2nd PUC Political Science Model Question Paper 2 with Answers

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Hindi Model Question Paper 2 with Answers

Time: 3.15 Hours
Max Marks: 100

Instructions:

Answer all questions.
Figures in the margin indicate full marks.
Write correct question numbers for your answer.

I. Answer .the following questions in one sentences each: ( 10 × 1 = 10 )

Question 1.
Who was the Chairman of the Boundary ‘ Commission?
Answer:
Sir Cyril Radcliffe was the Chairman of Boundary Commission.

Question 2.
Who is called as the Man With Iron Will?
Answer:
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is called as the man with iron will.

Question 3.
Expand N.D.A.
Answer:
National Democratic Alliance.

Question 4.
How many members are there in the Election Commission of India?
Answer:
Three members are there in the Election Commission of India.

Question 5.
When was the National Human Rights Commission established?
Answer:
The National Human Rights Commission was established in 1994.

Question 6.
What is social discrimination?
Answer:
Deprival of equal opportunities to the backward class is called social discrimination.

Question 7.
Write the meaning of coalition government.
Answer:
Formation of government by various political parties with different ideologies is called coaliton government.

Question 8.
On which day “Voters Day” is celebrated?
Answer:
Voters Day is celebrated on 25th January of every year.

Question 9.
Name the dictator of Libya.
Answer:
Muammar Gaddafi is a dictator of Libya.

Question 10.
Who have signed ‘Tashkent’-Agreement?
Answer:
Lai Bahadur Shastri and Ayub Khan signed Tashkent Agreement.

II. Answer any ten of the following in 2 to 3 sentences: ( 10 × 2 = 20 )

Question 11.
Answer:
Bombay was divided into two states. They are Maharashtra and Gujarath.

Question 12.
What is All India Services? Give an example.
Answer:
A group of persons who are recruited by the Central Government and working both to Central and State governments is called All India Services.

Question 13.
Name any two leaders of Karnataka Raitha Sangha?
Answer:
Prof. M.D. Nanjunda Swamy and Puttannaiah are the two leaders of Karnataka Raita Sangha.

Question 14.
What is caste based inequality?
Answer:
Discrimination on the basis of caste is called caste based inequality.

Question 15.
Write the meaning of identity politics.
Answer:
A pattern of belongingness, a search for comfort, an approach to community is called Identity Politics.

Question 16.
Mention any two coalition partners of UPA.
Answer:
Congress and DMK are the two coalition partners of UPA.

Question 17.
What is Brain Drain?
Answer:
An educated and skilled person who goes for more salaiy and higher position to abroad is called Brain Drain.

Question 18.
Mention two objectives of the U.N.O.
Answer:

To save the future generation from the destruction of war.
To uphold the human rights all over the world.

Question 19.
Name any two members countries of BRICS.
Answer:
India and Russia are the member countries of BRICS.

Question 20.
When and where the l81 NAM summit was held?
Answer:
The 1st NAM Summit was held in 1961 at Belgrade of Yugoslavia.

Question 21.
Name any two military alliances.
Answer:
NATO and Warsaw are the two military alliances.

Question 22.
Name any two militant groups of Sri Lanka.
Answer:

Tamil United Liberation Front
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam.

III. Answer any eight of the following questions in 15-20 sentences each: ( 8 × 5 = 40 )

Question 23.
Explain briefly the Government of India Act 1935.
Answer:
The Government of India Act 1935 contained 321 Articles and 10 Schedules. The important provisions of the Act are as follows:

(a) Federation: The Act provided for the establishment of Federation of India. It consisted of Provinces of British India and Princely States as units. For the first time an attempt was made to establish a Federal Government.

(b) Distribution of powers: It divided legislative powers between the Central and Provincial legislatures. There was a three-fold division:-

Federal list: Consisted of 59 subjects like External Affairs, Currency, Defence etc., over which the federal legislature had legislative powers.
Provincial list: Consisted of 54 subjects like Police, Education etc., over which provincial legislafure had jurisdiction.
Concurrent list: Consisted of 36 subjects like Criminal law, Civil procedure, Marriage and Divorce etc., over which both the federal and provi cial legislatures had competent.
The Residuary powers were vested with t! : Governor General.

(c) Dyarchy at the centre: The Dyarchy which was established in the Provinces by the Act of 1919 was now adopted at the centre.

The executive authority vested in the Governor General included the following:

The administration of reserved subjects like defence, external affairs etc., was done by Governor General with the help of Councilors, who are appointed by him and not responsible to legislature.
In the matters of transferred subjects the Governor General acted on the advice of Council of Ministers who were responsible to the legislature.

(d) The Federal legislature: The central legislature was bi-cameral consisting of Federal assembly and the Council of States.

The Council of States consisted of 260 members.
Federal Assembly consisted of 475 members.

(e) Federal Court: It provided for the first time the establishment of a Federal Court for India in Delhi in 1937.

Following were the jurisdiction of Federal Court:-

It had Original Jurisdiction to decide disputes between the centre and the provinces.
Appellate Jurisdiction over decisions of the High Court.
Advisory Jurisdiction to advice the Governor General on any point of law.

(f) Provincial Autonomy:- As per 1935 Act, the provinces no longer remained as delegates of Central Government but became autonomous units of administration. The provincial autonomy was introduced in IT provinces.

Question 24.
Give reasons for language as a basis for state re-organization.
Answer:
Language as a basis for reorganization is important because:-

Language is closely related to culture and customs of people.
Spread of education and literacy can occur only through medium of mother tongue.
To a common man, democracy can be real only when politics and administration are conducted in his language.
Linguistic states can provide education, administration and judicial activity in mother tongue.

Therefore, it was concluded that language is a basis for the reorganization of states.

Question 25.
Write about the “Anti Defection Law”.
Answer:
The Anti-Defection Act 1985, also known as the 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act was enacted to prevent the problems of defection of Members of Parliament and State Assemblies from one political party to another. The main provisions of the Act are as follows:-

A Member of Parliament or State Legislature belonging to any political party shall be disqualified if he voluntarily quits his party.
He will be disqualified from his membership if he votes against his Party Whip in the session.
A Member of Parliament or State Legislature belonging to any political party shall be disqualified from his membership if he votes in the session without prior permission of his party.
A nominated member shall be disqualified from his membership in the Upper House if he joins any political party after 6 months from the date on which he assumes his position.
If 1/3 rd strength of any political party merges with another political party shall be considered as defection.
A person disqualified under this Act shall not be provided any office or profit.
The Anti-defection Law determines the size of the Council of Ministers. The size of the Council of Ministers of Union shall not exceed 15% of the total members of Lok Sabha and similar to that of State Legislative Assembly.
Speaker can initiate action against the members under Anti-defection Law.
The Chairpersons of Legislature are permitted to frame the rules to implement this Law.
An independent member of the house shall be disqualified, if he joins any party after election.
A person shall not be disqualified if his original party merges with another party under this Law.
The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha and Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha, the Presiding officers of State Legislatures shall not be disqualified under Anti defection Law if they quit their original party.
A person who is disqualified under Anti-defection Law, can challenge the orders of the Speaker before the Court.

Question 26.
Write the functions of Chief Secretary.
Answer:
Chief Secretary is the head of the State Secretariat. His functions are as follows:-

He is principal adviser to the Chief Minister.
He acts as the Cabinet Secretary and is the only person who attends the Cabinet meeting.
He exercises general supervision and controls over the entire Secretariat.
HOk.looks after all the matters beyond the purview of other secretaries.
As the Chief of all the Secretaries, he presides over a large number of committees and is a member of many others.
He has control over the staff attached to the ministers.
He is bridge between the State and the Central government.

Question 27.
What are the causes for Feminist Movement?
Answer:
The causes for Feminist Movement are as follows:
(a) Inequality: It is evident that Indian Society is male dominated and preference is given to the male members. Though men and women are bom equally, women are deprived of education, employment, decision making and property rights.

(b) The evils of dowry: The evils of dowry have drawn parents to become debtors, the girls to brothels and uneven ratio through female foeticide and infanticide. As a result of this uneven ratio of men and women in society which leads to rape and other heinous crimes.

(c) Denial of human rights: The atrocities on women have denied the human rights and other rights like right to life, liberty, freedom of expression and others.

(d) Social strata based on gender: Men have not spared any of the fields including cultural, social, religious, political and exercise their monopoly and continue their atrocities on women.

(e) Sexual abuse and molestation: Irrespective of age, time and place, sexual harassment and molestation is on in present context in all walks of life.

(f) Domestic violence: Women are exploited by their husbands in the families for various reasons continuously. They became the victims for all the reasons day by day.

Hence for the above all reasons women organize themselves and start agitation.

Question 28.
Discuss the political implication of backward class movement.
Answer:
Constitutional Provisions in favour of Backward Classes are as follow:

As per article 16(4) reservation has been provided for backward classes.
According to Article 340 the President of India is authorized to appoint National Backward Classes Commission.
National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation is formed to provide loan and financial assistance to the backward classes.
All the States can form State Backward Classes Commissions and Development Corporations for the welfare of the Backward Classes.
The National Human Rights Commission receives complaints against the violation of rignts and discrimination against Backward Classes.

Question 29.
What are the causes of illiteracy?
Answer:
Causes of illiteracy:

Population explosion: India is the second most populous country in the ‘ world. It consists of 17.5% of world’s total population. The population of India has increased to 128 crores. Hence it has become a challenging task for the government to provide literacy.
Poverty: Due to poverty, majority of children suffer from malnutrition and anemia. Parents from poor and low income families find it difficult to send children to schools.
Social backwardness: Hierarchical caste system, inferiority complex among people, ignorance about importance of education, taboos have prevented large number of people from getting literacy.
Child labour: Prevalence of child labour due to poor socio-economic conditions is seen all over India. They are working in hotels, small scale industries, carpet weaving and fireworks etc. all these hinder them from getting education.
Poor infrastructure: Most of the schools across the country have no proper buildings, required number of qualified teachers and study materials. The school environment is not conducive for learning and teaching. There is lack of adequate transport facilities for school children particularly in the rural areas.

Question 30.
Explain briefly the five components of nation building.
Answer:
The components of Nation Building are as follows:

(a) Community support: To realize the process of nation building, collective support and endeavor of the people are essential. The quality of the people reflects the quality of a nation. Discipline, work culture and patriotic feeling in the minds of the people also contribute for Nation Building.

(b) Good governance: Good Governance ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility .and responsiveness. In addition, the use of technology has given rise to e-Governance.

(c) Committed leadership: History depicts many examples of committed leadership. For example In India Nehru’s leadership largely contributed to the process of nation building. He formulated goals for Nation Building and introduce planning system, adopted industrialization policy and socialistic pattern of society. He had vision and farsightedness for the transformation of India. Hence Nehru is called the Architect of Modem India.

(d) Political culture: Political culture constitutes a set of values, attitudes and behavior towards a political system. It requires an ideal political behavior to national reconstruction. Leaders have to embody the principles of national interest, public service, probity and statesmanship.

(e) Power sharing: To realize the goal, political power needs to be shared among all sections of society. The concentration of political power in the hands of a few people and some fam ilies leads to the emergence of dictatorship. Hence sharing of power ensures social justice which is the foundation of socio¬economic democracy.

Question 31.
How youths can control corruption?
Answer:
Role of youth against corruption :
Corruption is misuse of public power for private profits by violating the constitution. Independent India has seen scams like – Farefax, Bofors, Share deal, Stamp paper scandal, fodder, 2-G Spectrum, Coal and others involving billions of rupees of public money. Inspite of these scams, still corruption persists in all walks of life including education, health, administration and politics.

Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan the pioneer of the “Total Revolution”, inspired youth during 1970s to revolt against the corrupt administration. Today the mood of the country’ especially the mood of the youth is against corruption on a war footing. The war against corruption is perceived as the mother of all wars. Anti corruption movement gathered momentum when Sri Anna Hazare kickstarted the movement and gave a call to the youth to join him in a fight against corruption under the banner of Tndia against corruption’. The overall effect of the youth movement against corruption have resulted in the creation of the institution of Lokpal, passing of the Acts of Right to Information (RTI), Right to Education (RTE), Sakaal and other various drastical measures.

Question 32.
Explain the political implications of globalization.
Answer:
The political implications of globalization are as follows:

(a) Power subjugation : The effects of globalization brought lots of changes in the world economy. For small countries it is inevitable to accept the economic decisions of big countries, which leads to power subjugation.

(b) Affects the sovereignty : As a result of globalization in the fields of economy, trade, transportation, etc. the sovereign countries are bound by the decisions of strong countries. Hence it affects the sovereignty of a country in totality.

(c) Cultural invasion: Culture is a complex thing and exclusive to each country. The influence of globalization in the name of cultural exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the architects of the future.

(d) Enslavement of lifestyle: Globalization has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behavior, mutual relationships, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalization.

(e) Elimination of subsidies : The major impact of globalization is the curtailment of subsidies to all sectors including agriculture in a phased manner. The worst-hit are the peasants who are the backbone of the country.

(f) Political instability : The impact of globalization mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country. Hence development comes to a standstill.

Question 33.
Bring out the importance of the international relations.
Answer:
Importance of the International Relations:

The study of international relations enables us to understand the basic policies and principles which contribute to the international sphere.
It provides concrete solutions for international problems by means of dialogues, bilateral, multilateral, mutual co-operation and the like.
It substitutes internationalism to narrow nationalism which delimits the boundaries of states.
It avoids war, military actions or alliances and international conflicts.
It considers the acceptance of the principles of collective security and disarmament, world peace and progress.
It creates global feeling among the citizens of the world and promotes universal brotherhood.

Question 34.
Write about Panchsheel principles.
Answer:
Panchasheel is an agreement signed between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Chinese Prime Minister Zhou-Enlai on 29th April 1954. The five principles may be explained as follows:

Mutual respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty. No country should make an attempt to impose political or military control over other countries.
Non-aggression: No state should wage a war against another.
Non-interference in internal affairs: No country should interfere in the internal affairs of other countries.
Mutual benefit and equality: Both countries must conduct their relations with one another on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.
Peaceful co-existence: The countries belonging to different social and political systems should live together in peace and understanding.

IV. Answer any two of the following questions in 30 to 40 sentences: ( 2 × 10 = 20 )

Question 35.
Explain the functions of Election Commission of India.
Answer:
According to Article 324(1) of Indian Constitution, the powers and functions of the Election Commission of India are as follows:-

It revises and prepares the electoral roll periodically.
It holds elections to the Parliament, State Assemblies, and offices of the President and Vice President.
It announces the elections and issues the time table.
It conducts the by-election to vacant seats and announce the repoll where the elections are disrupted.
It grants recognition to political parties as National and State level parties and also allots the symbols to the parties.
It scrutinizes the nomination papers and empowers to reject the uncompleted nomination papers.
It appoints officers and other staff members to conduct election and make necessary arrangements.
It appoints the observers and micro observers to keep constant eye on the electoral process.
It can undertake the counting process and declare the results. It can also withhold the election results on valid grounds.
It can advice the President or the Governor at the time of disqualification of members of the House. >
It enforces the code of conduct for the candidates and political parties with relation to the election expenses and submission of accounts after election.
As per the Representation of Peoples’ Act of 1950 and 1951, Election Commission of India conducts the process of election.

Question 36.
Explain the causes and remedial measures to eradicate communalism.
Answer:
Causes for communalism:

(a) Policy of the British rule: The discriminatory policies of the Britishers regarding divide and rule destroyed the unity between Hindus and Muslims. Bengal was divided in 1905 on the basis of religion. Communal electorate for Muslims was introduced through 1909 Act. All these intensified the causes of communalism.

(b) Hindu-Muslim Nationalism: Communal organisations were formed by separatists. In 1906 Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha came into existence. Mohammad AliJinnah created a sense of separateness among Muslims and became the champion of two- nation theory based on religion. These developments led to distrust between Hindus and Muslims.

(c) Communal riots: It took place in India after independence in large scale. Religious minorities both in India and Pakistan were exploited the situation and torcher each other. Later communal riots occurred in many places of the country which finally leads to the demolition of Babri Masj id at Ayodya on 6th December 1992.

(d) Politically manipulated: In India many issues are politically manipulated by leaders for their selfish gain. This leads to hatred among communities.

(e) Communality in organization: Different communities in India established their own organisations based on communality to support particular political parties for their interest.
Communalism acts as a threat to Indian

Democracy:

(a) Threat to National Integrity: Hostility among various religious groups is a serious threat to national unity and integrity in India. Partition of the sub¬continent to religious differences in 1947 has adversely affected social harmony in India. This is continued among both religious communities and leads to communalism in democratic government.

(b) Threat to Nationalism and Patriotism: Communalism leads to various forms of religious fundamentalism and orthodoxism. Religious fundamentalists exploit their community people breeds bigotry and religious identity. In such a social environment, national and patriotic feelings are marginalized and even forgotten. Therefore, communalism endangers nationalism and patriotism.

(c) Impediment to National Development: Lack of national outlook, secular attitude and holistic approach sometimes leads to their selfish ends of few religious leaders. Through their provocative speeches and writings create communal disturbances which naturally affect the national developmental programmes.

(d) Weak Political Leadership: Political parties and leadership have failed to control the communalism in India. Communal politics emerged by political parties which finally influenced to fundamentalism. It leads to weak political leadership.

(e) Threat to National Sovereignty:
A nation which experiences chronic internal conflicts and socio-religious divisions may become a weak country. Gradually it may lead to foreign invasion and threat to sovereignty.

Remedial measures to eradicate Communalism:

Securalism: The Constitution makers adopted secularism in order to create sense of security and equality among different religious groups. The state also follows a policy of neutrality in religious matters. Article 26 provides every religious denomination or any section has the right to establish religious organisations. In December 2013, the Central Cabinet approved the ‘Prevention of Communal Violence Bill to punish the offenders who instigate and indulge in communal riots. It is yet to be passed by Parliament.

National Integration: It is the process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically. India is a land of diversity. For the success of Indian Democracy, promotion of National Integration is necessary. To preserve and sustain National Integration many provisions have been adopted in the Constitution.

Question 37.
Discuss the importance and-political implications of liberalisation.
Answer:
Importance of liberalization is as follows :

Liberalisation believes in ‘free market economy’. Therefore, it implies the gradual reduction of government control. This means the abolition of a licence – raj. It results in the removal of red-tape, procedural delay and bureaucratic regulation of economic activities.
Liberalisation lays the foundations for multiplication of business, trade and commerce. In a free market economy, diversification of business, trade and organisation takes place.
As there is expansion of business and as more and more capital is injected into the economy, the use of technology and automation becomes necessary. This helps in mechanization of work and computerization of administrative processes. Efficiency and economy are ensured.
Under the process of liberalization, the consumer is benefitted in many ways. There is a wider choice of goods and services. There is a great improvement in quality of goods and after-sales services.
Liberalisation introduces a competitive market system. In every matter there is free competition. To the extent such competition is regulated by the government, the competition is healthy. This ensures not only better standards of goods and services, but also reasonable prices.
Finally, liberalization in the long-run brings about economic growth and progress of the nation. Of course, there must be adequate, planned and goal oriented governmental regulation.

The political implications of liberalization are as follows :

In the name of liberalized policy, citizens knock at the door of international opportunities with their knowledge and skill. The developing nations face lots of problems from such as brain drain.
As the process itself is capital intensive, it reduces dependency on labour and cuts opportunities for jobs.
The incessant industrial activity at the global level generates lot of wastage leading to environmental degradation.
The price of certain commodities like life saving drugs, fertilizers, etc. are automatically controlled by the world trade forums and associations.
It affects the common man in his day to day life as he finds it difficult to earn his livelihood.
Flexibility of monetary and fiscal policies of the government may lead to financial crisis like recession and depression.

Question 38.
Explain the establishment and areas of co-operation of SAARC.
Answer:
The five areas of regional cooperation in the SAARC region:

(a) SAARC Development Fund: Its main objectives is to improve the quality of life and to accelerate economic growth, social progress and poverty alleviation in the member countries.

(b) Economic cooperation: The agreement on SAARC Preferential Trading arrangement was signed in 1993 and four rounds of trade negotiations have been concluded. With the objective of moving towards a South Asian Economic Union, the Agreement on South Asia Free Trade Area was signed in 2004. It also promotes for the creation of Export Promotion Zones and Special Economic Zones in each SAARC member country to enhance investment.

(c) People to people contacts: In order to achieve people to people contacts, number of initiatives have been taken. It promotes to strengthen the cooperation in information and media related fields.

(d) Educational cooperation: India has proposed for the creation of South Asian University to provide world class educational facilities to the students and researchers in the 13th SAARC summit.

(e) Terrorism: All the member countries of SAARC unanimously agreed to combat against terrorism which is the most and biggest challenge to the successful working of the democracy.

V. Answer any two of the following questions in IS to 20 sentences: ( 2 × 5 = 10 )

Question 39.
Write a note on ‘Independence day’ celebration in your college.
Answer:
Independence day: Amemorable occasion for the nation was celebrated in our college this year also. Under the guidance of the teachers, students had decorated the college grounds one day before and erected a podium, as well as a stage for the cultural programmes.

Sri Seetharamaiah, the octogenerian freedom fighter was invited to be our chief guest and he was there right on time at 8.00 A.M. Our Principal and senior staff members welcomed the Chief Guest and other dignitaries with garlands and bouquets. After the invocation and the prayer, the function took off on a smooth note. After the hoisting of the Tricolour National flag by the Chief Guest, the President of the college student union read out the welcome speech.

Our Principal presided over the function and freedom fighters. There was a march-past by the NCC cadets, followed by the school band. There were some cultural programmes like singing, mime act, monoacting and a skit about Jalianwalabagh Massacre. The programmes were much appreciated.

The function came to an end with the vote of thanks and sweet distribution. We all dispersed.

Explain the measures taken to curb communalism.
Answer:
Remedial measures to eradicate Communalism:
Securalism: The Constitution makers adopted secularism in order to create sense of security and equality among different religious groups. The state also follows a policy of neutrality in religious matters. Article 26 provides every religious denomination or any section has the right to establish religious organisations. In December 2013, the Central Cabinet approved the ‘Prevention of Communal Violence Bill to punish the offenders who instigate and indulge in communal riots. It is yet to be passed by the Parliament.

National Integration: It is the process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically. India is a land of diversity. For the success of Indian Democracy, promotion of national integration is necessary. To preserve and sustain national integration many provisions have been adopted in the Constitution.

What are the powers and functions of the UPSC?
Answer:
Article 315 provides for the establishment of the Union Public Service Commission. UPSC is an independent constitutional body entrusted with the work of recruitment on the basis of merit.

Composition: At present, the UPSC is composed of a Chairman and 10 members. Members are appointed by the President. It provides for half of the members of the Commission to be administrators with a minimum of the 10 years experience in government service. Nothing is mentioned regarding the qualifications of the remaining members.

Tenure: A member of the Union Public Service Commission holds office for a period of 6 years or till he attains the age of 65 years, whichever comes earlier. Chairman or members of the commission, are not eligible for re-appointment after retirement. The Chairman of the UPSC is also not eligible for further employment under Central or State Governments, however, a member of the UPSC may be appointed as a Chairman of the UPSC or the state Public Service Commission.

Removal: The Chairman and members of the UPSC, can be removed from the office only
by on order of the President, on the ground of misbehaviour proved by the Supreme Court. All these provisions have been made to make the Commission an independent and impartial body.

Functions: Article 320 of the Indian Constitution enumerates the functions of the UPSC :

To conduct examinations for appointment to the services of the Union and All India Service.
To assist two or more states, on request for joint recruitment for any services.
To advise the government on matters relating to the methods of recruitment, promotions, transfers, disciplinary actions and inter service matters.
To present annual report regarding its working to the President.
To exercise such additional functions as ivided by an act of Parliament.
To serve all or any needs of the State Government on request by the Governor and with the approval of the President.

Question 40.
Write a note on any one Indian political leader.
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is acknowledged as the leader of the untouchables and underprivileged in the Indian social strata. For his work in piloting the Constitution of Independent India through the Constituent Assembly, he is also hailed as the Modem Manu.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the 14th child of Ramaji Sakpal and Bhimabai of the Mahar

community in Maharashtra. Fie was born on 14th April 1891. He lost his mother when he was only six and was brought up by his aunt. He had his school education in Satara. He completed his graduation in Bombay with the support of the Maharaja of Baroda. He did his M.A. and Ph.D degrees from the Columbia University in 1915 and 1916 respectively. Later he got his Law and D.Sc degrees also.

In 1924, he started an association for the welfare of the depressed classes. He also started the newspapers ‘Bahiskrit Bharat’ in Hindi and ‘Mooka Nay aka* in Marathi. These were to motivate the people to fight for independence and also to champion the cause of the depressed classes for social reforms. His important works were ‘Administration and Finance of the East India Company’, ‘Buddha and Karl Marx’ and ‘Caste in India’ among others.

He was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee for framing our Constitution. In the Interim government, he was the Law Minister in Nehru’s cabinet. He renounced active politics and embraced Buddhism. He spent the rest of his life propagating the message of Buddhism. He passed away on 6th December 1956. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s memory will remain long in our hearts.

Write about Kashmir issue in India- Pakistan relations.
Answer:
India and Pakistan are the two rival countries in the South Asian Continent. In India’s perspective Kashmir is an integral part of the Republic of India and to Pakistan it is a disputed territory. The argument of Pakistan on Kashmir is that, since majority of population are Muslims, Kashmir should be a part of Pakistan. But India is not ready to accept this argument because Kashmir is an integral part of India.

After wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971, both the countries affirmed the need for negotiated peaceful settlement of disputes on a bilateral basis.