2nd PUC Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2019

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Previous Year Question Paper June 2019

Time: 3.15 Hours
Max Marks: 100

Instructions:

1. Write Sl. No’s of questions correctly.
2. Visually challenged students need to answer questions No.31 ‘B’ instead of Map question No. 31 ‘A’ in Part-D.
3. Answer the questions according to the instructions given for the question.

I. Answer the following questions in a sentence each. ( 10 × 1= 10 )

Question 1.
Name any one ancient name of India.
Answer:
Bharathakanda.

Question 2.
Which year is referred as the “Demographic Divind”?
Answer:
1921.

Question 3.
Who popularized the term Harijan?
Answer:
MahathamaGandhiji.

Question 4.
Where is the Head quarters of Lijjat located?
Answer:
Mumbai.

Question 5.
Who is Karnavan?
Answer:
Senior male member of Tarawad.

Question 6.
Define Urbanization?
Answer:
Urbanization has been often used to denote the process of population concentration in an urban area. It is the movement of population :from rural to urban areas and the resulting increasing proportion of a population that resides in urban rather than rural places.

Question 7.
Who considered Indian Villages as Little Republics?
Answer:
Charles Metcalf.

Question 8.
Who authored Asian Drama?
Answer:
GunnarMyrdai.

Question 9.
Expand D.S.S.
Answer:
Dalita Sangharsha Samithi.

Question 10.
What is Sanskritization?
Answer:
“The tendency among the low castes to move higher in the caste hierarchy in a generation or by adopting vegetarianism and teetotalism and by sanskritizing its rituals.

II. Answer any ten of the following questions in 2-3 sentences each. ( 10 × 2 = 20 )

Question 11.
What is Regionalism?
Answer:
Regionalism refers to an extreme loyalty’ or love to a particular region which may undermine the interest of the nation.

Question 12.
Write any two racial groups of India.
Answer:
Negritos and Mongoloids.

Question 13.
Mention any two social reform movements.
Answer:
Brahma Samaja, Arya Samaja.

Question 14.
What is Women Empowerment?
Answer:
The dictionary meaning of the terms “empowerment” is to give power or authority. Hence empowerment is the act of giving power. Thus women’s empowerment is the act of empowering women i.e., to give them the power or authority. The term empowerment has difference meanings to women of different classes.

Question 15.
Mention two types of joint family.
Answer:
Matriarchical and Patriarchical Joint Family.

Question 16.
Define rural development.
Answer:
Rural Development is designed to improve the economic and social well being of rural people. The concept of Rural Development denotes overall development of rural areas. It is an improvement of the quality of life of rural people.

Question 17.
What is slum?
Answer:
“A slum area means any area where such dwellings predominate of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement of  buildings, narrowness and faulty arrangement of street, lack of ventilation, lack of sanitation facilities, inadequacy of open spaces and community facilities or any combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health or morale.”

Question 18.
Mention the two epics which popularizes the Doordarshan.
Answer:
Ramayana and Mahabharata.

Question 19.
What do you mean by Market?
Answer:
A market is one of the many varieties of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange of goods and services.

Question 20.
Mention the types of Formers movements according to Katheleen Gough.
Answer:

1. Restoration rebellions
2. Religious movements
3. Social banditry
4. Terrorist vengeance
5. Mass insurrections

Question 21.
Mention the three phases of the pre-independent Dalit movements.
Answer:

1. Basaveshvara and the Dalit movement.
2. Dalit movement in the old Mysore region.
3. Dalit movement in the Mumbal – Karnataka region.

Question 22.
Mention any two factors contributing to Globazation.
Answer:

1. The rise of information and communications technology.
2. Information flows.

III. Answer any four of the following questions in 15 sentences each: ( 4 × 5 = 20 )

Question 23.
Discuss briefly the challenges to National Integration.
Answer:
There are many challenges to National integration. They are as follows:

1. Regionalism
2. Communalism
3. Linguismand
4. Extremism and Terrorism

1. Regionalism: Regionalism is expressed in the desire of people of one region to promote their own regional interest at the expense of the interests of other regions. It has often led to separatism and instigated separatist activities and violent movements. Selfish politicians exploit it. Thus, regionalism has challenged the primacy of the nationalistic interests and undermines national unity.
Regionalism is mainly of four forms namely

• Demand for separation from the Indian Union
• Demand for a separate statehood
• Demand for a full-fledged statehood
• Inter-states disputes- Border disputes.

2. Communalism: Communalism is the antagonism practiced by the members of one community against the people of other communities and religion. Communalism is the product of a particular society, economy and polity, which creates problems. Communalism is an ideological tool for propagation of economic and political interests. It is an instrument in the hands of the upper class to concentrate power by dividing people. The elites strive to maintain a status against transformation by dividing people on communal and religious lines.

3. Linguism: Linguism implies one¬sided love and admiration towards one’s language and a prejudice and hatred towards other languages. India is a land of many languages and it has been called as a ‘Museum of languages’. Diversity of languages has also led to linguism. It has often been manifested into violent movements posing threat to national integration. Linguistic tensions are prevailing in the border areas which are bilingual.

4. Extremism and Terrorism: Extremism and terrorism have emerged during the recent years as the most formidable challenges to national integration. Extremism refers to the readiness on the part of an individual or group to go to any extreme even to resort to undemocratic, violent and harmful means to fulfil one’s objectives. In the past India has been facing the problems of terrorism since independence. India has faced this problem in Nagaland (1951), Mizoram (1966), Manipur (1976), Tripura (1980) and West Bengal in (1986).

Terrorism in India is essentially the creation of politics. According to Prof. Rama Ahuja there are four types of terrorism India, (a) Khalistan oriented terrorism in Puniab (b) Militants terrorism in Kashmir, (c) Naxalite terrorism in West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh Telangana, Maharastra, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh. (d) ULFA terrorism in Assam.

The Khalistan oriented Sikh terrorism was based on a dream of theocratic state, Kashmir militants are based on their separate identity. The Naxalite terrorism is based on class enmity. Terrorism in North Eastern India is based on the identity crisis and the grievance situation. In addition to these factors, corruption, poverty, unemploymenl/youth unrest, widening gap between rich and poor, which are also the major challenges for national integration.

Question 24.
Briefly explain changes in caste system during British rule.
Answer:
The impact of British rule on caste system in India may be studied under the following heads.

1. Introduction of Universalistic Legal system.
2. Impact of English Education.
3. Impact of Social Reform Movements.
4. Influence of New Social Formation.
5. Impact of Freedom Struggle.
6. Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization.

1. Introduction of Universalistic Legal System: The establishment of British courts removed authority from the purview of caste panchayats. Under this new principle of justice, all are equal before the law, and the caste panchayats lost their former importance.
Some major legislations were the following:

• The Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850. This act served to remove some of the disabilities associated with castes including the practice of untouchability.
• The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act 1856, This act made legal, provision for the Hindu widows to remarry.
• The Special Marriage Act of 1872 considered marriage as a civil contract and legalized inter-caste or inter-religious marriages.

2. Impact of English Education: British education was based on scientific, secular and universal principles. It was made accessible to everyone, irrespective of caste or community. It remained liberal in content. It propagated principles such as the liberty equality and fraternity. As education spread to the lower strata, it kindled libertarian impulses among them. Western education provided an indispensable passport to the new economic opportunities. Members from the lower castes became professionals and embraced the new commercial opportunities offered by western education.

3. Impact of Social Reform Movements: Social reform movements brought changes in the caste system in British period. They set out to eradicate caste and to establish a casteless and, classless society. Brahma Samaj by Rajaram Mohan Roy, Prarthana Samaj by Atmaram Pandurang, Arya Samaj by Swamy Dayananda Saraswathi, Ramakrishna Mission by Swami Vivekananda, Theosophical Society by Annie Besant and Divine Life Society by Maharshi Arabindo Ghosh were leading movements. All these organizations aimed at the destruction of caste system and social reconstruction of Indian society.

4. Impact of New Social Formations: The new economic system brought about a new grouping of the population in the economic sphere. The Indians got differentiated into capitalists, workers, peasants, propritiators, merchants, tenants, land lords, doctors, lawyers, teachers and technicians. Each category being composed of individuals belonging to various castes, but having identical material and political interests.

This division weakened the vertical caste lines. Thus there came into existence such organizations as Mill Owners Associations, All India Trade Union Congress, All India Kishan Sabha and etc., these groups struggled for their own interests. In the process of this struggle they developed a new consciousness and outlook and a new solidarity, which slowly weakened the caste consciousness.

5. Impact of Freedom Struggle: The growth of the nationalist movement played a great role in weakening caste consciousness. In India, the presence of foreign rule was a permanent stimulus to the Indians to unite on a national basis. Thus the growth of the national movement undermined the caste consciousness.

6. Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization: The growth of Industries destroyed the old craft and provided new ways to earn a livelihood. Occupational mobility and movement from compact ancestral villages, started breaking down the caste norms. New transport facilities, specially crowded trains and buses, threw together millions of people of all castes and left little room for the necessities of ceremonial purity.

Taboos on food and water gradually weakened when industrial workers belonging to various castes started working under one roof and having food at a common canteen. The demarcation observed by the members of different castes regarding eating food, physical contact with those of other castes, steadily crumbled in cities.

Question 25.
Explain the objectives of equality report.
Answer:
A National Commission was formed to examine the status and problems of Indian women. Report of this Commission is called as “Towards Equality Report 1974”. Objectives of the Towards Equality Report:

• To examine the Constitutional, legal, and administrative provisions that have a bearing on the social status of women, their education and employment.
• To access the impact of these provisions during the last two decades on the status of women in the country, particularly in the rural sector and to suggest more effective programmes.
• To consider the development of educations among women and determine the factors responsible for the slow progress in some areas and suggest remedial measures.
• To survey the problems of the working women including discrimination in employment and remuneration.
• To examine the status of women as housewives and mothers in the changing social pattern and their problems in the sphere of further education and employment.
• To undertake survey of case studies on the implications of the population policies and family planning programmes on the status of women.
• To suggest any other measures which would enable women to play their roles to the fullest in building up the nation.

Question 26.
Explain the five characteristics of joint family.
Answer:
1. Depth of Generations: Joint family consists of people of three or more generations including grandparents, parents and children. Sometimes, other kins such as uncles, aunts, cousins and great grandsons also live in a joint family.

2. Common Roof: Henry Maine called the joint family a ‘Greater Home’. Members of the joint family normally reside together under the same roof. It is a place to uphold the family Heritage. It is a place for Socio, accommodation members of the joint family may reside separately. Still, they try to retain regular contacts and the feeling of belonging to the same family. They have emotional and economic links with the original family.

3. Common Kitchen: Members eat the food prepared jointly at the common kitchen. Normally, the eldest female member of the family (the wife of the Karta) supervises the work at the kitchen. Rest of the female members engaged in different kitchen work. A single kitchen under a common roof is a unique element of joint family.

4. Common Worship: Joint family derives its strength from religion. Hence, it is associated with various religious rituals and practices. Every family may have its own deity called ‘Kula devata’ and its own religious tradition. Members of the family take part in common worship, rituats and ceremonies. At least once a year they join other members to take part in the festivals, feasting, marriage ceremonies and so on.

5. Common Property: The members hold a common property. As ‘O’ Malley writes: “The joint family is a co-operative institution similar to a joint stock company in which there is a joint property”. The total earnings of the members are pooled into a common purse of the family and family expenses are met with out of that.

6. Exercise of Authority: In the patriarchal joint family usually the eldest male member known as ‘Karta’ exerscises authority. The super-ordination of the eldest member and the subordination of all the other members to him is a keynote of the joint family. His commands are normally obeyed by others. Karta ruled his family by love and affection. Similarly, in the matriarchal joint family the eldest female (matriarch) member exercises the supreme authority.

7. Arranged Marriages: In the joint family, the elders consider it as their privilege to arrange the marriages of the members. The individual’s right to select his/her life-partner is undermined. The younger members rarely challenge their decisions and arrangements. But now-a-days selecting a life partner to a family member is more of democratic in nature.

8. Identification with Mutual Rights and Obligations towards the Family: Every member has his own duties and obligations towards the family. The family in turn, protects the interests and promotes the welfare of all. The senior members of the family act as the guide for junior members.

9. Self-Sufficiency: Joint family is relatively self-sufficient. It used to meet the economic, recreational, medical, educational and other needs of the members. No type of family is self-reliant that way today.

Question 27.
Define panchayati Raj explain the functions of Gram Panchayat.
Answer:
Panchayat Raj is as a real democratic political apparatus, which would bring the masses into active political participation to establish a genuine political of rural India. Generally it is also called as “Decentralization of Democracy”.

Since 1959 “Democratic Decentralization has been gradually extended throughout India. After the implementation of the constitution 73rd amendment act 1992. Panchayat Raj has brought politics down to village level. Balawant Rai Mehta committee recommended three Tier Structure of the Panchayat Raj institution. Namely,

1. Village Panchayat – at the village level.
2. Panchayat Samithi – at Block level and
3. Zilla Panchayat – at the District level.

In brief we can understand the general functions of panchayat raj.

Functions of Village Panchayat: The functions of Village Panchayat are

• Provision of water supply
• Maintenance of minor irrigation
• School buildings, (d) Family Planning
• Construction of wells and tanks

Promotion of agriculture and animal husbandry, poultry, fisheries, promotion of village and cottage industries providing electric facility. Construction and maintenance of Roads and Bridges, creating awareness regarding primary and secondary Education, maintenance of Public Health, general Sanitation and Welfare of weaker section, maintenance of public properties and regulation and fairs and festivals and promotion of social and cultural activities.

Question 28.
Analyse the factors facilitating Malaprabha movement.
Answer:
A dam was to construct over Malaprabha in 1960 at an estimated cost of Rs. 30 crores. But, it had consumed 162 crores up to 1980 and yet was incomplete. The project which was considered to be a boon for the three districts of Belgavi, Vijayapur and Dharwad. The catchment area under Malaprabha project had been a part of the chronically draught-prone region. Into this traditional agriculture’, irrigation was introduced in 1973-74 under Malaprabha project lead to salinity and water-logging. Factors Facilitating Malaprabha Agitation. We may analyse the factors responsible for Malaprabha agitation as follows:

1. The Issue of Price Stability: Farmers were encouraged to grow Varalaxmi cotton and hybrid varieties of jowar. The market price of these crops was appealing and hence farmers did not mind purchasing costly seeds, manure, pesticides etc. Despite the poor quality of seeds, new techniques of cultivation which they were unaware of, etc., their hopes soared high. In 1978-79 the price of Varalaxmi cotton came down form Rs. 1000 to Rs. 350 per quintal. As if fuelling to this situation there was a steep hike in the prices of fertilizers.

2. The Levy Issue: Other causes of Malaprabha agitation is imposition of betterment levy with retrospective effect on the basis of increase in land value following irrigation. It varies from Rs. 500 to Rs. 1,500 per acre, to be paid in 20 years. What caused resentment was the peasants were asked to pay levy on all their land in the catchment area without considering whether or not the whole area was under cultivated or irrigated, etc. Apart from this inadequate channel management created the problems of water-logging and salinity.

3. The Role of Local Bureaucracy: The most important factors to be noticed are corruption, apathy of the Bureaucrats, Redtapism, forced recoveries and failure of political leadership.

IV. Answer any four of the following questions in 15 sentences each: ( 4 × 5 = 20 )

Question 29.
Briefly explain the Dr. Sampurnananda Committee recommendations to stregnthen National Integration.
Answer:
The Central Education Ministry organized a ‘Committee for National Integration’ in 1961 under the Chairmanship of Dr. Sampurnanand. The Integration Committee gave some recommendations to promote and strengthen national integration. Some of them are stated below:

• Re-organization of the syllabi at various levels – primary, secondary, college and university level- to promote national integration.
• Giving due encouragement to extra-curricular activities besides imparting formal knowledge to the students with the intention of promoting national unity.
• Improvement of textbooks helps a great deal in giving a true national perspective to the students. They can be made to understand their rich cultural heritage and feel proud of their nation.

Conducting community programmes such as mass prayers, mass meetings, speeches by respected leaders, etc., to help to bring the people together. Apart from the governmental efforts to achieve the goal of national unity various stakeholders such as educational institutions, religious/cultural associations and mass media should involve in chalking out action- based programmes to enhance awareness/ dissemination of traditional values among the masses and increase cultural exchange banking on the richness of our cultural heritage and diversity. Special steps should be taken by various interest groups to speed up development of economically and socially backward groups who are the easy victims of violent activities.

Question 30.
Explain the factors responsible for the changes in joint family.
Answer:
1. Industrialization:
With the establishment of factories in many places of the country, agriculture was pushed to the background and with it changed those social institutions which were its products. The industrial centers pulled persons of different families out of the traditional peasant society comprising of joint families.. This struck at the roots of joint families and the process of change started. Furthermore, the process of change in joint family gained momentum from the rapid development of transport and communication.

2. Urbanization:
The percentage of workers dependent on agriculture comes down and more and more people migrate to cities and towns in search of jobs. The urban centers also provide people with various amenities of life concerning transport and communication, sanitation and health, education and employment etc., People are tempted by the lure of urban facilities and there is a rural to urban type of migration. Gradually they lost control over Joint family remained an independent in cities in the nuclear families.

3. Rapid Growth of Population:
Rapid growth of population brought corresponding increased of the pressure on land. Agriculture being the prime occupation of the villagers, the rural youth faced the problem of unemployment. People began to move into cities and industrial centers in search of jobs. Thus they had to leave the traditional joint families which resulted in the breakdown of jointness.

4. Education:
Education changes the attitude of people. It enables people to get into jobs or profession. Modern education leads to occupational  mobility. It has not only brought changes in the attitudes, beliefs, values and ideologies of the people, but has also created the individualistic feelings. The increasing education not only brings changes in the philosophy of life of men and women but also provides new avenues of employment and led to economic independence.

5. Changing Status of Women:
Social reform movements, awareness among the women for their own position, all affected the patriarchal authority of the joint family system; The spread of modern education enlightened the women. Education made them conscious of their rights and status in the society. It brought about drastic changes in the practices and ideals of family. They were no more prepared to remain within the four walls of the household in the traditional subordinate position.

Social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Keshab Chandra Sen, Jyothi Rao Phule, Maharshi Karve, Pandit Ramabai and many others worked and achieved considerable success for the cause of women. All these factors affected the patriarchal authority of the joint family. As a sequel to that the process of disintegration started in the joint family.

6. Social Legislations:
Legislations enacted during the British rule proved harmful for joint family. Gains of Learning Act of 1930, the right of women to share in the property of the joint family by the Hindu Law of Inheritance Act of 1929, and the Hindu women’s Right to Property Act of 1937. Sati Prevention Act 1782, Hindu Widow Remarriage Act 1856, Child Marriage Restraint Act 1902 have brought changes in family relations.

After independence the process has continued and fundamental changes in the law of inheritance have been brought about by the Hindu Succession Act, 1956. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, and the Civil Marriage Act, 1957 gave the freedom to the adult males and females to marry according to their choice and helped the women to seek divorce on certain grounds. All these legislations gave enough facility to the members to divide the joint family immediately after the death of the father. The necessity of jointness has also weakened due to various governmental provisions relating to old age pension, widow pension etc.

Question 31.
Explain the characteristics of village.
Answer:

• Small in size: Indian villages are small in size. Due to that the density of population is less in Indian villages.
• Importance to Primary Relations: Villages share so many daily requirements and their relationships are close and intimate and face to face interactions.
• Social Homogeneity: Village is more homogeneous in language, belief, morals and pattern of behavior. In their occupations, villagers participate together and share common interests.
• Informal Social Control: Individual behavior is controlled by family, traditions, customs, religion, etc.
• Agriculture and its allied occupations: Agriculture is the main source of livelihood. Along with agriculture, animal husbandry, floriculture, fishing, mining and apiculture and cottage industries are the other occupations.
• Role of Neighbourhood and simplicity of life: Neighbourhood relation plays an important role in the social life of village people and a simple way of life is common. There is an interdependent neighbourhood relations.
• Village Autonomy: Each village is relatively self-sufficient and independent. Charles Metcalfe called ‘Indian villages as Little Republics’. Recent studies proved that the Indian villages were never self-sufficient and Republic.

Question 32.
Explain the characteristics of market.

Question 33.
Briefly explain the components of Social movements.
Answer:
M.S. A. Rao in his edited volume on Social Movements in India has highlighted the significance of ideology, collective mobilization, organization and leadership in social movements.

• Ideology provides a broad frame of action and collective mobilisation in the social movement. It also provides legitimacy to the process of interest articulation and organized collective action.
• Collective Mobilization The nature and direction of a social movement is widely shaped by the nature of collective mobilisation. Collective mobilisation may be radical, non- institutionalized, spontaneous, large scale or it may be non-violent, institutionalized, sporadic and restricted.
• Leadership and Organization are closely linked to the process of collective mobilisation. A leader can be charismatic figure or a democratically elected one.

Question 34.
Explain any five factors contributing to Globalization.
Answer:
Globalization refers to the growing interdependence of societies across the world, with the spread of the same culture and economic interests across the globe. For example media and consumer products are often produced for a world market, by the same firms running business all over the world.

Factors Contributing to Globalization:
Anthony Giddens has explained the following factors as contributing to Globalization:

1. The Rise of Information and Communications Technology: The explosion in global communications has been facilitated by a number of important advances in technology and the world’s tele communication infrastructure. The spread of communication satellites has also been significant in expanding international communications. Today a network of more than 200 satellites is in space to facilitate the transfer of information around the globe.

The use of Satellites, Internet, Telephones, Computer Networking, known as Information and Communication Technologies – ICT – have revolutionised the way the world communicates. You could be chatting online, through the internet, with your friend or family, who is thousands of miles away, and feel that you share your everyday travails much more than a person who is closer home like your neighbour. You could be working in India for a company that is located in the United States of America through telecommunication technologies.

2. Information Flows: It has also facilitated the flow of information about people and events in distant places. Every day, the global media brings news, images and information into homes, linking them directly and continuously to the outside world. Some of the most gripping events of the past three decades – such as the fall of the Berlin Wall, the violent crackdown on democratic protesters in China’s Tiananmen Square and the Terrorist attacks on Mumbai on 11 September 2001, Spring movement in Arabian countries, have unfolded through the media before global audience.

Such events, along with thousands of information, have resulted in a reorientation in people’s thinking from the level of the nation-state to the global stage. In the case of natural disasters, such interventions take the form of humanitarian relief and technical assistance. In recent years, earthquakes in Armenia and Turkey, floods in Mozambique and Bangladesh, famine in Africa and hurricanes in Central America have been rallying points for global assistance.

3. Knowledge Society: The emergence of the knowledge society has been linked to the development of a broad base of consumers who are technologically literate and eagerly integrate new advances in computing, entertainment and Telecommunications into their everyday lives. The very operation of the global economy reflects the changes that have occurred in the information age. Many aspects of the economy now work through networks that cross national boundaries, rather than stopping at them.

4. Transnational Corporations: In globalization the role of trans-national corporations is particularly important. Transnational corporations are companies that produce goods or market services in more than one country. For example Coca-Cola., Pepsi, Johnson and Johnson, Ford, General Motors, Colgate-Palmolive, Indian corporations like Reliance, TATAs, Birla Groups, Infosys, Mahindras, TVS group, Wipro etc. Even when trans-national corporations have a clear national base, they are oriented towards global
markets and global profits. Transnational corporations are at the heart of economic globalization.

5. The ‘Electronic Economy’ is another factor ‘that underpins economic globalization. Banks, corporations, fund managers and individual investors are able to shift funds internationally with the click of a mouse. As the global economy becomes increasingly integrated, a financial collapse in one part of the world can have an enormous effect on distant economies.

6. Political changes: Another driving force behind contemporary globalization is related to political change. These are;
(a) The collapse of Soviet-style communism in 1991. The collapse of communism has hastened processes of globalization but should also be seen as a result of globalization itself.

(b) The important political factor leading to intensifying globalization is the Growth of International and Regional Mechanisms of Government namely The United Nations and the European Union. SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation) and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) are the two most prominent examples of international organizations that bring together nation-states into a common political forum.

Some of the best-known INGOs – such as Greenpeace, Medicines Sans Frontiers (Doctors Without Borders), the Red Cross and Amnesty International-are involved in environmental protection and humanitarian efforts. But the activities of thousands of lesser- known groups also link together countries and communities.

V. Answer any two of the following questions in 25-30 sentences each: ( 2 × 10 = 20 )

Question 35.
Define unity and explain the factors of unity in India.
Answer:
Unity implies oneness or a sense of wellness. Meaning of integration wherein either to divisive people and culture are synthesized into a united whole, along with higher levels of co operation, mutual understanding, shared values, common identity and national consciousness. It lightly holds together the various relationships of ethnic groups or institutions in a neatly combined through the bonds of planned structure, norms and values.

In India aspects of Diversity and Unity co-exist, which are as follows.

1. Regional Unity: The Natural boundaries provide India a. geographical unity. In ancient times India was known as Bharatavarsha,Bharathakanda, Jambudweepa. This symbolizes the significance of historical unity. The very’ name “Bharatavarsha” has occupied an important place in the minds of poets, political philosophers, and religious thinkers. Each of them has conceived of the country as a single expanse from the Himalayas to Kanyakumari, a country ruled by one king Bharatha. The concept of Mother India also indicates the realization of geographical unity.

2. Linguistic Unity: Despite the presence of number of languages, India also possesses lingual unity. Sanskrit as a common base of Indian languages provides the basis of unity as a result of which the linguistic multiplicity has been solved. Simultaneously Sanskrit became the language of Hindu culture and all classics were composed in this language, which demanded reverence and respect. People may speak different languages in different regions but they have common language of English and Hindi to communicate with each other. The formation of linguistic states and using regional languages as medium of teaching at schools, colleges and universities are the products of Independence.

In 2004 the government of India declared that languages that met certain requirements could be accorded the status of a classical language in India. Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005), Kannada (2008), Telugu (2008), Malayalam (2013) and Oriya (2014) are declared as classical languages of India. Thus it is an effort to restore linguistic heritage of India.

3. Religious Unity: In spite of the religious diversities, it possesses religious unity. The feelings of each religious groups are the same, each accepts the truth of immortality r of soul, temporary nature of world, belief in rebirth, the doctrine of karma, Salvation, Contemplation etc., There may be differences in the way these elements are treated but each religion preaches a fundamentally single religious faith and shares a belief in purity and values of life in respect of belief in unseen power, benevolence, piety, honesty and liberality,
with every religious faith.

The worshippers may visit different centres of pilgrimage, but all have a common goal of “Earning religious merit by visiting a sacred place”. India is the sacred land not only for the Hindus but also for Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists. The Muslims and Christians too have several sacred centres of pilgrimage in India.

4. Cultural Unity: In art and architecture, dress and food, literature, music and dance, sports and cinema, medicine and technology there was a fusion of style and the emergence of new forms which were the result of their combined efforts. Thus it became apparently clear from the above account that running through various diversities. India has been helped both by nature and nurture, by her geographical condition and historical experiences, by her religious ethics, and political ideas.

To realize a unity to perceive, preserve and strengthen the thread of basic unity which , makes India a fine example of unity in diversity, transcending birth, caste, language, ethnicity and religious groupings to establish a big society and a big nation. Modem education, the development of a network of transport and communications, industrialization and urbanization provided new bases for unity.

Question 36.
Give a brief over view of backward class commissions of Karnataka.
Answer:
The backward class movement in Karnataka is a desire of the under¬privileged people to develop their own potentialities and contribute to the economic development of the nation. In every society some groups of people are higher and some are lower due to the opportunities they have in general. By such • opportunities well-off people equip themselves and pursue careers which give them prestige and profit. By contrast, the lower or other backward classes have no opportunities to equip themselves.

A new awareness arose among the non- B rah mins in the princely state of Mysore. Vokkaligas, Lingayats and Muslims of Mysore had realized their position of relative deprivation as against the Brahmins. By 1917, these groups form an alliance called Prajamitra Mandali in 1918, this mandali pleaded Maharaja of Mysore for the representation in legislature, reserv ation in posts of public services and educational institutions.

In 1918, a committee of six non-official members presided over by Sir Leslie Miller. Miller committee recommended the acceptance of all the demands. Since then Backward Classes in princely Mysore state have availed benefits in the field of education, employment and political arena.

1. Naganna Gowda Commission:
The Karnataka Government appointed a backward class commission in 1960 under the Chairmanship of Dr. Naganna Gowda. It is the First Backward Class Commission in Karnataka. The commission has submitted its report on 1961, which recommends 15% for SCs, 3% for STs and 50% OBCs, providing total 68% of reservation. The government attempted to implement the report was stayed by the Supreme Court. However in 1963 the government issued an order guaranteeing 15% of reservation to SCs, 3% STs and 30% to OBCs.

2. L. G Havanoor Commission:
In 1972 the government has appointed the second backward class commission headed by Sri L. G. Havanoor. This commission in its report submitted in 1975 stated that though more than 75% of the people in the state belonged to backward classes and deserved reservation facilities. There was no constitutional provision for giving it. Hence, it made provision for up to 50% reservation. Government made provision for 58% reservation. However it was challenged in Supreme Court and govt, gave a submission to court stating to initiate a new commission.

3. Venkataswamv Commission:
In 1983, the government has appointed the Venkataswamy commission, which gave its report in 1986. The report created wide spread dissatisfaction. The government decided not to implement the report but to establish a new commission to find an amicable settlement to this problem.

4. Chinnappa Reddy Commission:
The government instituted the Chinnappa Reddy commission in 1990, which has been comparatively more widely welcomed. The commission seems to have tried its best to uphold social justice. In Karnataka, the SCs and STs together enjoyed 18% while the OBCs quota is 32%.

Based on the Mandal commission’s report, the supreme court of India gave directions to establish a permanent Backward Classes Commission in the centre as well as in states and union territories. Accordingly, a permanent backward classes commission was set up in Karnataka Sri K. Narayana Rai (1994-1997), Prof, Ravi Verma Kumar (1997-2000), Sri Muniraju (2001-2003), Sri Siddalingaih (2003-2006), Dr. C. S. Dwarakanath (2007-2010) N. Shankarappa (2011 -13) headed the Backword Classes Commission in Karnataka.

At present H. Kantharaj is the chairman of Karnataka state Back word class commission. The commission recommends for inclusion or exclusion of a caste in the backward class list. In Karnataka 101 and 51 Tribers are enlisted as scheduled castes and scheduled Tribes Respectively.

Question 37.
Explain the developmental programmes for the upliftment of schedule castes.
Answer:
1. Appointment of a National Commission for the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Tribes: A National Commission for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has been set up by the Central Government to safeguard the interests of the SCs and STs. It functions as an advisory body on issues and policies related to the development of the SCs and STs.

2. Educational Opportunities: Due attention is paid to extend the educational opportunities of SCs and STs and hence special provisions have been made in this regard. Free education, free distribution of books, stationery, uniform etc. giving scholarships, educational loan facilities, providing mid-day meal, arranging for free boarding and lodging facilities, reserving seats for SCs and STs in all the government and government aided institutions, etc.

3. Expansion of Economic Opportunities: Government has taken up economic programmes also for the benefit of SCs and STs. Examples: Landless SC labourers are allotted land. Land reforms have been ownership for them. Poor SC farmers are supplied with seeds, agriculture implements, fertilizers, pesticides, interest-free loans, pair of bullocks for ploughing, subsidy for developing dairy farming, poultry farming, piggery, animal husbandry, handicrafts, spinning and weaving.

4. Expansions of Employment Opportunities and Reservation: In order to enhance the economic position of the SCs and STs the Constitution has provided for the reservation in services. Reservation exists in all these for the SCs and STs to the extent of 15% and 7.5% respectively.

5. Upliftment of Scheduled Castes through Five Year Plans: The welfare of the Scheduled Castes has been given special attention in the Five Year Plan. The Central Government sponsored a comprehensive three strategies for the development of the SCs during the 6th Five Year Plan [1980-85]. This consisted of three schemes:

• Special Component Plan [SCPs]
• Special Central Assistance [SCA]
• Scheduled Development Corporation (SCDCs).

(i) Special Component Plan [SCP]: The main objective of this plan is to assist the SC families to improve their income substantially. This plan envisages identification of schemes of development which would benefit SCs, quantification of funds from all programmes of specific targets as to the number of families to be benefited from these programmes.

(ii) Special Central Assistance [SCA]: The main purpose of this scheme is to provide additional assistance to the States from the Centre to help the economic advancement of the maximum possible number of Schedule Caste families living below the poverty line.

(iii) Scheduled Caste Development Corporation (SCDC): These SCDCs provide money and loan assistance to SC families and help them to increase the flow of funds from financial institutions to SC families. These Corporations established in the States are expected to act as interface between the SC families and financial institutions including banks. Both the Central and the State Governments contribute grants to these SCDCs.

Question 38.
Explain the policy initiative of Government to mitigate farmers suicide.
Answer:
1. Loan Waives and Relief:
In 2008 Government of Karnataka 2007-08, the government waived the principal amount of outstanding loan to all farmers up to Rs 25,000 . id waived the interest to those who have borrowed above Rs 25,000, if they pay the principal amount before 31 March 2008.

2. Exorbitant Interest Rate Act-2004:
The Government of Karnataka has enacted the Karnataka Prohibition of Levying of Exorbitant Rates of Interest Act, 2004, to check levying exorbitant rates of interest by private money lenders. It has provisions for taking stringent action against those money lenders who violate the Money Lenders Act and levy exorbitant interest. Any such violation would attract imprisonment up to three years and a fine of Rs 30,000 or both.

G.K. Veeresh Committee came out with a series of recommendations such as (i) the creation of farmer’s welfare fund, (ii) establishment of nodal department for the w elfare of farmers, (iii) social security’ measures and so on.
Following this, the Government of Karnataka had taken a series of steps in order to meet the distress, in consultation with the members of the Committee. These are listed below:

(a) Health Insurance Scheme for the farmers, namely Yashaswini was put in place and the farmers had direct access to the best medical facilities available in the State-run hospitals. This has significantly reduced the expenditure of farmers on health. This has been introduced throughout the rural region of Karnataka in 2000 for a premium payment of Rs 120 per year per family. Participants are covered for ail surgical interventions and for outpatient services at any of the designated network hospitals.

(b) The interest rates on loans from Cooperative banks were reduced to six percent per annum Reduction of the Intrest rate reduced to four percent per annum in the 2007-08. This longs significantly helped the farmers.

(c) Review of compensation policy to the family of the victims (who have committed suicide) was thoroughly reviewed and compensation was allowed only in the case where suicide was directly related to the farming activities.

(d) Information Facility to Rayat Samparka Kendras were provided internet access and telephone facilities so that the initial signals of distress were transmitted directly to the state headquarters. Similarly, in the extension wing of the Department of Agriculture Telephone links were established to reach the concerned official with ease.

(e) Crop Insurance was taken up to Hobli level and compensation provided to the farmers based on the Hobli level data.

(f) Scheme on Seed Subsidy was announced and farmers were provided seeds with a subsidy up to 50 percent.

(g) Watershed development programme The Investment on Watershed Development Programmes was increased tenfold and that created increased employment opportunities in the rain-fed areas.

(h) The Market Intervention Scheme This Scheme was reviewed and the corpus fund for the scheme was increased to Rs Three Billion. Similarly, the market intervention scheme was made operational at the regulated market yard.

(i) Priority to agricultural Research. Agricultural Universities were directed to focus on research and development responding to the demand, rather than providing the ‘supply driven’ research priorities.

VI. Answer any two of the following questions in 15 sentences each: ( 2 × 5 = 10 )

Question 39.
Write a note on Radio.
Answer:
Radio broadcasting which commenced in India through amateur ‘HAM’ Broadcasting Clubs in Kolkata and Chennai in the 1920s, matured into a public broadcasting system in the 1940s during the World War II when it became a major instrument of propaganda for Allied forces in South-east Asia. At the time of independence there were only 6 radio stations located in the major cities catering primarily to an urban audience. Since the media was seen as an active partner in the development of the newly free nation the AIR’s programmes consisted mainly of news, current affairs, and discussions on development.

Apart from All India Radio (AIR) there is Vividh Bharati, a channel for entertainment, that was primarily broadcasting film songs on listeners’ request. Vividh Bharati, which soon began to carry sponsored programmes and advertisements and grew to become a money-spinning channel for AIR. Aakashavani (Kannada version of AIR) headquarter at Bangalore and there are regional centers at Mysore, Bhadravathi, Dharwad, Mangalore and Gulbarga, broadcasting news, entertainment, sponsored programmes and commercial programmes etc.

After independence the government gave priority to the expansion of the radio broadcasting infrastructure, especially in state capitals and in border areas. Over the years, AIR has developed a formidable infrastructure for radio broadcasting in India. It operates a three-tiered – national, regional, and local – service to cater to India’s geographic, linguistic and cultural diversity. Nowadays radio broadcasts in 24 languages and 146 dialects.

Question 40.
Explain the importances of Kagodu Sathyagraha.
Answer:
Kagodu movement is the movement of people who fought to claim their rights over land. It was first of its kind in the post¬independent India. Kagodu movement, or Kagodu Satyagraha as it is popularly called, took place in the Kagodu and neighbouring village of Sagar taluk in the district of Shomoga.

In Kagodu, feudal system was prevalent during the time of the then British rule. Jodidars, Inamdaars, Jahagirdars and the Desais were the local landlords. Tenant had to pay the land lords a fixed measure of the agricultural produce. Although this measure was fixed as sixty measures (60 KOLAGA. A Kolaga is a trational weighing scale) in other places, the landlords of Kagodu had fixed the measure at sixty three counts.

During 1950-1951, the Tenant agitated against feudal lords to claim their rights over the land, and also to protest against fixing of excess of agricultural produce to be given by them to the land lords. This agitation began in the surrounding villages of Kagodu and was aimed at a single slogan ‘land to the tiller’. Villagers of sooraguppe, yalakundli, chikkanellooru, maasooru, kaanle, Tadegalale, kejadi joined the agitation under the leadership of H. Ganapatiyappa, Shantaveri Gopalagowda, Sadashivaraya and many others. This agitation had the support of the great thinker and socialist Dr. Rammanohar Lohia. With his entry, the movement took a new turn.

The ‘Kagodu Satyagraha’, which began immediately after independence, had drawn the attention of entire nation. The Tenants involved themselves in the movement so deeply that, then government was forced to announce its decision to allot the land to the tiller. About two and a half decades later, ‘Land to the tiller’ was legalized and was introduced in the 20 point programme of the Government. The seeds of such move were sown in the ‘Kagodu Satyagraha’.

Question 41.
Define Barbie Doll is a Global Citizen.
Answer:
One Illustration of the global commodity chain can be found in the manufacture of the Barbie Doll. The most profitable Toy in history. Barbie is a fashion doll manufactured by the American toy- company Mattel corporation and launched in March 1959. The doll sells at the rate of two per second, bringing the metal corporation based in Los Angeles, U.S.A., well over a billion dollars in annual revenues. American businesswoman Ruth Handler. Barbie has been an important part of the toy fashion doll market for over fifty years, often involving parody of the doll and her lifestyle.

Although Barbie sells mainly in the United States, Europe and Japan, Barbie can also be found in 140 countries around the world. She is a truly Global citizen. Barbie was never made in the United States. The first doll was made in Japan in 1959, when that country was still recovering from Second World War and wages were low. As wages rose in Japan, Barbie moved to other low- wage countries in Asia.

Barbie’s multiple origins today tell us a great deal about the operation of global commodity chains. Barbie is designed in the United States, where her marketing and advertising strategies are devised and where most of the profits are made. But the only physical aspect of Barbie that is made in the USA is her cardboard packaging, along with some of the paints and oils that are used to decorate the doll. Barbie’s body and wardrobe span the globe in their origins, Barbie begins her life in Saudi Arabia, where oil is extracted and then refined into the, ethylene that is used to create her plastic body.

Taiwan’s state owned oil importer, the Chinese Petroleum Corporation buys the Ethylene and sells it to Taiwan’s Formosa Plastic Corporation, the world’s largest producer of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). The pellets are then shipped to southern China, Indonesia and Malaysia. The plastic moulded body of Barbie are made in U.S.A. Once Barbie’s body is moulded she gets her Nylon hair from Japan, her Cotton dresses are made in China and shipped into Hong Kong.

According to Anthony Giddens “What Barbie production and consumption shows is the effectiveness of globalization processes in connecting together the worlds economics; Howerer it also demonstrates the unevenness of globalization’s impact, which enables some countries to benifit at the expances of others. This means that we cannot assume that flobal commodity chains will inveitabilly promote development right accross the chains of societies involved”.

Question 42.
Write a note on Pushkar Annual Fair.
Answer:
The Pushkar Fair is the annual camel and livestock fair, held in the town of Pushkar in the state of Rajasthan. It is one of the world’s largest camel fairs, and apart from buying and selling of livestock it has become an important tourist attraction. Thousands of people go to the banks of the Pusbkar Lake where the fair takes place. Men buy and sell their livestock, which includes camels, cows, sheep and goats. The women go to the stalls, foil of bracelets, clothes, textiles and fabrics.

A camel race starts off the festival, with music, songs and exhibitions to follow. It is celebrated for five days from the Kartik ekadashi to Kartik Poomima, the full moon day of Kartik in Hindu calendar. The full moon day is the main day and the day, according to legend, when the Hindu god Brahma sprung up the Pushkar Lake, thus numerous people swim in its sacred waters.

There are many such fairs having socio, economic and Religions importance taken place in Karnataka also. For example fair at Yamanur in Dharwad Dt, Bavashankari in Bagalkote and Tippe Swamy fair in Dhavanagere (dt). Ground Nut fair in Bangalore, Cauveiy Theerthodbhava at Bhagamandala, Antaragange fair in Kolaretc.