar arranged for die education of Hindus also. Shahjahan gave scholarships to students. Girls education was not encouraged. Scholars were patronized by emperors. The spread of education led to the growth of literature.

Some of the important literary works in Turkish, Persian, Sanskrit and Hindi languages are Babar wrote Babar Nama, Ramayana, Mahabharatha, Atharva Veda, Panchatantra etc., were translated from Sanskrit to Persian. Abul Fazal’s Ain-in-Akban and Akbar Nama; Gulbadan Begaum’s Humayun Nama, Jahangir’s autobipgraphy Farhang-I-Jahangir etc, were important works on history in Persian language.

Malik Mohammad’s Padtfiavathi, abdul Jaisy’s Rahim’s sat sai, Tulsidas’s Ramacharitha Manasa and Surdas’sSursagar were important literary works in Hindi.

Art and architecture:
The Mughals’ Wdre great builders and lovers of art and architecture. The important features of the Mughal architecture are domes, tall pilkrs, gateways with domes, arches, minars etc. important monuments of the Mughals are as follows:

ShahJahan’s period is considered as Golden Age of Mughal architecture.

Music:
Music developed to a great extent during the mughal period. Except Aurangzeb, all Mughal emperors patronized music and musicians Akbar was the greatest patron of music. Tansen, Ramdas, Briju Bavara and Surdas were the famous musicians of his court. Babar, Jahangir and Shahjahan were good singers and composed many lyrics.

IV. Answer the following in 30 to 40 sentences.

Question 1.
Describe the achievements of Akbar.
Answer:
Achievements of Akbar:
The second battle of Panipat (1556):
Hemu, the prime minister of Mohammad Adil Shah of Bengal, attacked and captured Delhi and Agra from the Mughal governor Tardi Baig and assumed the title Raja Vikramaditya. Akbar was in Punjab and his political conditions were critical. Byram Khan helped Akbar to fight against Hemu in the second battle of Panipatin 1556 CE.

When Hemu was on the verge of victory, he was struck in the eye by an arrow and became unconscious. The leaderless army of Hemu fled away. After this battle Akbar reoccupied Delhi and Agra.

Conquest of Gondwana:
Akbar sent Asaf Khan to subdue the kingdom of Gondwana. Rani Durgavati was ruling over this kingdom as the regent of her son Veeranarayana. She died fighting and Gondwana was annexed to the Mughal empire.

Conquest of Gujarat:
The wealth and prosperity of Gujarat and its importance for sea trade made Akbar to attack Gujarat. Its ruler Muzaffar Shah was defeated and Gujarat was occupied. Akbar built a new capital called Fathepur near Sikri in memory of this conquest.

Conquest of Bengal and Orissa:
The governor of Bengal, Daud Khan declared independence. Therefore Akbar sent his army to suppress him. Bengal and Orissa were occupied and they became a part of the Mughal Empire.

Annexation of Kabul and Kashmir:
Akbar’s stepbrother Hakim Mirza was ruling over Kabul. After his death in 1585 CE. Akbar annexed Kabul into his Empire. Later he conquered Kashmir also.

Rajput policy:
Rajputs were the powerful enemies of the Mughals. Akbar realized that the valour and loyalty of Rajputs were essential for the consolidation of the Mughal Empire. Therefore, he tried to win their support by adopting measures like friendly relations, co-operation, entering into matrimonial alliances and appointing many of them as Mansabdars.

Conquests of South India:
After his North-Indian conquest Akbar sent political missions to South Indian states like Bidar, Khandesh, Ahmed- Nagar, Golkonda and Bijapur to accept his Sovereignity. Except Khandesh, the remaining states rejected his proposal Hence he followed the path of war to conquer them.

In 1595, ChandBibi, ruler of Ahamednagar, bravely fought against the Mughal attack, but failed. Thus Akbar conquered’ Bidar and Ahmed Nagar. Akbar’s empire extended from Himalayas in the North to the Godavari in the South and Bengal in the East to Kabul in the West.

2nd PUC History The Mughals Additional Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who was the lost ruler of the Mughals?
Answer:
Humayun was the lost ruler of the Mughals.

Question 2.
Who wrote Babur name’?
Answer:
Babur was a great poet wrote his autobiography called Babur Name.

Question 3.
What is the name of the religion founded by Akbar?
Answer:
Akbar founded a new religion ‘Din-i-Lahi

II. Answer the following in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
What is Todaimal’s Bandobast system?
Answer:
In the harvest season the officials went round, examined the condition of agricultural lands and offered suitable suggestions to the farmers. The government gave loans to the farmers. The could be repaid in installments. This was called Bandobast system.

III. Answer the following in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Write the revenue system of Raja Todarmal.
Answer:
Akbar setup an excellent land revenue system. In the year 1581. Akbar’s revenue minister Raja Todarmal reorganized the whole land revenue system. This system was also known as ‘Zabti system’ or Ain-Deeh-Sala. The revenue policies of alla-ud-din Khilji and Shershah Sur formed the base for the Mughal revenue policy.

The chief features were According to this system land was measured and classified on the basis of fertility of soil as

Pdlaj – Land always in cultivation
parauti – land which was left to fallow for one or two years.
ChaQhar – Land that is left uncultivated for 3 to 4 yars.
Banjar – land that was not cultivated for over 5 years.

Based on the average crops grown for ten years the revenue was fixed. It was 1/3 of the average produce. The revenue could be paid in cash or kind.

Question 2.
Write a short note on Din-i-Uahi.
Answer:
Akbar founded a new religion ‘Din-i-LahL His new religion was based on the principles of peace for all. It was an attempt to unite the people of different faiths into brotherhood. In 1582 he built the ‘Ibadat Khana’ at Fatepur Sikri. The religious leaders of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, and Islam would meet here and hold religious discussions.

Akbar assimilated the general principles of various religions and founded the new religion The followers of this religion were expected to respect all religions, worship fire, and celebrate their birthday in the company of people of other religions and not to marry old women or minor girls. Akbar did not force anybody to follow his new religion. If lost its importance after the death of Akbar.

IV. Answer the following in 30 to 40 sentences.

Question 1.
Explain Manasabdari system.
Answer:
Akbar introduced a new system of military and civil administration known as manasabdari system. The word mansab means rank or position. It is originated from the Persian concept nasabkardan. It means fixing a particular person to a particular place. Mansabdars were the reforb holders of these places or ranks in the services of the king.

In 1571 CE. Akbar, with the help of his mir Bakshi set up the Mansabdari system. The mansabdars could be transferred from one place to another. There were various ranks of mansabdars who commanded 10 to 10000 soldiers. In later times this number went upto 50000. All the officers of the kingdom held manSabs and had to recruit a certain number of soldiers under them.

The emperor could appoint, promote, and dismiss mansabdars at his will. The mansabdari system consisted of Zat and Sawar. Zat indicated the number of soldiers Mansabdar ws expected to maintain while Sawar meant the actual number of horsemen that he maintained. The salaries ofManasbdars were high.

They were generally not paid in cash but were allotted Jagirs yielding their respective salaries. As time passed, some of the Mansabdars became powerful and troubled the emperor. Akbar was dependent upon Mansabdars for military support as his standing army consisted only 25,000 soldiers.

2nd PUC History Rise of Marathas Text Book Questions and Answers

Rise of Marathas

I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who was the founder of the Maratha Kingdom?
Answer:
Shivaji was the founder of the Maratha Kingdom.

Question 2.
Name the treaty signed between Shivaji and Jai Singh.
Answer:
Purandar treaty signed between Shivaji and Jai Singh.

Question 3.
What was the title of Shivaji?
Answer:
Chatrapati was the title of Shivaji.

Question 4.
In which year did the coronation ceremony of Shivaji take place?
Answer:
Shivaji was crowned as king ini674 CE. His coronation took place at Raigadha.

Question 5.
What is meant by ‘Chauth’?
Answer:
Tax

II. Answer the following in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Where and when was Shivaji born?
Answer:
Shivaji was born at Shivaneri in 1627 Some historians claim the year of birth to be 1630 CE.

Question 2.
Who were the parents of Shivaji?
Answer:
Shahaji Bhonsle and Jijabai were the parents of Shivaji.

Question 3.
Name two persons who influenced Shivaji?
Answer:
Shivaji was also influenced by saints like Ramdas and Tukaram.

Question 4.
Name any two important forts of Sivaji.
Answer:
Purandhar and Raigarh were the any two important forts of Sivaji.

Question 5.
Which were the two important taxes collected by Shivaji?
Answer:
Chauth and Sardeshmuki were the two important taxes collected by Shivaji

III. Answer the following in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Describe the conquests of Shivaji.
Answer:
Conquests of Shivaji:
Shivaji entered into military career even even before attaining the age of 20. He captured the fort Torana with the help of Mavalis. He also captured many forts like Chakana, Kondana, Simhagad and Purandhara from Adil shah of Bijapura. The Sultan of Bijapura, having incurred heavy losses imprisioned Shahji. Shivaji turned his attention to Konkan coast and occupied the region of Javali. Here he built the new fort of Pratapagadha.

Shivaji and Afzal Khan (1659):
Shivaji’s military activities against the Adil Shahi’s continued. So the sultan of Bijapur wanted to punish Shivaji and sent Afeal Khan against him. Shivaji very tactfully killed Afeal Khan and looted his camp. In 1661, the Sultan of Bijapur made peace with Shivaji and recognized his conquests.

Shivaji and Aurangazeb:
Shivaji conquered many territories and forts belonging to-Aurangazeb. To check his expansion, Aurangazeb appointed Shaista Khan as the new governor of Deccan. Shaista Khan succeeded in occupying a vast Maratha territory, Konkan and Chakan forts including Poona.

Then Shaista Khan stayed in the house where Shivaji entered the city of Poona with a few hundred soldiers, disguised as a marriage party. Finding his way into the house easily, Shivaji attacked Shaista Khan. Khan lost his fingers, but escaped with his life. This increased the lame of Shivaji.

Attack on Surat:
In 1664 Shivaji attacked and plundered Surat, the richest port on the West coast. By tins he collected one crore rupees. The English who supported the Mughals were beaten back. On hearing the arrival of the Mughal force, he fled from Surat. Aurangazeb sent Raja Jaisingh against Shivaji. Jai Singh captured many of Shivji’s forts like Purandhara, Raigadh etc., by his lighting raids.

The treaty of Purandar was signed in 1665 by which Shivaji surrendered 23 forts to the Mughals and retained 12 forts. He agreed to pay tribute to Aurangazeb. It was decided that Shivaji’s son Sambaji would be appointed as a Mansabdar of 5000. Due to the compulsion of Jaisingh, Shivaji visited the Mughal court at Agra.

But Aurangazeb insulted and imprisoned him. Shivaji pretended to be ill and sent out baskets of sweets to be donated in charity. Finding an opportunity, he escaped with Sambaji by hiding in the baskets. He reached his kingdom in the guise of a saint. Afterwards, Shivaji looted Surat twice. He conquered all the forts surrendered earlier to the Mugahls. Aurangazeb was unable to subdue him

Question 2.
Give an account of the administrative system of Shivaji.
Answer:
Administrative system of Shivaji:
Central Government:
Shivaji not only built the Maratha Kingdom but also organized his administration on efficient lines. He was the sole head of the government and all authority was concentrated in him. He formed a council of ministers. The council had eight ministers known as Ashtapradhanas.

Peshwa – the prime minister whose duty was to look after the general welfare and interest of the state.
Amatya – finance minister
Mantri – chronicler – he kept a diary of the King’s daily activities.
Sumant – waS incharge of foreign affairs
Sachiva – who looked after the royal correspondence.
Pandit Rao.or Danadhyaksha – in charge of religious matters and donations.
Senapati or Sar-i-Navbat – commander in chief of the army.
Nyayadhish – chief justice who was responsible for civil and military Justice.

There were 18 departments in the government which were under various ministers. They worked under the supervision and guidance of the king.

Provincial Government:
Shivaji had divided his kingdom into four provinces which were called Swarajya. A viceroy called Sardeshmukh was appointed for each province. The swarajya were sub divided into a number of Pranths. The districts were called Desh whose head was Deshmukh or Deshpande.

The districts were again subdivided into Paraganas. They were looked after by an officer called Desai. Village assembly was the smallest unit of administration. Shivaji abolished the granting of Jahagirs to his officers and began to pay the salaries in cash.

Revenue system:
Shivaji classified the land according to its fertility and yield. The land revenue was fixed at 30% of the produce. But later it was increased to 40%. The revenue had to be paid either in cash or in kind.

Military system:
Shivaji kingdom was a military state. Hence importance was given to military. The king was the head of the military. Under him there was the Senapathi. The military of Shivaji consisted of infantry, cavalry and artillery, camels and elephants. Infantry was specially . trained in guerilla and mountain warfare. Soldiers were not permitted to take women to the battle field.

They were not to ill-treat women, merchants, brahmins, cows and agriculturists. Apart from the infantry and cavalry^ there were different grades of military officers, viz, Naiks, Hawaldars, Jumladars, Hazaris and others. Kanhoji Angrey was the famous admiral of the Marathas. Shivaji maintained a powerful Navy of200 ships.

Judicial system:
King was the highest court of appeal. The civil cases were decided by the village panchayats and criminal cases by district officers and governors. The judgments of the village courts had royal recognition. The king and Nyayadhisha heard over the appeals. Nayayadhisha was responsible for civil and militaryjustice.

2nd PUC History Rise of Marathas Additional Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each

Question 1.
Who is the founder of Maratha Kingdom?
Answer:
Shivaji was the founder of Maratha

Question 2.
Who were ShivajiV friends and followers?
Answer:
The Mavalis living in the hilly tracts become his friends and followers.

II. Answer the following in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
What is Swarajya?
Answer:
Shivaji had divided his kingdom into four provinces, which were called ‘ Swarajaya’.

Question 2.
Shivaji’s coronation (1674).
Answer:
Shivaji was crowned as king in 1674 C.E. His coronation took place at Raigadha with pomp and as per the Vedic rites. He took the title ‘Chatrapati’. Sometimes later shivaji occupied Hubli, Jinji, and Vellore. He brought under his control, his stepbrother Venkoji, the ruler of Tanjore.Shivaji died in the year 1680 C.E.

Question 3.
Who are ‘Ashtapradhanas’?
Answer:
Shivaji formed a council of ministers. The council had eight ministers known as ‘Ashtapradhanas’.

III. Answer the following in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Explain the military and judicial system of the Marathas.
Answer:
Military system:
Shivaji’s kingdom was a military state. Hence importance was given to military. The king was the head of the military. Under him there was the Senapathi The military of shivaji consisted of infantry, cavalry and artillery, camels and elephants. Infantry was specially trained in guerilla and mountain warfare.

Soldiers were not permitted to take women to the battle field. They were not to ill- treat women, Merchants, Brahmins, cows, and agriculturists. Apartment from the infantry and cavalry there were different grades of military officers, Viz, Naiks, Hawaldars, Jumladars, Hazaris and others. Shivaji maintained a strong navy, kanhoji Angrey was the famous admiral of the Marathas. Shivaji maintained a powerful, navy of 200 ships.

Judicial system:
King was the highest court of appeal. The civil cases were decided by the village panchayats and criminal cases by district officers and governs. The judgements of the village.courts had royal recognition. The King and nyayadhisha heard over the appeals. Nyayadhisha was responsible for civil and military justice.

Question 2.
Who are ‘ Ashtapradhanas’? Who are they?
Answer:
Shivaji formed a council of ministers. The council had eight ministers known as ‘Ashtapradhanas’.

Peshwa – the prime minister whose duty was to look after the general welfare and interest of the state.
Amatya-finance minister
Mantri – chronicler -he kept a diary of the King’s daily activities.
Samant – was incharge of foreign affairs
Sachiva – who looked after the royal correspondence.
Pandit Rao or Danadhyaksha- in charge of religious matters and donations.
Senapati or Sar-i-Navbat – commander in chief of the army.
Nyayadhish – chief justice who was responsible for civil and military

2nd PUC History The Vijayanagara Empire Text Book Questions and Answers

The Vijayanagara Empire

I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Which was the Capital of Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer:
Anegondi in the vicinity of Hampe was the capital of Vijayanagara Empire.

Question 2.
Who was the first ruler of Vijayanagara?
Answer:
Harihara Raya I was the first ruler of vijayanagara Empire.

Question 3.
To which dynasty did Krishnadevaraya belong?
Answer:
Tuhiva Dynasty.

Question 4.
Who was the greatest ruler of Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer:
Krishna Deva Raya.

Question 5.
Who had the title ‘Yavanarajya Pratishthapanacharya’?
Answer:
Krishna Deva Raya.

Question 6.
Name the Persian ambassador who visited the Vijayanagara Empire.
Answer:
Abdur Razzak.

Question 7.
Who wrote ‘Madhura Vijayam’?
Answer:
Ganga devi.

Question 8.
Which battle led to the downfall of Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer:
Battle of Talikote.

Question 9.
Who was the founder of Bengaluru?
Answer:
Kempegowda I

Question 10.
Who is called ‘Navakoti Narayana’?
Answer:
Chikkadevaraya Wodeyar.

Question 11.
What is Shivappa Nayaka’s ‘Shistu’?
Answer:
Shistu’ is a revenue settlement policy of the Nayaka dynasty. It was formed by Shivappa Nayaka. According to this policy, land was classified on the basis of fertility and revenue was fixed on the basis of average production. .

Question 12.
Who built the fort of Chitradurga?
Answer:
Madakari Nayaka.

Question 13.
Name the lady who defended the Chitradurga fort?
Answer:
Onake Obawa.

Question 14.
Name the ruler who started the Mysore Dasara.
Answer:
Raja Wodeyar.

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Who were the founders of Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer:
Hakka Raya and Bukka Raya were the founders Vijayanagara Empire.

Question 2.
Mention any two literary works of Krishnadevarava.
Answer:
‘Jambhavati Kalyanavi’ and ‘Usha Parinayam.

Question 3.
Mention any-two titles of Krishnadevaraya.
Answer:
Kavi pungara and Kannada rajya rama ramana.

Question 4.
Who wrote ‘Manucharitamu’ and what is his title?
Answer:
‘Allasani peddanna’ wrote ‘Manu-charitamu’. His title was ‘Andhru Kavita pitamara’.

Question 5.
Mention any two titles of Chikkadevaraj a Wodeyar.
Answer:
‘Karnataka Chakravarthi’ and ‘Aprutimveera’.

Question 6.
Which is the first Kannada Drama and who is its author?
Answer:
‘Mitra vinda Govinda’ was the first Kannada drama. ‘Singararya wrote it.

Question 7.
Who wrote Hadibadeya Dharma and which King encouraged her?
Answer:
Sanchi Hannamma wrote ‘Hadibadeya Dharma.

Question 8.
Who was Shivappanayaka and why is he famous?
Answer:
Shivappa Nayaka (1645-1660 CE) was an able administrator of the Keladi Nayaka dynasty. He is famous for his Revenue settlement called ‘Shistu’.

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences.

Question 1.
What were the causes and results of the Battle of Talikote?
Answer:
The battle of Talikota (1565 CE) was a decisive battle in the history of Vijayanagara empire. The battle was fought in a range of 40 kms., between the villages of Rakkasagi and Tangadagi, near Talikote. Hence it is called Battle of Talikote’. Some scholars believe that the decisive battle of Talikote or Rakkasa – Tangadi, was fought at Krishna – Bannihatti.

It is also called the battle of Bannihatti. Aliya Ramaraya was the leader of the Vijayanagar troops on the opposite side was the coalition army of shahi sultans comprising the troops of Adil shahis of Bijapur, Nizam shahis of Ahamadnagar, Kutub shahis of Golkonda and Barid Shahis of Bidar.
Causes:

The fertile Doab region between the rivers krishna and Tungabhadra became a bone of contention between the two powers and hence led to the battle.
Religious and cultural differences between vijayanagara and shahi sultans.
The policy of Aliya Rama Raya (son – in – law – of krishna devaraya) – He followed a policy of divide and rule with the shahis of Bijapur and Ahmadnagar. The shahis forgot their enemity and formed the Grand Shahi confederacy consisting of Bijapura, Ahmadnagar, Golkonda and Bidar shahis.
The Immediate cause that led to the battle was that Ali Adil shah demanded Aliya ramaraya to return Raichur. Aliya Rama raya refused and asked the sultan to take it in the battle field.

Results:

The battle was fought M 23rd Jan 1565 CE. Aliya Ramaraya was captured by the shahi Army and was beheaded and his head was paraded in the battle field. The vijaynagara Army, paniced and feld the battle field. The battle came to an end in a day.
Vijayanagara empire lost its glory. Shahi Army looted Vijayanagara for many months.
The Portuguese were restricted to Goa. It was a set back to their trade.
Religious Endowments to sringeri, Tirupathi and shrishaila and kalahasti stopped. It was an obstacle to the development of the religion.
Aravidu dynasty was unable to gain control over the region of South India.
Feudatories of Vijayanagara Empire like Nayakas and palegars became Independent.
Vijayanagara Empire Disintegrated.

Question 2.
Describe the art and architecture of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Answer:
The Vijayanagara kings encouraged Art and Architecture. The capital hampi was great centre of art and architecture.

Architecture:
They used the Dravidian style of Architure and added unigue feature was came to be known as ‘Vijayanagara style’.

Architecture style :

Temples consist of Garbhagriha, Sukhariasi and Mahamantapa Ardha mantapa.
Granite was used for construction.
Pillas and piers were multi-angled.
Walls of temples contain sculptures of folklove, Gods and Godesses, elephant and horses etc.
Sangeeta Mantapas were constructed in the temple primises for dance, music and drama.
Huge ‘Raya Gopuras’ were built on the gateway of temples.
Kalayana Mantapas built Inisde temples for divine weddings.

Virupaksha temple, vittla swami temple the stone chariot, Krishna swamy temple, the Hajara Rama Temple, Mahanavami Dibba, in hampi. Lotus Mahal is an excellent example of Indo – Islamic style of Architecture at Hampi. Lotusmahal is an excellent example of Indo – Islamic style of Architecture at Hampi.

Vidyashankara temple at sringeri, Ramalingeshwara temple at Tadaptri, Veerabhadra at Lipakshi, Jalakant’eshwara Temple at vellore, ekambaranatha temple at kanchi, shiva temple at Chidambaram Rangnatha at srirangam and Meenakshi sundareswara temple at madurai are important temples.

Sculptures:
Religion was the main theme of sculptures. The kadle kalu Ganesha, Sasivekalu Ganapathi, Lakshmi – Narashima statues at Hampi. Copper images of Krishnadevaraya and his two Queens are found at Tirupathi. A . stone statue of Krishnadevaraya is found at Chidambaram.

Painting:
Painting flourished along with other arts. Walls and celings of temples at Hampi have paintings. Anegodi and Lipakshi were centres of Vijayanagara paintings. The paintings of virupaksha temple at Hampi and veerabhadra temple at Lepakshi are related to shiva mythology. The marriage of pampamba with virupaksha, madana vijaya and Tirpura samhara are great paintings. Lepakshi is called the ‘Ajanta of shavism’.

Fine Arts:
Dancing and music was encouraged. Dasakuta – Vyasakuta contributed to the development of music. Vadiraju, purandara dasa and kanaka dasa belonged to this period. They composed ‘Keertanas’ purandaradasa is called ‘Father of Karnatic music’. (Karnataka sangeetha pithamaha). Dancing halls were built. Bandham lakshmi narayana was a dance master in the court of Krishnadevaraya.

Question 3.
Explain the foreign accounts regarding Vijayanagara.
Answer:
Foreign Accounts,
1. Nicolo Conti:
Italian traveller Nicolo Conti visited Vijayanagara during the rule of Devaraya I. He says, “Vijayanagara is surrounded by mountains. Its circumference is 60 miles. There are about 90000 soldiers and the King is very powerful”.

2. Abdur Razzak:
He was a Persian ambassador who came to the court of King Devaraya II in 1443 CE. He describes the King and the capital like this: “The city of Vijayanagara is such that the eyes have not seen, nor ears heard of any place resembling it upon the whole of the earth. The city is surrounded by seven fortification walls. The King is powerful.

Brahmanas are respected. There are about 12000 security personnel to safeguard this city. The Quaran and Puranas have been placed in a high and respectable place in the court of the King”. He also explained about the celebration of Mahanavami festival in great splendour.

3. Niketan:
He \yas a Russian traveller, who visited the Bahamani Kingdom in the year 1470 CE. He has given an account of the social life and splendour of the King in the neighbouring Vijayanagara Empire.

4. Durate Barbosa:
He was a Portuguese traveller who came to Vijayanagara in the year 1514 CE. He states, “The markets of Hampi are centres of trade where pearls, diamonds, silk and other goods are sold. The King holds discussion with his ministers in the Conference Hall”.

5. Domingo Paes:
This Portuguese traveller visited the court of Krishnadevaraya in the year 1520 CE. He says that Mahanavami Dibba was decorated during the festive times. Describing the multidimensional personality of Krishnadevaraya, he aquotes that his face had marks of Small Pox.

6. Fernao Nuniz:
He was another traveller from Portugal, who reached Vijayanagara in the year 1535 CE during the reign of Achyutaraya. His accounts throw light on the political and cultural activities of the Vijayanagara Empire. He says that Vijayanagara was a city with the best basic amenities in the world.

7. Ceasar Fredericci:
He was an Italian traveller who visited Vijayanagara in 1567 CE. He explains the part played by Gilani brothers in the battle of Talikote. According to his accounts, Vijayanagara was a ruined city after the Battle of Talikote. He also says that the people did not live there and only wild animals were living.

IV. Answer the following questions in 30 to 40 sentences each.

Question 1.
Write a note on the achievements of Krishnadevaraya.
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya (1509 – 1529 CE):
Krishnadevaraya was one of the greatest emperors of South India.

Military achievements:
The war of 1510 CE:
Sultan Yusuf Add Shah of Bijapura and Sultan Mahammed Shah of Bidar attacked Vijayanagara. In the war that took place in 1510 CE. Krishnadevaraya repulsed them. Yusuf Add Shah lost his life. Krishnadevaraya then occupied the fort of Raichur along with Krishna Tungabhadra doab.

Siege of Ummatturu – 1513 CE
Gangaraja, the Nayaka of Ummatturu revolted against Vijayanagara. Krishnadevaraya won Penugonda and laid siege to the Ummaturu fort. The rebellion was subdued and the forts of Shivanasamudra and Shrirangpattana were captured.

Kalinga expedition – 1513 to 1518 CE:
Krishnadevaraya made an expedition on Kalinga to defeat the Gajapati ruler Prataparuda of Orissa. This expedition was conducted in five stages.

Udayagiri fort was captured. The idol of Balakrishna was brought from Udayagiri and installed at Hampi and a gorgeous temple was constructed.
The King seiged the fort of Kondavidu and defeated the Reddies, who were the supporters ofKing Prataparudra. Krishna region of Andhra came under Krishnadevaraya. The administration of this region was entrusted to Salva Thimma.
Krishnadevaraya captured the forts of Vijayawada and Kondapalli. The Gajapati King, who came face to face with Krishnadevaraya, was forced to flee from the battle field.
He captured the forts of Anantagiri, Kanakagiri, Devarakonda and others in the Telangana region. To commemorate this victory, a pillar of victory was erected at Potanur.
He laid siege to Cuttack, the capital of Prataparudra. Then Prataparudra sued for peace. Krishnadevaraya gave back all the territories to the north ofriver Krishna and married his daughter Jaganmohini.

Battle of Raichur – 1520 CE:
When Krishnadevaraya was fighting against Kalinga, Ismail Adil Shah of Bijapura recaptured the fort of Raichur. Therefore Krishnadevaraya once again fought a battle in the year J 520 CE and recaptured the fort. In this battle, the Portuguese musketeers helped Vijayanagara.

Satisfied with this help, Krishnadevaraya sanctioned the monopolized business of supplying the Persian horses to the Vijayanagara army to the Portuguese. He went upto Bidar and released the Bahamani sultan from the prison and placed him on the throne. Hence he assumed the title ‘Yavanarajya Pratishthapanacharya’.

Peace in Ceylon:
There was political instability in the Island of Ceylong (Srilanka). There were revolts against King Vijayabahu. Krishnadevaraya intervened in its political affairs and peace was established. Bhuvanaikyabahu, the son of Vijaybahu was brought to power. Krishnadevaraya was the greatest King of Vijayanagara.

He himself was a poet and wrote Amuktamalyada, Jambavati Kalyanam and Usha Parinayam. There were eight poets called Ashtadiggajas in his court. As soon as he came to the throne, he abolished the marriage tax. He was a devotee of Lord Venkateshwara of Tirupati. In memory of his mother Nagaladevi, he built a new city called Nagalapura (Hospet).

He honoured the great scholar Vysateertha, by placing him on the throne. He built Purandara Mantapa at Hampi. He honoured Allasani Peddanna by placing him on the royal elephant. Krishnadevaraya built many tanks and canals for both drinking w ater and irrigation purposes. The tanks built by him are being used by the farmers even today.

A huge tank was constructed for the people of Hampi and drinking water was supplied through canals. The King himself acted as Krishna in the Sanskrit drama called Jambhavati Kalyanam, during the C-haitra festival of Lord Virupaksha. This show was appreciated by the people. He had many titles like Kannadarajyaramaramana, Kavipungava, Karnatakandhrabhoja, Yavanarajya Pratishthapanacharya, etc.

Question 2.
Describe the cultural contributions of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Answer:
Cultural contributions:
1. Administration:
The Vijayanagara rulers provided a good system of administration. They also provided internal peace to the empire and protection from external threats. The rulers of Vijayanagara introduced a strong central government along with decentralization of power.

Central administration:
Monarchy was the existing system. King was the Head of the state. Protection and welfare of his subjects was his duty. The King was the chief law maker and the highest court of appeal. The Vijayanagara Kings were known for their judicious judgments. Kingship was hereditary. Yuvaraja was associated with the administration.

There was a council of ministers to assist the King in the administration. The ministers played an important role in the administration of the Vijayanagara empire. They supervised over many departments and advised the King in taking proper decisions.

Provincial administration:
There were two types of provinces in the Vijayanagara Empire. The first kind was directly ruled by the King’s representatives and second by the feudatories. The provincial rule by the feudatories (Nayakas) was called the ‘Nayankara system’. King was considered as the owner of the land. He distributed the lands to his dependents. Those dependents who supervised these lands, were known as ‘Nayakas’.

These Nayakas were to pay annual tributes to the King and had to maintain military troops for wars. The Nayakas were mihtary vassals, who met the financial obligations of the King. These Nayakas maintained military and civil J representatives in the court of the King. This helped in the smooth administratioa

Village Administration:
Village was the smallest unit of administration. The other units were the agraharas and the towns. There were village assemblies to look after the progress of the villages. Construction of tanks, temples, halls, etc, and maintenance of water for drinking and irrigation were the important duties of these Assemblies.

The head, of the village administration was ‘Gouda’. Collection of revenue was his main duty. The village accounts were looked after by the Kawaoka. Another official of the village was Talawara, who discharged the duties of a Policeman.

Revenue system:
Land revenue was the main source of income to the state. Generally it was at the rate of 1/6 of the gross produce. Property and commercial taxes, tax on industries, war booty, judicial fines and tax on all professions including prostitution formed other sources of income to the state. The taxes were collected in cash or kind.

Military organization:
Vijayanagara Empire had a strong military to safeguard the vast area from its enemies. The army was divided into elephant force, cavalry and Infantry. They procured the Arabian horses from the Portuguese. The forts played an important role in the warfare. During the Mahanavami festival all the wings of the army were paraded to test their capabilities.

2. Social Condition
Social harmony existed in the Vijayanagara Empire. Brahmanas had a high position in the society. Blacksmiths, goldsmiths, weavers, farmers and traders played very important role in the social activities. Generally women had an honourable status in the society. Few women received education. They participated in the activities like dancing and singing.

Evil practices like Sali, Prostitution, child marriage and polygamy existed in the society, which lowered the position of women. Marriage was a sacred bond for them. The system of paying ‘Bride Price’ was in practice. Muslims also settledin the Vijayanagara Empire. They were given, security by the Kings.

The Mosques were .built for prayers and Quaran was placed in a respectable place. The members of the royal family worshipped Hindu, Buddha and Jaina deities and followed the common tenets of these religions. Hence it is clear that social harmony prevailed in the Vijayanagara Empire.

3. Economic condition:
Agriculture was the main occupation of the people, they surveyed the land and revenue was fixed according to the quality of soil. The rulers paid due attention to agriculture, Land was divided into wet, dry and horticultural land. Rice, cereals, spices, betels, arecanuts, ginger turmeric, fruits and flowers were the main products of agriculture.

Dams, tanks and canals were built for irrigation and for drinking purposes. A huge tank was constructed by Krishnadevaraya near the southern entrance to Nagalapura. Adam and a Raya channel were also built by him at Korrangal. Vyasaraya built Vyasasamudra in Southern Karnataka. The construction and development of many wells and tanks helped in agriculture.

Kings of Vijayanagara encouraged trade and commerce. The Vijayanagara empire was known for brisk trade in textiles, precious stones, spices, etc. Vijrakurur mines in Andhra Pradesh supplied the most valuable diamonds. The goods of India were in high demand throughout the world.

Main exports of the time were cloth, rice, sugar, spices, iron, etc. The important imports were elephants, horses, pearls, coral, mercury, silks, etc. There were about two hundred ports on the western and eastern coasts.

4. Religion:
The Vijayanagara Empire protected Hindu religion and culture from the onslaughts ofthe invaders. There was religious tolerance among the Hindus, Jains and Muslims. It was the duty ofthe Kings to safeguard each nd every religion in the’ empire. Muslims entered the Vijayanagara army from the days of Devaraya II.

The Sangama rulers encouraged Shaivism and the later rulers gave importance to Vaishnavism. Bhimadevi, the queen of Devaraya I was’ a follower of Jainism Devaraya II built a Jain basadi in his empire. The Vachana movement was popular during this time nd greatly contributed to the Dharma. ‘Shunya Sampadarie’, a collection of vachanas was produced in this age.

Tontada Siddalinga Yathi wrote a number of vachanas. Mathas were established in many parts ofthe empire. The Varkari movement of lord Vittala of Pandarapura and the Dasakuta tradition were encouraged. These movements spread the* principles of Vaishnavism. Important religious centres of the time were Hampi, Shringeri, Shravanabelagola, Shrishaila, SriKalahasti, Ahobilam, Madurai, Srirangam and Huncha.

Temples and Mathas were two notable religious institutions of this period. The temples were places of worship and the Mathas stood for the spread of religious principles. They encouraged education and culture. Shringeri, Kanchi, Golaki, Udupi, Dharmapuram, Kodimatha were the notable Mathas of Vijayanagara period.

Sometimes these Mathas and temples acted as landlords and bankers. The Virakta Mathas gained importance during this period. The important religious festivals of that time were Mahanavami, Deepavali, Holi, etc.

2nd PUC History Bahamani and Adil Shahi Sultans Text Book Questions and Answers

Bahamani and Adil Shahi Sultans

I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Name the founder of Bahamani dynasty.
Answer:
All a-ud-din Hasan Gangu was the founder of Bahmani dynasty.

Question 2.
Who was the founder of Adhil Shahi dynasty?
Answer:
Yusuf Adil Khan was the founder of Adil Shahi dynasty.

Question 3.
Who built the Ibrahim Roza?
Answer:
Mohammad Gawan built the Ibrahim Roza.

Question 4.
Who built Madarasa at Bidar?
Answer:
Mohammad Gawan built Madarasa at Bidar.

Question 5.
Which is the biggest Mosque in South India?
Answer:
Jamia Masjid is the biggest Mosque in South Ipdia.

Question 6.
Who is called ‘Jagadguru Badshah’?
Answer:
Ibrahim Adil Shah II is called Jagadguru Badshah.

Question 7.
Who wrote ‘Kitab-i-Navaras’?
Answer:
Ibrahim Adil Shah II wrote ‘Kitab-i-Navaras’

II. Answer the following in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Mention the capitals of Bahamani dynasty.
Answer:
Gulbarga and Bidar were the capitals of Bahamani dynasty.

Question 2.
Who was Mohmmad Gawan and where did he build the Madarasa?
Answer:
Mohmmad Gawan was a Chief Minister and an able administrator. He was born in Gawan in Persia and came to India for trade. He was appointed as a minister by Mohammad Shah III. He built a Madarasa at Bidar.

Question 3.
Who was Hazarat Khwaja Bande Nawaj and where is his Darga?
Answer:
Hazarat Khwaja Bande Nawaz was a sufi saint and the darga of this saint is found at Gulbarga.

Question 4.
Where is Gol Gumbaz and who built it?
Answer:
Gol Gumbaz is a wonderful monument at Bijapura. This huge dome was built by Mohammad Adil Shah in the year 1656. It is also his tomb. The whispering gallery is its specialty. The sound uttered in this dome echoes seven times. All these features have made it a world famous monument.

Question 5.
Mention any two monuments of Adil Shah of Bijapura.
Answer:
Jamia masjid and Ibrahim Roza are the two monuments of Adil Shah of Bijapura.

Question 6.
Name two historians of Adil Shahi period.
Answer:
Mulla Nusrati and Ferostha were famous historians of Adil Shahi Period.

III. Answer the following in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Explain the achievements of Mohammad Gawan.
Answer:
Achievements of Mohammad Gawan:

He conquered Hubli, Belagavi and Goa region from the Vijayanagara Empire.
Gawan made a treaty with the sultan ,of Malwa and eatablished political stability.
Gawan conquered Rajamahendri and Kondavidu regions of Orissa.
The number of provinces was increased from four to eight for the convenience of administration. They were called Tarafs.
Land was surveyed and the revenue was fixed. The collection of revenue was only in cash.
He built a Madarasa at Bidar. He also built a library there, where he collected 3000 manuscripts from all over the world.

Gawan’s progress, was not tolerated by the native Muslim leaders. They made false allegations. He was beheaded in 1481 CE. After his death the Bahamani Kingdom started declining. Five Shahi Sultans of Deccan declared inpendence. They were Adil Shahis of Bijapura, Nizam Shahis of Ahmednagar, Barid Shahis of Bidar, Imad Shahis of Golkonda.

Question 2.
Discuss the progress of literature and architecture of Adil Shahi period.
Answer:
Literature:
Arabic, Persian, Daccani Urdu languages and literature developed.

The Sufi saints brought about unity among the Hindus and Muslims.
Scholars like Sayed Ahmad Harawi, Maulan Gaithuddin, Habibullah and Abdullah were famous scholars.
Mulla Nusrathi and Feristha were famous historians, who wrote Ali Nama and Tarikh-i-Feristha respectively.

Architecture:
The monuments built by Adil Shahis are in Indo-Islamic style. This is also called Daccani style. The important monuments of Bijapura are,

Jamia Masjid was built by Adil Shah and it is noted for arches, minarets, huge dome and the mammoth prayer hall.
Ibrahim Roza is another famous’ building. It is the only Roza in India. A tomb and a mosque are built on a single platform, which is sourrended by a garden along with a fortification wall, which is called Roza. It was built by Ibrahim Adil Shah II. It is called the Taj Mahal of south India.
Mehtar Mahal was a three-storied palace. It was also built by Ibrahim Adil Shah II.
Gol Gumbaz is a.wonderful monument at Bijapura. This huge dome was built by Mohammad Adil Shah in the year 1656 CE. It is also his tomb. The “whispering gallery is its specialty. The sound uttered in this dome echoes seven times. All these features have made it a world famous monument.
Bara Kaman, Bade Kaman, Asar Mahal, Anand Mahal, Upli Buruz, Ta, Bawdi, Chand Bawdi, etc are some of the important architectural marvels.

2nd PUC History Bahamani and Adil Shahi Sultans Additional Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Which is the first capital of the Bahamani sultans?
Answer:
Gulbarga was the first capital of the Bhamani sultans.

Question 2.
Who was known as Jagadguru Badshah?
Answer:
Ibrahim Adil Shah II was known as Jagadguru Badshah.

Question 3.
Who wrote Kitab-i-Navaras’?
Answer:
Ibrahim Adil Shah II wrote Kitab-I -Navaras.

II. Answer the following in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Mention any two achievements of Mahmud Gawan.
Answer:
1. He conquered Hubli, Belagavi and Goa region from the Vijayanagara Empire.
2. Gawan made a treaty with the sultan of Malwa and eatablished political stability.

III. Answer the following in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Discuss the cultural contributions of Bhamani sultans.
Answer:
Education:
Reciting Quran was a part of education. Poor Muslim students were granted scholarships. There were separate schools for girls. Mahmud Gawan was a great patron of education. He spent his earings for the spread of education. He built a madarasa at Bidar in 1472 CE.

This building consisted of three floors. It had 36 rooms and also accommodation for students and teachers. Philosophy, religion and science were taught. Persian, Arabic and Urdu were the medium of education.

Literature:
Persian, Arabic and Urdu literatures developed during this period. Sultan Firoz Shah was well versed in philosophy. He was an expert in natural science, geometry and the Quran. He gave patronage to scholars. Mahamud Gawan wrote poems in Persian language. Riyaz-ul-insha and manazir-ul-insha are his works.

They give an account on the polity, poetry and other aspects. Calligraphy was used in writing the quotations of Quran. Mahmud Gawan was a Calhgraphist., A new dialect called Dakhni Urdu – became popular. The famous sufi saint of Gulbarga, Hazarat Khwaja Bande Nawaz Gesu Daraz wrote in this new language. The Darga of this saint is found at Gulbarga.