2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 7 Contemporary Political Trends

Students can Download 2nd PUC Political Science Chapter 7 Contemporary Political Trends Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and to clear all their doubts, score well in final exams.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 7 Contemporary Political Trends

2nd PUC Political Science Contemporary Political Trends Text Book Questions and Answers

I. One Mark Questions.

Question 1.
What is Liberalisations?
Answer:
Liberalisation (laissez-faire policy) is the process of liberating the economy from various regulatory mechanisms and elimination of customs and tariffs.

Question 2.
What is meant by Laissez-Faire?
Answer:
The state provides greater freedom to private sector from various regulatory mechanisms and elimination of customs and tariffs.

Question 3.
When did liberalisation started in India?
Answer:
In 1985.

Question 4.
Which government introduced the Liberal Policies in India?
Answer:
The union govt headed by shri. P.V. Narashima Rao.

Question 5.
What is privatisation?
Answer:
Privatisation is the process of transferring ownership of a business, enterprise, agency, public service or public property from the public sector to the private sector.

Question 6.
Which country introduced privatisation for the 1st time?
Answer:
India.

Question 7.
Expand IME
Answer:
International Monetary Fund.

Question 8.
When was IMF established?
Answer:
Multi-National company is one which has companies in more than one country.

Question 9.
What is meant by a Multinational Company?
Answer:
TATA.

Question 10.
Name one private company in India.
Answer:
1945.

Question 11.
What is Globalisation?
Answer:
Globalisation is the process of integrating the economy bf the country with world economy.

Question 12.
What is meant by Global citizen?
Answer:
Global citizen is one who is free to move from one country to another for education and profession at global level.

Question 13.
When did globalisation begin?
Answer:
In the 1990’s.

Question 14.
Name a global educational institution in India.
Answer:
South Asian University.

Question 15.
What is meant by Crony Capitalism?
Answer:
Crony capitalism is a negative term used to refer the business dealings carried out by the govt officers in a capitalist economy.

Question 16.
Give an example to an authority favoured by Cronies.
Answer:
Trade and Commerce ministry.

Question 17.
What is meant by Cronies Capital?
Answer:
Cronies rewarded with the ability to charge higher prices for their output than would prevail in a competitive market, travelled to the enterprises of cronies through govt, controlled banks is called crony capital.

Question 18.
Where do cronies accumulate the wealth?
Answer:
Crony capitalism allows government to guarantee a subset of asset holders that their property rights will be protected. As long as their assets are protected, these asset holders will continue to invest.

Question 19.
What is meant by democratic movements?
Answer:
Democratic movements are ones which were started in Afro-Asian countries to over-throw despotic, autocratic and other authoritarian govts.

Question 20.
When did democracy suffer a Setback in Nepal?
Answer:
Democracy suffered a set-back in Nepal when the first elected govt o (‘National Congress led by Koirala was dissolved in 1960, and party activities were banned in Nepal upto 1979.

Question 21.
Which party started democratic movement in Nepal?
Answer:
Communist party of Nepal (Maoist) in 1996.

Question 22.
Which is called Magna carta of Nepal?
Answer:
The bill introduced on 18th may 2006 withdrawing all privileges to the king is called ‘Nepalese Magna Carta’.

Question 23.
Name the form of government functioning in Bhutan.
Answer:
Democratic Monarchy.

Question 24.
Who inspired the democratic movements in Bhutan?
Answer:
Rongthong kuenly Dotji.

Question 25.
When was the first democratic election held in Bhutan?
Answer:
24th March 2008.

Question 26.
When was the Constitution of Bhutan enacted?
Answer:
18th July 2011.

Question 27.
When was the National Democratic Council elections held in Afghanistan?
Answer:
2005.

Question 28.
Name the present President of Afghanistan?
Answer:
Dr. Hamid Karzai.

Question 29.
When did the Constitution of Egypt come into force?
Answer:
January 1956.

Question 30.
When did first transition of revolution begin in Egypt?
Answer:
1952.

Question 31.
Name the dictator of Libya.
Answer:
Muammar Guaddafi.

Question 32.
During whose regime the political parties were banned in Libya?
Answer:
Muammar Guaddafi.

Question 33.
When did democratic movement start in Libya?
Answer:
February 2011.

Question 34.
When Syria got liberated?
Answer:
1946.

Question 35.
Name the present President of Syria.
Answer:
President Bashar A1 Asad.

II. Two Marks Questions.

Question 1.
What is Liberalisation?
Answer:
Liberalisation is the willingness to respect or accept behaviour or opinions different from one’s own; open to new ideal.

Question 2.
What is economic liberalisation?
Answer:
Economic Liberalisation is the process of liberating the economy from various regula¬tory mechanisms and elimination of customs and tariffs. Through this the state provides greater freedom to private sector.

Economic liberalisation refers to fewer government regulations and restrictions in the economy in exchange for greater participation of private entities. It is the removal of controls to encourage economic development.

Question 3.
What is open market?
Answer:
In developing countries economic liberalization refers more to liberalization or further ‘Opening up’ of their respective economies to foreign capital and investments.

Question 4.
What is monopoly in trade?
Answer:
Monopoly of trade means capturing the global or local market by unethical pricing or competitive pricing of goods by multinational companies who can bear the economic implications of such trading practices and the local trading organisations with limited funds succumb to these pressures and close up or have to reduce profits to survive.

Question 5.
Where did privatisation begin? And when?
Answer:
Privatisation began in India and in the 1980’s.

Question 6.
What is meant by the marketbased economy?
Answer:
Marketbased economy is one which operates with freedom from government regulations.

Question 7.
What is globalisation?
Answer:
Globalisation is the process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction, integration and interdependence among people and organisation across borders. The strongest manifestation of globalization has been the increasing economic integration among countries in trade and investment.

Question 8.
What is Brain drain?
Answer:
In the name of liberalised policy, citizens knock at the door of international opportunities, with their knowledge and skill. The developing nations fece lots of problems from such brain drain.

Question 9.
Write a note on WTO.
Answer:
The World Trade Organisation (WTO) deals with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows smoothly and predictably. The WTO is an organisation that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade The WTO is the only International body dealing with the rules of trade between nations.

Question 10.
What is mobility of labour?
Answer:
Mobility of labour means that due to globalisation people are allowed free move¬ment from country to country in search of jobs or to get education at global level.

Question 11.
Name any two outsourcing companies in India.
Answer:
Infosys and Sathyam.

Question 12.
What is power subjugation in globalisation?
Answer:
Small countries invariably have to accept the economic decisions of developed and progressive countries, which is power subjugate.

Question 13.
What is cultural invasion in respect to globalisation?
Answer:
Culture is a whole and exclusive to each country. The influence of globalisation in the name of cultural exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the architects of future.

Question 14.
What is crony capitalism?
Answer:
Crony capitalism refers to the business dealings carried out by the govt officers in a capitalist economy. “Crony capitalism is a term describing an economy in which success in business depends on close relationships between business people and govt officials. It may be exhibited by favouritism in the distribution of legal permits, government grants, special tax breaks, or other forms”.-Warren Buffet.

Question 15.
Who is the beneficiary of crony deals?
Answer:
A few business groups which are cronies of close associates of the people in power who enact and execute policies. They get favours that have large economic value. The members of the govt or members of families, share the profits generated in form of jobs, co-investments or stocks and shares.

Question 16.
Name any two authoritarian rulers of the world.
Answer:
Muammar Guaddafi of Libya.
Saddam Hussein of Iraq.

Question 17.
Why the Nepalese celebrate the Loktanthrikday?
Answer:
The comprehensive peace Accord was singed on 21st November 2006. The king reinstated old nepal House of Representatives, with an assurance of permanant peace and multiparty (democracy. The king called the Seven-Party Alliance (SPA) to take upon the responsibility of taking the nation on the path of national unity and prosperity.

A popular govt assumed office on 18th May 2006 and a bill which withdrew all the priveliges to king was introduced. This is called the ‘Nepalese Magna Carta’. So the Nepalese celebrate this day as ‘loktanthrikday’.

Question 18.
When did the democratic movements start in Bhutan?
Answer:
In 1990 peaceful rallies were held against Royal Bhutan army lead by S.K.Neupane. It forced the Government for democracy and human rights for the Bhutanese.

Question 19.
Write about the Bhutan’s Constitution.
Answer:
The constitution of Bhutan was enacted on 18th July 2011 which authorised the monarchy to even sack the Prime Minister and his cabinet. The Article no-2 of the Bhutanese constitution states that parliament is not authorised to amend any. of the powers given to monarchy.

Question 20.
When and why did new democratic political parties emerge in Afghanistan?
Answer:
New Democratic parties emerged in Afganistan after the Govt of Mohamed Daoud was overthrown assassinated by a group of Nur mohamed Tarki, Barbak Karmol and Amin Taha in a military cont in April 1978. Mohamed Taraki became the president, prime minister and general secretary of People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) in 1978 and the country was renamed as Democratic Republic of Afghanistan!

Question 21.
What was the outcome of the first phase of revolution in Egypt?
Answer:
Traditional monarcy prevailed in Egypt until April 1923. When the monarchy lost grip, opportunists took the advantage. The transition took place in 3 phases. In the first phase Amihtpry coup ushered in 1952 against the single party rule, state propaganda and a powerful police state of the existing monarchy. As a result, a new constitution was framed in January 1956 and Gamal Abdal Nasser was elected the President.

Question 22.
When was the Egyptian constitution suspended? And by whom?
Answer:
The Egyptian constitution was suspended on June 28, 2013 by General Abdul Fatah AlSisi.

Question 23.
ho started the democratic movements in Libya and when?
Answer:
National Transitional Council (NTC) in February 2011, an anti-Guddafi force pressurized the govt for the introduction of Multiparty democracy.

Question 24.
Write about the responsibility of General National Congress in Libya.
Answer:
The General National Congress (GNC) was elected in July 2012. The main responsibility of GNC is to form a constituent assembly which will write Libya’s permanent constitution for approval by a referendum. The law of Libya is based on shariat.

Question 25.
Name any two ethnic groups in Syria.
Answer:
Arabs and Kurds.

Question 26.
What do you know about the Baath Party in Syria?
Answer:
Baath Party of Syria:
The Arab socialist Baath party was a political party founded in syria by Michel Aflaq, Salahal-Din al-Bitar and associates of zaki al-Arsuzi. The organization was founded on 7 April 1947. The Baath party is the ruling military janta. The Baath party won with a Large victory in the electon.

On 15 th May 2012. During the year 2011-12 Syrian uprising, a new constitution was put to a referendum and abolished At 8 which entrenched the power of Baath party. Since 17th July 2000 president Bashar A1 Assad of Baath party is in power in syria.

Question 27.
Write any two objectives of democratic movements in Syria.
Answer:
Objectives of Democratic movements of Syria:

Termination of the ruling military Dictatorship since 1963, demanded for cancellation of the old laws of the state of emergency.
A committee is to be set up for the preparation of a democratic constitution to live up to the international standards.

III. Five Marks Questions.

Question 1.
What is liberalisation? Bring out its importance.
Answer:
Liberalisation:
Liberalisation (Laissez-faire policy) is the process of liberating the economy from various regulatory mechanisms and elimination of customs and tarifts. The state provides greater freedom to private secctor. According to oxford dictionary Liberalisation is the “willingness to respect or accept behaviour or opinions different from one’s own; open to new ideal”.

Economic Liberalisation refers to fewer government regulations and restrictions in the economy in exchange for greater participation ofprivate entities. It is the removal of controls to encourage economic development. Liberalisation offers the opportunity for the sector to compete internationally, contributing to the GDP- [Gross Domestic Product] growth and generating foreign exchange services and export of goods is a growth strategy of many developing nations.

Many countries have outsourced services like information Technology to India as costs are lower here. In developing countries, economic liberalisation refers more to liberalization or further opening up ’ of their respective economics to foreign capital and investments. The fastest developing countries like India, Brazil and China have liberalized their economics.
Importance of Liberalization:
1. Consumer Friendly:
This leads to lower losts and prices for consumer to get the goods and services according to his wishes. He would fulfil his needs, desires and feel satisfection with his choice of things. There are a number of companies which bring lot of quality products for consumer’s interest and demands. In liberalised economy consumer gets more benefits.

2. Free from Government Regulations:
Liberalisation policies remove govt regulations on the industrial sector. It provides free movement of trade and commerce where any private company can easily carry on their business activities without any restrictions. The companies need not undergo procedural delays by the govt.

3. Promotes competition:
Liberalisation extends competition within different company’s trade firms. Basically they keep the standards and cheaper prices for consumers. Competition promotes efficency and avoids wastage of resources.

4. Promotes World Business class:
Liberalisation promotes business class an opportunity to share their knowledge and exchange technology with confidence at the international level. They can learn and earn at global level. They can enrich their knowledge by equipping the new mechanism and tools for better performance as per international standards.

5. Provides for more private funding Agencies:
Liberalization allows financial markets to provide loans to companies which previously were not able to access loans that they can pay off, and it allows more financial private funding agencies like ICICI, HDFC and HSBC.

6. Improves the Economy:
Liberalisation is expected to improve nation’s GDP growth. It helps nations economic development and improves the standard of living in a shorter period. Most of the developing nations adopt liberalised economy.

7. Promotes Technological Advancement:
Liberalisation makes new changes in an advanced technology and logistics for better services. It saves time, energy and money. It promotes the high quality of products and supplies then in a short time.

Question 2.
How did liberalisation emerge in India?
Answer:
Emergence of Liberalisation In India: India had a mixed economy of capitalist and social policies after Independence. During the year 1985, a major attempt was made by the prime minister Rajiv Gandhi towards new economic system In 1991 India met with economic crisis relating to its external debt.

It had to pledge 20 tonnes of gold to Union Bank of Switzerland and 47 tonnes to Bank of England as part of a bailout deals with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). India approached the World Bank and IMF and recieved $ 7 billion as loan. In addition, the IMF asked India to undertake a series of structural economic reforms.

All these situations made the Indian govt to introduce a new set of economic policies. The union government headed by Sri P. V.Narashima Rao and Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh implemented wide range; of economic reforms that IMF imposed. The Neo-Liberal policies included opening for international trade and investment, deregulation, intiation of privatization, tax reforms and measures of controlling inflation.

Liberalisation offers the opportunity for the sector to compete internationally, contributing to GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth and generating foreign exchange. As such, services and export of goods are an important part of many developing countries growth strategies. India’s IT (Information Technology) services have become globally competitive, as many companies have outsourced to countries where costs are lower.

The liberalization intiatives have been undertaken in India with a view to increase production, improve quality and get access to market for products and services abroad. The new economic policy introduces changes in several areas viz. relief for foreign investors, removal of import restrictions, freedom to import technology, encouraging foreign tie-ups and privatization of public sector.

Question 3.
List out the political implications of liberalisation.
Answer:
Political Implications of Liberalisation:
1. Risk of Brain Drain:
Due to Liberalised policy, citizens seek employment in international companies, with knowledge of net skill gained in their own country. Education is mostly subsidised in many countries. So the resources spent on subsidised education will not return to the exchequer if citizens seek employment opportunities in other countries and also skilled persons will not be available for domestic trade and industries. So domestic trade and industries have to face tough competition against their international counterparts.

2. Reduces Dependency On Labour:
As the process is highly captial intensive and have the monetary ability to automatize their production and trading practices, it reduces dependency on labour and curtails opportunity of jobs and employment. So the nation may face the problem of un-employment.

3. Risk of Environmental Degradation:
The incessant and unrelenting industrial activity at global level generates a lot wastage and also destruction of our natural wealth and non-renewable resources leading environmental degradation.

4. Regulates the Price Of Certain Commodifies:
The price of certain commodities like life saving drugs, fertilizers etc are automatically controlled by the world trade forums and associations.

5. Affects common Man:
It affects the common man in his day-to-day life as he finds it difficult to earn his livelihood.

6. Risk of Financial instability:
Flexibility and laxity of monetary and fiscal policies of the government may lead to financial crisis like recession and depression.

Question 4.
What is privatisation? Bring out its importance.
Answer:
Privatisation:
Privatisation is the process of transferring ownership of a business, enterprise, agency, public service or public property from the public sector to the private sector. It refers to the transfer of assents or services shifts from public to private ownership or control. It opens the hitherto closed areas to private sector.

In the sixtes and seventies, the public sector policy was largely guided by industrial policy resolution. The revolution of privatisation started in 1980 and spread to many parts of the world. Several countries are privatizing their public sector enterprises.
Importance of Privatization:

Performance: Privatisation leads to good performance. It brings efficiency which always looks forward to survive in the competitive world. The company pro vedes good salaries to the employees and in return they work better and show their performance.
Efficiency: Private companies have a greater urge to produce more goods for the utmost satisfaction of the customer (consumer).
Innovative Ideas: major companies solely depend upon new techniques and innovative ideas to bring their specialised products in a different style, at global level.
Goals: Private companies have their specific goals and strive to achieve the endeavor. It shows their consistency to reach the peak and maintain global standards.
Capital: Private companies, many times raise funds and invest in the financial markets. This promotes faster growth and stabilizes the financial position of the company.
Monopoly: As a result of privatization, monopoly has become so common not only in public sector but also in private sector.

Question 5.
Write about the political implications of privatisation.
Answer:
Political Implications of Privatisation:
1. Concentration of wealth:
Privatisation encourages concentration of wealth in the hands of big business group It results in great disparities of Income and wealth. It goes against the principle of eglitarian society.

2. More Profits:
Corporate sectors generate more profits but they share a meagre percentage with the share holders. They enjoy the lions-share out of the share-holders Investment. As a result, the gap between the rich and poor is widened.

3. Bane of Local Industries:
Local entrepreneurs borrow money from indigenous banks and also get loans from government concerns with subsidised rates of interests to start an industry. Multi-National companies. (MNC’S) have huge financial support and survive even in case of loss. But local industries have to struggle with Competition to survive with a small margin of profit, most of their profits is used to payback loans.

4. Threat to National interest:
Key areas like National defence, space science and technology are to be retained with the govt, assigning these areas to private sector harms national interests.

5. Lack of service motto:
The private firms are more, concerned with their profits rather than providing good service conditions and extending welfare programmes to its employees and even to society.

6. No Job Security:
Private companies extract work from employees till they are fit. The companies ruthlessly sack them when they suffer ill-health or fitness problems. In the long run they become a burden on the Govt. The employees of private sectors suffer from insecurity of jobs and this results in psychological disorders.

Question 6.
What is globalisation? Discuss its importance.
Answer:
Globalisation:
Globalisation is the process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction, integration and interdependence among people and organisation across borders. The strongest manifestation of globalization has been the increasing economic integration among countries in trade and investment.
Importance of Golbalisation:

Efficiency: Globalisation focuses on the best quality of services and goods. It encourages the global trade and commerce. It increases competitiveness which render the organisations and Industries and Enterprises more efficient.
Transformation of Technology: The emergence of better and innovative Technology has improved the condition of the world. All the countries of the world can reap the benefits of improved technology It has enhanced the income arid job opportunities.
The concept of Global village brings the feeling of fraternity and oneness, among the citizens of the world. Contacts are made easily accessible through technology and communication
Mobility of Labour Force: Globalisation has allowed free movement of people in search of better opportunities and jobs or for education at global level, hence mobility and better opportunities are easily accessible.
Emerging Global competition: Global competition is emerging. Better skilled labour and better techniques has offered better opportunities and better performance at competitive rates.
Outsourcing: This is an important outcome of globalisation. Outsourcing is when a company hires the regular service from external sources and from other countries.
Utilization of Human Resources: Revolution in communication and technology paved the way for the optimum utilization of human resources. Hence even excessive population is not a curse anymore.

Question 7.
Explain the concept of Global Village.
Answer:
Concept of Global Village:
Global village is a term closely associated with Marshall McLuhan, popularised in his books, ‘The Gutenberg galaxy’, ‘The making of Typographic Man’. Marshall McLuhan’s insights made the concept of a global village, interconnected by an electronic nervous system, part of our popular culture. One to better and faster development of communication the world is shrinking artificial satellites have changed the entire out-look of mankind.

It has brought men much nearer. Today no country is an isolated island, because what happens in any one is significant to even most remote princes on the earth. Due to modern communitation like the mobile, Internet and satellite phones.The world is shrinking and come together to form a ‘Global Village’, because the people of the world are coming closer, to one another in time and space.

In spite of cultural, religious and economic differences among the nation, everybody are connected to each other,just as in a small village. Events in one part of the world could be experienced from any other part of the world in real time, which is what villagers experience in a small village. The explosion of scientific knowledge and technological application that has taken place has made the world a Global Village.

Question 8.
How globalisation is helpful in higher education?
Answer:
The standard of Higher education has substantially been raised since private and foreign agencies are quite innovative and experimental in their attitude and dealings. The Globalisation has also made distant education available in India. The inpact of it is that students who are diligent and meritorious but devoid of resources avail the latest educational patterns through visiting foreign faculty.

The negative impact of globalisation is that it has become beyond the reach of poor students since educational level of these agencies has been elevated, the monetary requirements has spiralled. Govt funding is considerably reduced. Multimedia Technology has been incorporated in higher education.

With its multi dimensional approach and uses that brings text, voice and music, visuals and animation in one composite CD-Rom It has also facilitated and brought in higher education. Globalisation erodes our traditional values and ethos.

Question 9.
Explain the importance of globalisation?
Answer:
Globalisation:
Globalisation is the process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction, integration and interdependence among people and organisation across borders. The strongest manifestation of globalization has been the increasing economic integration among countries in trade and investment.
Importance of Golbalisation:

Efficiency: Globalisation focuses on the best quality of services and goods. It encourages the global trade and commerce. It increases competitiveness which render the organisations and Industries and Enterprises more efficient.
Transformation of Technology: The emergence of better and innovative Technology has improved the condition of the world. All the countries of the world can reap the benifits of improved technology It has enhanced the income and job opportunities.
The concept of Global village: It brings the feeling of fraternity and oneness, among the citizens of the world. Contacts are made easily accessible through technology and communication.
Mobility of Labour Force: Globalisation has allowed free movement of people in search of better opportunities and jobs or for education at global level; hence mobility and better opportunities are easily accessible.
Emerging Global competition: Global competition is emerging. Better skilled labour and better techniques has offered better opportunities and better performance at competitive rates.
Outsourcing: This is an important outcome of globalisation. Outsourcing is when a company hires the regular service from external sources and from other countries.
Utilization of Human Resources: Revolution in communication and technology paved the way for the optimum utilization of human resources. Hence even excessive population is not a curse anymore.

Globalisation tells us about the growing economic political, technological and cultural connections that connect Individuals, communities, Multinational companies and transnational companies that oversee themselves functioning in a global market place Globalisation has facilitated advances in technology, which have reduced costs of trade, and negotiations.

Globalisation has integrated national economies into the International economy through trade, foreign direct Investment, capital flows, migration and spread of technology. Globalisation has led to the tread towards countries joining together economically, educationally, society and politics, and viewing them selves not only through national identity but also as a whole globalisation has brought people of all nations closer together, especially through economy and communication. Animosities between Nations has been considerably reduced with Globalisation and world peace is progressing and the world is having a better understanding of each other maybe retired.

Question 10.
Enumerate the political implications of globalisation?
Answer:
Political implications of Globalisation:

Power subjugation: The effects of globalisation brought lots of changes in the world economy. For small countries it is inclinable to accept the economic decisions of big countries, which leads to power subjugation.
Affects the Sovereignty: As a result of globalisation in the field of economy, trade, transportation etc the sovereign countries are bound by the decisions of strong countries. Hence it affects the sovereignty of a country in totality.
Cultural invasion: Culture is a complex whole and exclusive to each country. The influence of globalisation in the name of cultural exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the architects of the future.
Enslavement of Lifestyle: Globalisation has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behaviour, mutual relationships, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalisation.
Elimination of Subsidies: The major impact of globalisation is the curtailment of subsidies to all sectors including agriculture in a phased manner. The worst-hit are peasants who are the backbone of the country.
Political instability: The impact of globalisation mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country. Hence development comes to a standstill.

Question 11.
Explain the role of crony capitalism in the modern world.
Answer:
Crony Capitalism And Its Role In Modern World:
The term ‘crony capitalism’ refers to forms of capitalism in which leading businessmen enjoy close personal relationships with key politicians crony capitalism is often associated with corruption and it is a major obstacle to Third world development. Crony capitalism is highly idealised neoclassical models of capitalism.

Significant links with political elites and business class can be found in almost all countries of capitalistic regions, past and present. A variety of ways hinder or facilitate economic development by these links. In many underdeveloped countries crony capitalism may be perceived both as corrupt and anti-national crony capital belong to elite class.

Some forms of crony capitalism may be indispensable for capitalistic development. Cronyism with affect the general health of the economy or the welfare of consumers. Crony seek and use their govt ties to initiate new tax laws that will drive competitors out of business while at the same time seek special privileges when it comes to mergers, securing Govt contracts, and obtaining permits on localised operations anywhere within the nation.

Question 12.
Who is the beneficiary of crony capitalism? And how?
Answer:
Close Associates of the people in power who enact and execute policies get favours that have large economic value. Cronies are rewarded with the ability to charge higher prices for their output than that would prevail in a competitive market channelled to the enterprises of cronies through govt controlled banks.

Crony capitalism allows govt to guarantee a subset of asset holders that their property rights will be protected. As long as their assets are protected, these, asset holders will continue to invest as if there were universal protection of property rights. The members of the govt or members of their families share the assets generated by the asset holders.

This may take the form of Jobs, co-investments, or even transfer of stock crony Capitalism goes hand in hand with corruption. A few business groups which have cronies influence, state policies and pool their assets in private corporate sectors. Such concentration give birth to cropy capitalism.

Crony capitalism is an economic phenomenon with political consequences, Ip crony capitalism the govt must be able to make deals in closed door without public review and approval. Personal connections of particular asset holders and govt is in power, when the Govt is replaced, those personal connections vanish.

Question 13.
Explain the nature of crony capitalism.
Answer:
Close Associates of the people in power who enact and execute policies get favours that have large economic value. Cronies are rewarded with the ability to charge higher prices for their output than that would prevail in a competitive market channelled to the enterprises of cronies through govt controlled banks.

Question 14.
Explain the democratic movements of Nepal.
Answer:
Democratic movements of Nepal:
Nepal is a small landlocked kingdom in southern Asia lying between India to the south and Tibet to the north. Monarchy was prevailed in Nepal since 18th C. During the Rule of Birendra Bir Bikramshahdev, democratic Maoist movements started mainly because of the influence of India and China.

Nepal’s democratic experiment suffered a serious setback in December 1960 when the first elected government led by National Congress leader Koirala was dissolved and the whole party activates were banned in Nepal in later parts of the decade and that continued till 1979. In 1980 limited Democracy resulted in the creation of multiparty parliamentary monarchy.

The political war was launched by the Communist Party ofNepal (Maoist) in 1996, with the overthrow of the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a peopled republic. Maoist insurgency began in 1996 ended with the communist victory in 2001. The ‘comprehensive peace accord’, was signed on 21st Nov 2006 the crown prince massacred King Birendra and the Royal Family, Bringing the unpopular king Gyanendra to the throne.

Nepal witnessed a popular movement in 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy. At the same time the king re-instated old nepal House of Representatives, with an assurancce of permanent peace and the multi-party democracy. The king called upon the ‘Seven Party Alliance’ (SPA) to bear the responsibility of taking the nation in the path of unity and prosperity.

It declared that under the leadership of GP. Koirala, the new parliament will hold the elections and frame new constitution. The popular Govt assumed office on 18th May 2006 and withdrew all the privileges given to the king unanimously. The bill included.

Imposing tax on the royal family and its assets.
Ending the Raj parishad, a Royal Advisory council.
Eliminating Royal References from army and Govt Titles.
Declaring Nepal a secular country not a Hindu Kingdom.
Scrapping the national anthem until a new one is composed.
Eliminating the king’s position as the supreme commander of the army.

This is popularly known as ‘Nepalese Magna Carta’. Nepal became Federal Democratic Republic. Ram Baran Yadav of Nepali congress become the first president and Pushpa kamal Dahil (Prachanda) of the communist party of Nepal (Maoist) the first Prime Minister.

Question 15.
Discuss the democratic movements in Bhutan.
Answer:
The Influence of the Indian Democratic polity on Nepal and Nepali’s political developments encouraged Bhutan’s political transformation. It began in 1950’s with legal transformation like, abolition of slavery and enactment of constitution. In 1972 Jigme Singhese Wangchuek succeeded his father Jigme Dorji wangchuck.

A group of leaders protested against the Government of its act of cultural suppression cultural suppression arbitrary arrests restriction of freedom of speech and press etch. In 1990 peaceful rallies were held against Royal BhutanArmy lead by S.K.Newpane. It forced the Govt for democracy and human rights for Bhutanese and nothing else.

Rong thong Kuenly Doiji played a significant role in the democratic movement. In the meanwhile the death of Doiji was a setback for the movement. The first democratic elections were held for the nations council on 24th March 2008 for the Himalayan Kingdom which marked the beginning of the democratic system which still persists.

They also retained Monarchy. The constitution was enacted on 18th July 2011 which authorised the monarchy to even sack the prime minister and his cabinet. Added to this Art-2 of the constitution states that parliament is not authorised to amend any of the powers given to the monarchy.

Question 16.
Write about the democratic movements in Afghanistan.
Answer:
The Govt of Mohamed Doloud of Afganistan was over thrown and he was assasssinated by a Group of Nurmohamed Tarake, Babrak Karmol and Amin Taha in a military loup in April 1978. Mohamed Taraki because the President, Prime minister and General secaretaiy of peoples democratic party of Afganistan (PDP) in 1978 and the country was renamed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

During Karmol’s rule Dr. Najibullah (1987-1992) became the head of Khadamat- e-Aetelaat-e-Dawtati(KHAD) the Afghan Secret Police Agency equivalent to the soviet K.G.B. In 1981 he was appointed to PDPA Politbureau. In 1985 Dr. Najibullah stepped down as state security minister to focus on PDPA politics and appointed to PDPA secretariat.

Michael Gorbachev the soviet leader was able to remove Karmol as PDPA General Secretary in 1986. He was replaced by Dr. Najibullah. Soviet troops began to withdraw in 1989 1992. The 1990 constitution, of the country declared it as Islamic state and refrences to communism were removed without aid from Russia coupled with internal collapse, Dr. Najibullah’s was ousted in 1992.

As per Peshawar Accord, Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) became Islamic State of Afghanistan (ISA) and an interim Govt was setup for the purpose of transition. The Taliban’s Islamic fundamentalists bombed Kabul in 1995 and were defeated by Islamic state govt under Ahmed shah Masood.

The un interactions with the Afgan delegation lead to Boan Agreement of2001. It intended for broad based, gender sensitive, multi-ethnic and fully representative Govt. On 11th sept 2001 attack on WTO by Taliban led Alqueda Leader Osama Bin Laden attracted the attention of the world As a result NATO alliances rushed to Afganistan to hunt for the Taliban with Us Support.

The Taliban regime ended and era of democracy began. The Democratic process began with the adaptation of new constitution in 2004 and later presidential elections were held. In 2005, election was held to the parliament and provinces. The new National Assembly was inaugurated in Dec 2005.

Question 17.
Bring out different phases of democratic movements in Egypt.
Answer:
Traditional Monarchy prevailed in egypt till April 1993. When the monarchy lost its grip, opportunity took advantage. The transition to Democracy was in 3 phases.
Phase -1:
A military coup ushered in 1952 against the single party rule, state propaganda and a powerful police state of the existing monarchy. As a result, a new constitution was framed in January 1937 and Gamal Abdal Nasser was elected president.

Phase – 2:
Began in 2011 but was a failure.

Phase – 3:
A transition, continuation of the previous govt which represented democratic and social deals. President Mohammed Morrsi’s first democratically elected govt was overthrown by a military coup.

The policy of egypt is based on republicanism with a semi-presidential system of Govt of 2011. With the resignation of president Hosi Mubarak executive power was assumed by the Supreme Council of the Armed force, which dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution. In 2012 presidential elections were held and Mohammed Morsi later on became the 5th President of Egypt.

General About Fatah Al-Sisi announced the removal of president Mohamad Morsi from, June 28, 2013 and suspended the constitution. The Egyptian Democratic Movement is yet to define itself fully. Although it is true that millions of demonstrators called for the end of ‘Brotherhood’ Rule, the change of Regime depended on Military intervention.

Question 18.
Explain the democratic movements in Libya.
Answer:
King Idris was the last hereditary monarch of Libya when a group of military officers revolted against the king Muammar Gaddafi in 1951 became Independent and declared it as united kingdom of Libya. Guaddafi continued his rule along with political parties but banned them in 1972. and emerged as the military ruler till the collapse of his Govt in 2011.

The Anti-Guaddafi force pressurized the Govt for the introduction of Multiparty democracy through national transitional council (NTC) in Feb 2011. This enraged the dictator who became more furious. He ignored the Un security council but NTC declared itself as the sole governing body. It was supported by more than 100 countries.

After the death of Guddafi, the vice chairman abdul Hafiz Ghoga declared that Libya to be liberated on 23rd Oct 2011. Chairman mustafa Abdul Julil said libya would become on Islamic Democracy Libya has been Governed under a temporary Constitution Decleration since the defeat of the previous Govt in 2011 civil war.

In 2012 an election was held for the General National Congress (GNC) to replace the National Transitional Council (NTC). As per the declaration Libya became a Parliamentary Republic governed by the General National Congress. Which was elected in July 2012. The executive branch appointed by the GNC and led by the P.M while the president of the GNC is the de-facto head of the state not.

The main responsibility of GNC is to form a Constituent Assembly which will write Libya’s permanent constitution for approval by a referendum. The law of Libya is based on shariat.

Question 19.
Discuss about the democratic movements in Syria.
Answer:
Syria has a multiethnic population containing Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians, and Turkmena coexist. The Syria was liberated in 1946 by france, and named as Democratic Republic with its own constitution. Several elections were held to parliament followed by military coups. The coup of 1963 was a threat to demcracy and existing multiparty system. It lasted for a long time, which is the ruling military Junta today.
The Objectives of Democratic Movement of Syria,

Termination of the ruling military dictatorship since 1963, demanded for cancellation of the old laws of the state of emergency.
Termination of the exclusive rule of Baath party, and transfer of power of state to multiparty system through free election based on principles of liberal democracy.
A committee is to be setup for the preparation of a democratic constitution to live up to the international standards.

The last parliamentary election was held un 7th may 2012 and the result was announced on 15th may 2012. The Baathparty war on even larger victory then it did in previous elections. During the 2011-12 Syrian uprising, a new constitution was put to referendum. Amongst other changes in abolished. Art 8 which entrenched the power with the Baath party.

The new Art-8 reads The political system of the state shall be based on the principle of political pluralism, and exercising power democratically through the ballot box. The Baath party emphasizes socialism and secularism, despite the Baath party’s doctrine on building national rather than ethnic identity.

The issues of ethnic, religious and regional allegiances still remain important in Syria. Since 17th July 2000, the president Bashal-al-Assad of Baath party is the head of state and RM. Wael Nader al-Halqi of Baath party is heading the Govt since 11th Aug 2012.

IV. Ten Marks Questions.

Question 1.
Discuss the importance and political implications of liberalisation.
Answer:
Liberalisation:
Liberalisation (Laissez-faire policy) is the process of liberating the economy from various regulatory mechanisms and elimination of customs and tarifts. The state provides greater freedom to private secctor. According to oxford dictionary Liberalisation is the “willingness to respect or accept behaviour or opinions different from one’s own; open to new ideal”.

Economic Liberalisation refers to fewer government regulations and restrictions in the economy in exchange for greater participation of ofprivate entities. It is the removal of controls to encourage economic development. Liberalisation offers the opportunity for the sector to compete internationally, contributing to the GDP- [Gross Domestic Product] growth and generating foreign exchange services and export of goods is a growth strategy of many developing nations.

Many countries have outsourced services like information Technology to India as costs are lower here. In developing countries, economic liberalisation refers more to liberalization or further opening up ’ of their respective economics to foreign capital and investments. The fastest developing countries like India, Brazil and China have liberalized their economics.
Importance of Liberalization:
1. Consumer Friendly:
This leads to lower losts and prices for consumer to get the goods and services according to his wishes. He would fulfil his needs, desires and feel satisfaction with his choice of things. There are a number of companies which bring lot of quality products for consumer’s interest and demands. In liberalised economy consumer gets more benefits.

Political Implications of Liberalisation:
1. Risk of Brain Drain:
Due to Liberalised policy, citizens seek employment in international companies, with knowledge of net skill gained in their own country. Education is mostly subsidised in many countries. So the resources spent on subsidised education will not return to the exchequer if citizens seek employment opportunities in other countries and also skilled persons will not be available for domestic trade and industries. So domestic trade and industries have to face tough competition against their international counterparts.

4. Regulates the Price Of Certain Commodifies:
The price of certain commodities like life saving drugs, fertilizers etc are automatically controlled by the world trade forums and associations.

5. Affects common Man:
It affects the common man in his day-to-day life as he finds it difficult to earn his livelihood.

6. Risk of Financial instability:
Flexibility and laxity of monetary and fiscal policies of the government may lead to financial crisis like recession and depression.

Question 2.
Describe the importance of privatisation and its political implications.
Answer:
Privatisation:
Privatisation is the process of transferring ownership of a business, enterprise, agency, public service or public property from the public sector to the private sector. It refers to the transfer of assents or services shifts from public to private ownership or control. It opens the hitherto closed areas to private sector.

Performance: Privatisation leads to good performance. It brings efficiency which always looks forward to survive in the competitive world. The company provides good salaries to the employees and in return they work better and show their performance.
Efficiency: Private companies have a greater urge to produce more goods for the utmost satisfaction of the customer (consumer).
Innovative Ideas: major companies solely depend upon new techniques and innovative ideas to bring their specialised products in a different style, at global level.
Goals: Private companies have their specific goals and strive to achieve the endeavour. It shows their consistency to reach the peak and maintain global standards.
Capital: Private companies, many a times raise funds and invest in the financial markets. This promotes faster growth and stabilizes the financial position of the company.
Monopoly: As a result of privatization, monopoly has become so common not only in public sector but also in private sector.

Political Implications of Privatisation:
1. Concentration of wealth:
Privatisation encourages concentration of wealth in the hands of big business group It results in great disparities of Income and wealth. It goes against the principle of eglitarian society.

4. Threat to National interest:
Key areas like National defence, space science and technology are to be retained with the govt, assigning these areas to private sector harms national interests.

5. Lack of service motto:
The private firms are more, concerned with their profits rather than providing good service conditions and extending welfare programmes to its employees and even to society.

Question 3.
Explain the new trends of globalisation and bring out its political implications.
Answer:
New Trends of Globalisation:
Globalisation:
Globalisation is the process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction, integration and interdependence among people and organisation across borders. The strongest manifestation of globalization has been the increasing economic integration among countries in trade and investment.
Importance of Globalisation:

Efficiency: Globalisation focuses on the best quality of services and goods. It encourages the global trade and commerce. It increases competitiveness which render the organisations and Industries and Enterprises more efficient.
Transformation of Technology: The emergence of better and innovative Technology has improved the condition of the world. All the countries of the world can reap the benifits of improved technology It has enhanced the income and job opportunities.
The concept of global village: It brings the feeling of fraternity and oneness, among the citizens of the world. Contacts are made easily accessible through technology and communication.
Mobility of Labour Force: Globalisation has allowed free movement of people in search of better opportunities and jobs or for education at global level; hence mobility and better opportunities are easily accessible.
Emerging Global competition: Global competition is emerging. Better skilled labour and better techniques has offered better opportunities and better performance at competitive rates.
Outsourcing: This is an important outcome of globalisation. Outsourcing is when a company hires the regular service from external sources and from other countries.
Utilization of Human Resources: Revolution in communication and technology paved the way for the optimum utilization of human resources. Hence even excessive population is not a curse anymore.

Globalisation is the comprehensive term for the emergence of Global society in which economic, political environmental and cultural events in one part of the world quickly come to have significance for people in other parts of the world. Globalisation tells us about the growing economic political, technological and cultural connections that connect Individuals, communities, Multinational companies and transnational companies that oversee themselves functioning in a global market place Globalistion has facilitated advances in technology, which havereduced costs of trade, and negohations.

Animosities between Nations has been considerably reduced with Globalisation and world peace is progressing and the world is having a better understanding of each other maybe retaired.

Political implications of Globalisation:

Power subjugation: The effects of globalisation brought lots of changes in the world economy. For small countries it isinclitable to accept the economic decisions of big countries, which leads to power subjugation.
Affects the Sovereignty: As a result of globalisation in the field of economy, trade, transportation etc the sovereign countries are bound by the decisions of strong countries. Hence it affects the sovereignty of a country in totality.
Cultural invasion: Culture is a complex whole and exclusive to each country. The influence of globalisation in the name of cultural exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the architects of the future.
Enslavement of Lifestyle: Globalisation has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behaviour, mutual relationships, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalisation.
Elimination of Subsidies: The major impact of globalisation is the curtailment of subsidies to all sectors including agriculture in a phased manner. The worst-hit are peasants who are the backbone of the country.
Political instability: The inpact of globalisation mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country. Hence development comes to a standstill.

Question 4.
What is crony capitalism? What are its effects on modern governments?
Answer:
Crony Capitalism And Its Role In Modern World:
The term ‘crony capitalism’ refers to forms of capitalism in which leading businessmen enjoy close personal relationships with key politicians crony capitalism is often associated with corruption and it is a major obstacle to Third world development. Crony capitalism is highly idealised neoclassical models of capitalism.

Some forms of crony capitalism may be indispensable for capitalistic development. Cronyism with affect the general health of the economy or the welfare of consumers. Crony seek and use their govt ties to intiate new tax laws that will drive competitors out of business while at the same time seek special privileges when it comes to mergers, securing Govt contracts, and obtaining permits on localised operations any where within the nation.

Close Associates of the people in power who enact and execute policies get favours that have large economic value. Cronies are rewarded with the ability to charge higher prices for their output than that would prevail in a competitive market channelled to the enterprises of cronies through govt controlled banks.

Question 5.
Crony capitalism is a compulsory activity in the governmental policies How?
Answer:
Cronyism is partiality to long-standing friends, especially by appointing them to positions of authority, regardless of their qualifictions. Hence, cronyism is contrary in practice and principle to meritocracy. It exists when the appointer and the beneficiary are in social contact; often, the appointer is inadequate to hold his or her own job or position of authority and for this reason the appointer appoints individuals who will not try to weaken him or her, or express views contrary to those of the appointer.

It is not unusual for a politician to surround him or her self with highly qualified subordinates, and to develop social, business or political friendships leading to the appointment to office of friends, likewise in granting government contracts. In fact, the counset of Such friends is why the officeholder successfully obtained his or her powerful position therefore, cronyism usually is easier to perceive than to demonstrate-and prove.

The practice of favouritism based on relationships and connections rather than someone who demonstrates top credentials and well-suited experience ultimately results ih Vastly inferior government service to the public. It describes relationships existing among mutual acquaintances in private organizations where business, business information and social interaction are exchanged among influential personnel.

It is an ethical breach of the principles of the market economy, in advanced economics, crony capitalism is a breach of market regulations. There is an impetus upon the legislative branch of a government to ensure enforcement 6th the legal code capable of addressing and redressing private party manipulation of the economy by the involved businessmen and their government cronies.

The economic and social costs of cronyism are paid by society. Those costs are in the form of reduced business opportunity for the majority of the population, reduced competition in the market place, inflated consumer goods prices and decreased economic performance, inefficient business investment cycles, reduced motivation in affected organizations and the decrease of economically productive activity.

Question 6.
Describe the democratic movements of Nepal.
Answer:
Democratic movements of Nepal:
Nepal is a small landlocked kingdom in southern Asia lying between India to the south and Tibet to the north. Monarchy was prevailed in Nepal since 18th C. During the Rule of Birendra Bir Bikramshahdev, democratic maoist movements started mainly because of the influence of India and China.

Nepal’s democratic experiment suffered a serious setback in December 1960 when the first elected government led by National Congress leader koirala was dissolved and the whole party activates were banned in Nepal in later parts of the decade and that continued till 1979. In 1980 limited Democray resulted in the creation of multiparty parliamentary monarchy.

The political war was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) in 1996, with the overthrow of the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a peopled republic. Maoist insurgency began in 1996 ended with the communist victory in 2001. The ‘comprehensive peace accord’, was signed on 21st Nov 2006 the crown prince massacred King Birendra and the Royal Family, Bringing the unpopular kingGyanendra to the throne.

Nepal witnessed a popular movement in 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy. At the same time the kihg re-instated old nepal House of Representatives, with an assurance of permnent peace and the multi-party democracy. The king called upon the ‘Seven Party Alliance’ (SPA) to bear the responsibility of taking the nation in the path of unity and prosperity.

Imposing tax on the royal family and its assets.
Ending the Raj parishad, a Royal Advisory council.
Eliminating Royal References from army and Govt Titles.
Declaring Nepal a secular country not a Hindu Kingdom.
Scrapping the national anthem until a new one is composed.
Eliminating the king’s position as the supreme commander of the army.

This is popularly known as ‘Nepalese MagnaCarta’. Nepal became Federal Democratic Republic. Ram Baran Yadav of Nepali congress become the first president and Pushpa kamal Dahil (Prachanda) of the communist party of Nepal (Maoist) the first Prime Minister.

Question 7.
How democratic movements ushered in Bhutan?
Answer:
The Influence of the Indian Democratic polity on Nepal and Nepali’s political developments encouraged Bhutan’s political transformation. It began in 1950’s with legal transformation like, the abolition of slavery and enactment of the constitution. In 1972 Jigme Singhese Wangchuek succeeded his father Jigme Dorji wangchuck.

A group of leaders protested against the Government of its act of cultural suppression cultural suppression arbitary arrests restriction of freedom of speech and press etch. In 1990 peaceful rallies were held against Royal BhutanArmy lead by S.K.Newpane. It forced the Govt for democracy and human rights for Bhutanese and nothing else.

Question 8.
Give an assessment of democratic movements in Afghanistan?
Answer:
The Govt of Mohamed Doloud of Afganistan was over thrown and he was assassinated by a Group of Nurmohamed Tarake, Babrak Karmol and Amin Taha in a military loup in April 1978. Mohamed Taraki because the President, Prime minister and General secaretaiy of peoples democratic party of Afganistan (PDP) in 1978 and the country was renamed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

The un interactions with the Afgan delegation lead to Boan Agreement of2001. It intended for broad based, gender sensitive, multiethnic and fully representative Govt. On 11th sept 2001 attack on WTO by Taliban led Alqueda Leader Osama Bin Laden attracted the attention of the world As a result NATO alliances rushed to Afganistan to hunt for the Taliban with Us Support.

Question 9.
Give an account of historical democratic movement in Egypt.
Answer:
Traditional Monarchy prevailed in egypt till April 1993. When the monarchy lost its grip, opportunity took advantage. The transition to Democracy was in 3 phases.
Phase -1:
A military coup ushered in 1952 against the single party rule, state propaganda and a powerful police state of the existing monarchy. As a result, a new constitution was framed in January 1937 and Gamal Abdel Nasser was elected president.

Phase – 2:
Began in 2011 but was a failure.

Question 10.
Analyse the new democratic movements in Libya.
Answer:
King Idris was the last hereditary monarch of Libya when a group of military officers revolted against the king Muammar Gaddafi in 1951 became Independent and declared it as united kingdom of Libya. Guaddafi continued his rule along with political parties but banned them in 1972. and emerged as the military ruler till the collapse of his Govt in 2011.

After the death of Guddafi, the vice chairman abdul Hafiz Ghoga declared that Libya to be liberated on 23rd Oct 2011. Chairman mustafa Abdul Julil said libya would become on Islamic Democracy Libya has been Governed under a temporary Constitution Declaration since the defeat of the previous Govt in 2011 civil war.

In 2012 an election was held for the General National Congress (GNC) to replace the National Transitional Council (NTC). As per the declaration Libya became the Parliamentary Republic governed by the General National Congress. Which was elected in July 2012. The executive branch appointed by the GNC and led by the P.M while the president of the GNC is the de-facto head of the state not.

The main responsibility of GNC is to form a Constituent Assembly which will write Libya’s permanent constitution for approval by a referendum. The law of Libya is based on shariat.

Question 11.
Write a note on the democratic movements in Syria.
Answer:
Syria has a multiethnic population containing Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians, and Turkmena coexist. The Syria was liberated in 1946 by france, and named as Democratic Republic with its own constitution. Several elections were held to parliament followed by military coups. The coup of 1963 was a threat to democracy and existing multiparty system. It lasted for a long time, which is the ruling military Junta today.
The Objectives of Democratic Movement of Syria,

Termination of the ruling military dictatorship since 1963, demanded for cancellation of the old laws of the state of emergency.
Termination of the exclusive rule of Baath party, and transfer of power of state to multiparty system through free election based on principles of liberal democracy.
A committee is to be setup for the preparation of a democratic constitution to live up to the international standards.

The last parliamentary election was held un 7th may 2012 and the result was announced on 15th may 2012. The Baath party war on even larger victory then it did in previous elections. During the 2011-12 Syrian uprising, a new constitution was put to referendum. Amongst other changes in abolished. Art 8 which entrenched the power with the Baath party.

2nd PUC Political Science Contemporary Political Trends Additional Questions and Answers

I. One Mark Questions.

Question 1.
When did India face Economic Crisis?
Answer:
In 1991.

Question 2.
Who made a major step towards new economic system in India.
Answer:
P.M. Rajiv Gandhi.

Question 3.
Expand IT.
Answer:
Information Technology.

Question 4.
Expand G.D.P.
Answer:
Gross Domestic Product.

Question 5.
What is ‘Brain Drain’?
Answer:
Liberalised International policies lead to international job opportunities. So people of a country seek employment and carrer in other countries for better salaries.

Question 6.
When privatisation started in India?
Answer:
In 1980.

Question 7.
Expand P.S.U.
Answer:
Public sector undertakings.

Question 8.
What is out-sourcing?
Answer:
A company hires regular service from external sources from other countries.

Question 9.
What is the important out-come of Globalisation?
Answer:
Out-sourcing.

Question 10.
When did democratic movements start in Nepal?
Answer:
December 1960.

Question 11.
When was the ‘Comprehensive Peace Accord’ Signed by Nepal?
Answer:
21st November 2006.

Question 12.
When was the ‘Nepalese Magna Carta’ adopted?
Answer:
18th May 2006.

Question 13.
Who is the first president of Nepal.
Answer:
Mr. Ram Baran Yadav.

Question 14.
When did Democratic movements start in Bhutan?
Answer:
1950.

Question 15.
Who is the king of Bhutan?
Answer:
Jigme Dorji Wangchuck.

Question 16.
Who played a significant role in Democratic movement of Bhutan?
Answer:
Rongthong Kuenly Dorji.

Question 17.
When were the First democratic elections held in Bhutan?
Answer:
24th March 2008.

Question 18.
What is KHAD?
Answer:
Khadamat-e-Actelaat-e-Dawlati, the Afghan secret agency.

Question 19.
When did the Taliban attack WTO?
Answer:
11th Sept 2001.

Question 20.
ExpandWTO.
Answer:
World Trade Organisation.

Question 21.
When did the Democratic Movement in Egypt start?
Answer:
In 1952.

Question 22.
When was Libya liberated?
Answer:
23rd October 2011.

Question 23.
Who was the military ruler of Libya?
Answer:
Muammar Guaddafi.

Question 24.
When did Syria gain Independence?
Answer:
In 1946.

Question 25.
Who is the president of syria?
Answer:
Bashar AL Assad of Baath party.