2nd PUC History Question Bank Chapter 6 Socio-Religious Reform Movement In Medieval India

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Karnataka 2nd PUC History Question Bank Chapter 6 Socio-Religious Reform Movement In Medieval India

2nd PUC History Socio-Religious Reform Movement In Medieval India Text Book Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Which was the birthplace of Shankaracharya?
Answer:
Kaladi in Kerala was the birthplace of Shankaracharya.

Question 2.
Name the philosophy of Shankaracharya.
Answer:
Advaita philosophy

Question 3.
Name the philosophy of Ramanuj acharya.
Answer:
Vishistadvaita philosophy

Question 4.
Who was the Hoysala king who gave royal patronage to Ramanuja charya?
Answer:
Vishnuvardhana was the Hoysala king who gave royal patronage to Ramanujacharya.

Question 5.
Which was the birth place of Madhwacharya?
Answer:
Pajaka near Udupi was tha birth place of Madhwacharya.

Question 6.
Which was the earlier name of Madhwacharya?
Answer:
Vasudeva was the earlier name of Madhawacharya.

Question 7.
Name the philosophy of Madhwacharya.
Answer:
Dwaitha.

Question 8.
Which was the birth place of Basaweshwara?
Answer:
Bagewadi was the birth place of Basaweshwara.

Question 9.
Who was the Kalachuri king who gave royal patronage to Basaweshwara?
Answer:
Bijjala was the Kalachuri king who gave royal patronage to Basaweshwara.

Question 10.
Who presided over the religious discourses at Anubhavamantapa?
Answer:
Allamaprabhu presided over the religious discourses at Anubhavamantapa.

Question 11.
Where was Ramananda born?
Answer:
Ramananda was bom in Prayag

Question 12.
Who is the founder of Sikhism?
Answer:
Gurunanak is the founder of Sikhism

Question 13.
Which is the Holy Book of Sikhs?
Answer:
Guru Granth sahib is the Holy Book of Sikhs.

Question 14.
Who was the devotee of Krishna who popularized her philosophy in Rajasthan?
Answer:
Mirabai was the devotee of Krishna who popularized her philosophy in Rajasthan.

Question 15.
From which word is Sufi derived.
Answer:
Sufi derived from the word saf meaning wool.

Question 16.
Who was the founder of Chisti order?
Answer:
Khwaja Abdul Chisti was the founder of Chisti order.

Question 17.
Who was the founder of Suharawardi order?
Answer:
Sheik Shahabuddin Saharawardi was the founder of Suharawardi order.

II. Answer the following in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Who were the parents of Shankaracharya?
Answer:
Shivaguru and Aryambha were the parents of Shankaracharya.

Question 2.
Why is Shankaracharya called ‘Shanmatha Stapanacharya’?
Answer:
He attempted to unify different cults by giving importance to the worship of

• Shiva
• Vishnu
• Surya
• Ganesh
• Kumara and
• Shakti.

Hence, he is called Shanmatha Sthapanacharya.

Question 3.
Name any two important mathas established by Shankaracharya.
Answer:
Kalikamatha and Jyothimatha were the two important mathas established by Shankaracharya.

Question 4.
Name any two works of Shankaracharya.
Answer:
Viveka Chudamani and Shivananda Lahari are the twd works of Shankaracharya.

Question 5.
When and where was Ramanuja charya born?
Answer:
Ramanujacharya was bom in 1037 (in Sri Perambadur near Chennai).

Question 6.
Who were the parents of Ramanujacharya?
Answer:
Keshava Sotnayaji and Kantimati were the parents of Ramanujacharya.

Question 7.
Name any two works of Ramanuja charya.
Answer:
Vedanta Saara and Vedanta Sangraha are the two works of Ramanujacharya.

Question 8.
When and where was Madhwa charya born?
Answer:
Madhwacharya was bom at Pajaka near Udupi in 1238 CE.

Question 9.
Who were the parents of Madhawa charya?
Answer:
Madhyageha Narayana Bhatta and Vedavathi.

Question 10.
Name any two mathas established by Madhwacharya.
Answer:
Sodey matha and Sirur matha are the two mathas established by Madhwacharya.

Question 11.
Name any two works of Madhwacharya.
Answer:
Geetha Bhashya and Brahma are the two works of Madhwacharya.

Question 12.
When and where was Basaweshwara born?
Answer:
Basaveshwara was born in 1132 CE at Bagewadi.

Question 13.
Who were the parents of Basaweshwara?
Answer:
Madarasa and Madalambike were his parents.

Question 14.
Who founded Anubhava Mantapa? And where?
Answer:
Basaveshwara established Anubhava mantapa at Kalyana.

Question 15.
Name any two important orders among the sufis.
Answer:
Chishti order and Suharawardi order were the two important Orders among the sufis.

Question 16.
Name any two important saints of Chisti order.
Answer:
Moinuddin Chishti and Fariduddin Shakar were the two important saints of Chisti order.

III. Answer the following in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Explain the life and teachings of Shankaracharya.
Answer:
Shankaracharya was born at Kaladi in Kerala in788 CE. His parents were Shivaguru and Aryambha. He did not show interest in worldly life and became a sanyasi with the permission of his mother. He met his teacher Govinda Bhagawathpada on the banks of the river Narmada, after accepting asceticism.

He toured all over India thrice and visited Kashmir, Nepal, Banaras, Badarinath, Dwaraka, Puri, Tirupathi, Kanchi etc. he propounded Advaita Philosophy. He has the titles Sarvajna and Jagadguru. He established many mutts and four among them are important. They are Govardhana Peetha at Puri, Kalikamatha at Dwaraka, Jyothrimatha at Badrinath and Sharada Peetha at Sringeri.

He attempted to uniy different cults by giving importance to the worship of,

• Shiva
• Vishnu
• Surya
• Ganesh
• Rumara and
• Shakti.

Hence, he is called Shanmatha Sthapanacharya. Shankara wrote commentaries on Brahma Sutra, Upanishad, and Bhagavadgita. He also composed Viveka Chudamarii, Shivananda Lahari, Ananda Lhari, Soundarya Lahari and Bhajagovindam etc., Shankaracharya died at an young age of 32.

Advaita Philosophy
Advaita means monoism or non-duality. According to him Brahama is the ultimate truth. He is Nirguna (hot ascribed to any particular quality) Nirakara (formless) and Swaprakashaka (self evident). He did not give any importance to the spiritual world. Hence he called the world as Maya (illusion).

This world is an illusion. The individual soul and the supreme soul are the same. Shankara said Aham Brahmasi (I am Brahma). The ignorant individual soul will not recognize him inside, but will search for Him outside. Jnana is essential to recognize this truth, which will lead to salvation.

Question 2.
Describe the life and teachings of Ramanujacharya.
Answer:
Ramanujacharya was born in 1017 CE in Sri Perambadur near Chennai. His parents were Keshva Somayaji and Kantimati. He was educated in Kanchi under the tutorship of Yadhava Prakasha.’At the age of 16 he married Tangamma. As he was discontented with family life, he left his family and became a Sanyasi.

Yamunacharya, the head of th Srirangam mutt wanted Ramanuja could reach there Later Ramanujacharya became the head of Srirangam mutt and popularized Vaishnavism. This was not liked by Kulottunga Chola. He was a Shaiva. Hence Ramanuja left Srirangam and came to Karnataka. Hoysala King Vishnuvardhana gave him shelter.

Ramanuja established a Vaishnavamatha at Melukote and stayed there for 20 years. He returned to Tamil Nadu after the death of Kulttunga. He died in 1137 CE. At the age of 120. Vedanta saara, Vedantha Sangraha, Vedanta Sutra. Geetha Bhashya and Sree Bhashya were his important works. Vishistadvaita Philosophy Ramanuja was the propounder of Vishistadvaita philosophy.

His followers are called Sri Vaishnavas as they give importance to the worship of Sri or Lakshmi. She is considered as the mediator between God and men. He condemned the mayavada of Shankara. According to Ramanuja God exists and the world is true. He considered Paramathama as real, independent and permanent.

Soul and the world are dependent on him. The soul does not have independent existence without God. Ramanuja advocated Bhakti marga to attain salvation. There are 2 elements in Ramanuja’s Bhaktimarga.

1. Prapatthi – absolute surrender to God.
2. Acharyaabhimana-subjugation to guru.

Ramanuja gave opportunity of temple entry to all the devotees, irrespective of their birth. He called the untouchables as Thirukulattar or Shriharikula.

Question 3.
Explain the life and teachings of Madhwacharya.
Answer:
Madhwacharya was bom at Pajaka near Udupi in 1238 CE. His parents were Madhyageha Narayana bhatta and Vedavathi. Madhwacharya’s earlier name was Vasudeva. He was also known as Pooma Prajna and Ananda Teertah. Madhavacharya very soon became a renowned scholar in Vedas, Purans and History.

His teacher Achuthapreksha was a follower of adwaitha philosophy and Madhwacharya began to have difference of opinion with his teacher. He developed his own philosophy. He toured North India extensively and visited Kashi, Badari, Kedara, Haridwara, Gaya, etc. while returning from North India he brought the idols of Krishna and Balarama and installed Krishna at Udupi and Balarama at Malpe.

He established Astha mathas at Udupi. They are,

• Sodey matha
• Sirur matha
• Kniyur matha
• Pejawar matha
• palimaru matha
• Adamaru matha
• Krishnapura matha and
• Putige matha.

He also visited South Indian sacred places like Kanchi, Tanjore, Srirangam, Kumbhakonam, Madurai, Rameshwaram, Kanyakumari, etc, he died at the age of 80. Madhwa wrote many works. Important among them are Geetah Bhashya, Brahma Sutra Bhashya, Anu Bhashya,’ Dwadasha stotra etc.

Dwaita Philosophy:
Madhwacharya’s philosophy is known as Dwaita or Dualism. He completely disagreed with Advaita philosophy. According to him there are three entities matter (Jada), soul (Chethana or jeevatma) and God (Paramatma). God is independent and the soul and Matter are dependent on him. Madhwa taught that the individual soul and God are two different entities and hence it is called Dwaita philosophy.
He recognized five fundamental differences between the soul, matter, and God.

1. Soul and God cannot merge into one another
2. A soul does not merge with another soul
3. Matter does not merge with God
4. Matter does not merge with the Soul
5. Matter does not merge with another matter

Question 4.
Discuss the socio-religious reforms of Basaveshwara.
Answer:
Basaveshwara toured the state and created awareness among the people. He made it clear that caste system does not have the base of dharmashastra. He encouraged interdining, gave linga Deeksha to untouchable Nagabdeva, and accepted his hospitality. Encouraging inter-caste marriage he performed the marriage of brahmin madhuviah’s daughter with harijan Haralaiah son.

Orthodox people looking at the religious works of Basaveshwara gave a complaint to Bijjala that he was using the money from the treasury and that he was spoiling Hindusim. To appease the orthodox people, Bijjala gave death sentence to Madhuvaiah and Haralaiah.

Also up his post as minister and went to Kudalasangama. This led to a revolt at Kalyana. In this revolt Bijjala was murdered. Basaveshwara attained oneness in God in 1168 CE at Kudalasangama.

Shaktivishistadwaitha philosophy: Basaveshwara propounded Shaktivishistadwaitha philosophy. He gave prominence to the worship of Linga. Also he gave opportunity for all to wear Istalinga irrespective of caste and gender. Thus, those who wore linga came to be called Lingayatha. Religion gives opportunity for the worship of shiva and in this; Linga and Anga are two divisions. Moksha is to attain oneness with Linga.

The merger of shiva with Shakti forms the basis of Basava’s philosophy. Purusha and Prakruthi are incomplete without the merger or each other. This is called ‘Shakthivishishtad waitha’ philosophy. It is very necessary for Anga to worship Linga to attain Salvation. Ashtavarana priniciple has to be followed by Lingayath, which are taught at the time of ‘Deeksha’.

1. Obedience to Guru
2. Worship of Linga
3. Reverence for Jangama.
4. Smearing of Ashes on the forehead.
5. Wearing of Rudraksha.
6. Sipping padodaka.
7. Partaking food offered to God.
8. Uttering ‘Namah Shivaya’ panchakshara manthra.

Anubhava mantapa:
Basaveshwara established ‘Anubhava mantapa’ at Kalyana to spread his philosophy. This is also called Vachana mantapa. Here religious discourses were held and social and religious problems were discussed. Allamaprabhu presided over these religious discourses.

Question 5.
Give an account ofKabir and Gurunanak.
Answer:
Kabir (1398-1518 CE):
Kabir was brought up by a Muslim weaver couple Niru and Neema at Varanasi. He was one of the most important disciples of Ramananda. He preached equality and a religion of love aimed at promoting unity among all castes and creeds. He was the prominent among the saints who agreed equality between Hindus and Muslims.

He said that Allah and Rama were names of the same God. God could be neither found in a temple nor in a mosque, but only in the hearts of his devotees. He condemned Idol worship and also said God could not be attained by pilgrimage, holy bath or by loudly praying. God could be attained only through Bhakti or devotion. His disciples, Kabirpanthis included both Hindus and Muslims. His devotional compositions are in the form of Doha.

Gurunanak (1469-1539 CE):
Gurunanak is the founder of Sikhism He was influenced by the teachings of Kabir. He preached the brotherhood of mankind. He was against idol worship, caste system, sati, and other social evils. He advised the people to speak truth. He believed that misunderstandings were the causes for clashes between the Hindus and the Muslims.

He was also against the exploitation of the poor by the priests and the upper class. The Sikhs believe that he got enlightenment at the age of30 at a place near Sultanpur. For the next 30 years, he travelled widely and gained spiritual experiences. His disciples were called Sikhs, Gurugranth Sahib is the holy book of Sikhs, which is in Gurumuki script.

2nd PUC History Socio-Religious Reform Movement In Medieval India Additional Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who composed Soundarya Lahari?
Answer:
Shankaracharya composed soundarya Lahari.

Question 2.
What is known as Dwaita or Dualism?
Answer:
Madhwacharya’s philosophy is known as Dwaita or Dualism.

II. Answer the following in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
What are the four matts established by Shankaracharya?
Answer:

1. Govardhana Peetha at Puri
2. Kalikamatha at Dwaraka
3. Jyothirmatha at Badrinath and
4. Sharada Peetha at Sringeri.

Question 2.
What are the two elements in Ramanuja’s Bhatimarga?
Answer:

1. Prapatti-absolute surrender to God.
2. Acharyaabhimana-subjugation to guru.

III. Answer the following in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Explain Advaita Philosophy.
Answer:
Advaita Philosophy Advaita means monoism or non-duality. According to him Brahama if the ultimate truth. He is Nirguna (not ascribed to any particular quality)Nirakara (formless) and Swaprakashaka (self evident). He did not give any importance to the spiritual world. Hence he called the world as Maya (illusion).

This world is an illusion. The individual soul and the Supreme soul are the same. Shankara said AhamBrahmasi (I am Brahma). The ignorant individual soul will not recognize him inside, but will search for Him outside. Jnana is essential to recognize this truth, which will lead to salvation.

Question 2.
What is Sufism?
Answer:
The term sufi is derived from the word saf meaning wool. The sufi saints wore woolen clothes, from which the term sufi finally is derived. The other meaning of it is purity. Saffa is the platform outside the mosque and some scholors believe this to be the derivation of this term. The influence of Hinduism on Islam in medival India resulted in the rise of Sufism.

It inculcated many Hindu practices with Islamic practices. The Sufi saints, like the other Hindu exponents of th Bhakti cult propagated social equality, gender equality, religious harmony, devotion, etc. Some of the practices were against Islamic principles.

Some of such practices are music and singing as forms of devotion to God, worship of the tombs of the sufi saints, both men and women together offering prayers at the Darga, etc. The Sufi saints became so popular by their socio-religious reforms that both the Hindus and Muslims became their disciples.