2nd PUC Sociology Previous Year Question Paper June 2019

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Previous Year Question Paper June 2019

Time: 3.15 Hours
Max Marks: 100

Instructions:

1. Write Sl. No’s of questions correctly.
2. Visually challenged students need to answer questions No.31 ‘B’ instead of Map question No. 31 ‘A’ in Part-D.
3. Answer the questions according to the instructions given for the question.

I. Answer the following questions in a sentence each. ( 10 × 1 = 10 )

Question 1.
Mention sex ratio of India according to 2011 census.
Answer:
940.

Question 2.
Name one basis of diversity in India.
Answer:
Linguistic Diversity.

Question 3.
Name any one Backward Classes Commission appointed by the Government of Karnataka.
Answer:
Mandal Commission.

Question 4.
Which Article of the Indian Constitution abolishes untouchability?
Answer:
Article 17.

Question 5.
Who is the author of the book ‘Marriage and Family in India’?
Answer:
K.M. Kapadia.

Question 6.
Who is father of green revolution in India?
Answer:
Dr. M.S. Swaminathan.

Question 7.
State one characteristics of slums.
Answer:
Dilapidated and Poor Houses.

Question 8.
Who created World Wide Web?
Answer:
Tim Berners – Lee in 1990.

Question 9.
What was the slogan of Kagodu Sathyagraha?
Answer:
Land to the Tiller or Land to the landless.

Question 10.
Who introduced the term Globalization?
Answer:
Theodore Levitt.

II. Answer any ten of the following questions in 2-3 sentences each. ( 10 × 2 = 20 )

Question 11.
What is Linguism?
Answer:
Linguism implies one-sided love and admiration towards one’s language and a prejudice and hatred towards other’s languages.

Question 12.
Mention any two factors responsible for decline of child sex ratio.
Answer:
Sex selective Abortions and Neglect of Girls in an Infancy.

Question 13.
Name two dominant castes of Karnataka.
Answer:
Vokkaligas and Lingayath.

Question 14.
Expand-NABARD.
Answer:
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development.

Question 15.
Mention any two social legislations. Which affected the joint family.
Answer:

1. Hindu Marriage Act of 1955
2. Domestic Violence Act of 2005.

Question 16.
Which stressors are responsible for farmers suicide.
Answer:
Alcohol, gambling, spend thriftiness, Failure of crops, Chronic illness, Debt burden, loss in non-agricultural activities.

Question 17.
Write any two major problems of Indian cities.
Answer:

1. Urban Poverty
2. Slums.

18. What is Mc Donaldization?
Answer:
Mc Donaldization is the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurants are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world.

Question 19.
Mention any two online shopping sites.
Answer:

1. Fliplcart.com
2. E Bay.In

Question 20. G
Give any one definitions of “Social Movement”.
Answer:
M.S.A. Rao defines a “Social movement is an organized attempt on the part of a section of society to bring about either partial or total changes in society through collective mobilization or an ideology”.

Question 21.
Mention any two factors responsible for farmers movements.
Answer:

1. Kagodu Agitation
2. Malaprabha Agitation.

Question 22.
Define Westernization.
Answer:
‘The changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule, and the term subsumes changes occuring at different levels; technology, institutions, ideology, values’.

III. Answer any four of the following questions in 15 sentences each: ( 4 × 5 = 20 )

Question 23.
Describe the racial groups classified by Dr. B.S. Guha.

Question 24.
Dicuss three views on tribal welfare.
Answer:
The tribal problems have been approached from three points. They are as follows:

1. The Policy of Isolation
2. The Policy of Assimilation
3. The Policy of Integration.

1. The Policy of Isolation: This policy favoured Isolation of Tribals from the mainstream society. J.H Hutton, who was a Commissioner for Census of 1931, gave a solution to the tribal problems of uncontrolled acculturation. He suggested the creation of self-governing tribal areas with free power of self-determination. Verrier Elwin suggested the creation of “National Parks” where the tribal people could safely live without being victims of Over-Hasty and Unregulated Process of Belief, and Civilization.

Both Hutton and Elwin were severely criticized for recommending this policy of Isolation, which was looked upon as proposal to create a museum or a zoo, instead of helping the tribal people to utilize the resources of knowledge and improve the conditions of their life.

2. The Policy of Assimilation: The social reformers like Takkar Bapa, G.S. Ghurye some voluntary organizations and Christian missionaries advocated this policy. They have recommended for the assimilation of these tribal groups either into Christianity or into Hinduism. According to Takkar Bapa tribal problem could be solved only through contact with more advanced people. Separatism and Isolation seem to be dangerous theories and they strike at the root of National Solidarity.

3. The Policy of Integration: The only approach that would make available to the Tribes the benefit of modern advanced society and yet retain their separate identity is Integration. This policy aims at developing a creative adjustment between Tribes and non¬Tribes of India leading to responsible partnership. Pandit Nehru, M.N. Srinivas, D.N. Mujumdhar and others had supported this view.

Question 25.
Explain the main features of micro finance.
Answer:
Micro Finance is defined as, financial services such as Savings Accounts, Insurance Fund and credit provided to poor and low income clients so as to help them Economic, Religious, Entertainment etc.Due to the scarcity of to rise their income and there by improve their standard of living. Micro finance is a source of financial services for entrepreneurs and small businesses lacking access to banking and related services. Major Features of Micro finance :

• Loan without security.
• Loans to people who live BPL (Below Poverty Line).
• Even members of SHG may get benefit from Micro Finance.
• Maximum limit of loan under micro finance is relatively small amount.
• The terms and conditions given to poor people are decided by SHG.

For some, micro finance is a movement whose object is a world in which as many poor to have permanent access to an appropriate range of high quality financial services, including not just credit but also savings, insurance, and fund transfers. Many of those who promote micro finance generally believe that such access will help poor people out of poverty. For others, micro finance is a way to promote economic development, employment and growth through the support of micro entrepreneurs and small businesses.

Question 26.
Explain the factors responsible for the changes in joint family.
Answer:
1. Industrialization:
With the establishment of factories in many places of the country, agriculture was pushed to the background and with it changed those social institutions which were its products. The industrial centers pulled persons of different families out of the traditional peasant society comprising of joint families.. This struck at the roots of joint families and the process of change started. Furthermore, the process of change in joint family gained momentum from the rapid development of transport and communication.

2. Urbanization:
The percentage of workers dependent on agriculture comes down and more and more people migrate to cities and towns in search of jobs. The urban centers also provide people with various amenities of life concerning transport and communication, sanitation and health, education and employment etc., People are tempted by the lure of urban facilities and there is a rural to urban type of migration. Gradually they lost control over Joint family remained an independent in cities in the nuclear families.

3. Rapid Growth of Population:
Rapid growth of population brought corresponding increased of the pressure on land. Agriculture being the prime occupation of the villagers, the rural youth faced the problem of unemployment. People began to move into cities and industrial centers in search of jobs. Thus they had to leave the traditional joint families which resulted in the breakdown of jointness.

4. Education:
Education changes the attitude of people. It enables people to get into jobs or profession. Modern education leads to occupational mobility. It has not only brought changes in the attitudes, beliefs, values and ideologies of the people, but has also created the individualistic feelings. The increasing education not only brings changes in the philosophy of life of men and women but also provides new avenues of employment and led to economic independence.

5. Changing Status of Women:
Social reform movements, awareness among the women for their own position, all affected the patriarchal authority of the joint family system; The spread of modern education enlightened the women. Education made them conscious of their rights and status in the society. It brought about drastic changes in the practices and ideals of family. They were no more prepared to remain within the four walls of the household in the traditional subordinate position.

Social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Keshab Chandra Sen, Jyothi Rao Phule, Maharshi Karve, Pandit Ramabai and many others worked and achieved considerable success for the cause of women. All these factors affected the patriarchal authority of the joint family. As a sequel to that the process of disintegration started in the joint family.

6. Social Legislations:
Legislations enacted during the British rule proved harmful for joint family. Gains of Learning Act of 1930, the right of women to share in the property of the joint family by the Hindu Law of Inheritance Act of 1929, and the Hindu women’s Right to Property Act of 1937. Sati Prevention Act 1782, Hindu Widow Remarriage Act 1856, Child Marriage Restraint Act 1902 have brought changes in family relations.

After independence the process has continued and fundamental changes in the law of inheritance have been brought about by the Hindu Succession Act, 1956. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, and the Civil Marriage Act, 1957 gave the freedom to the adult males and females to marry according to their choice and helped the women to seek divorce on certain grounds. All these legislations gave enough facility to the members to divide the joint family immediately after the death of the father. The necessity of jointness has also weakened due to various governmental provisions relating to old age pension, widow pension etc.

Question 27.
Write about social problems of Inidan villages.
Answer:
1. Illiteracy: Illiteracy is a major social problem in Indian villages. Lack of educational institution and poor quality education coupled with high rate of dropout rate has aggrevated the situation. Majority of the educational institutions are suffering from educational infrastructures like adequate buildings, libraries and reading rooms, sports grounds, etc. There is a great disparity among rural and urban regions of Indian society regarding educational opportunities. Further, basic facilities like drinking water, sanitation facilities, transport and communications facilities are not up to the mark.

2. Rural Poverty: On the basis of an empirical study in seven districts in Rajasthan in 1996 sponsored by the World Bank has identified the following causes of poverty in rural areas:

• Inadequate and ineffective implementation of anti-poverty programmes.
• Low percentage of population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits.
• Non-availability of irrigational facilities and erratic rainfall.
• Dependence on traditional methods of cultivation and inadequate modem skills.
• Non-availability of electricity for agriculture.
• Poor quality of livestock.
• Imperfect and exploited credit market, communication facilities and markets.
• Low level of education.
• Absence of dynamic community leadership.
• Failure to seek women’s cooperation in developmental activities and associating them with planned programmes.
• Inter-caste conflicts and rivalries.
• Spending a large percentage of annual earnings on social ceremonies like festivals, marriages, death feast, etc., and people being unwilling to discard expensive customs.

3. Health Problems: About 74% of the doctors are in urban areas. When it is remembered that 70% people are living in villages the extent to which provision of skilled medical is lacking in the. Fertility and Birth rate as well as death rates are very high. Infant mortality and maternal mortality are also highest. The problems of Malnutrition, the sporadic outbreak of epidemic diseases like Cholera, Malaria, Plague, Dengue and other communicable diseases are quite common.

The housing are very much unsanitary while the addiction to alcohol & nicotine drugs makes the state of health condition even worse. Pesticides like Endosulfan also have caused much health hazardous in rural areas. There are more than 5000 people affected by endosulfan in Uttara Kannada District alone. At the same time soil has been degraded rendering it infertile due to excessive use of chemicals and fertilisers and it affect the not only yield but also health of the agriculturists.

Question 28.
What is Market? Explain the characteristics of market.

IV. Answer any four of the following questions in 15 sentences each: ( 4 × 5 = 20 )

Question 29.
Explain the nature of unity in India.
Answer:
The Major Characteristics of the Demographic Profile of India:

1. Size and Growth of India’s Population
2. Age Structure of the Indian Population.
3. Sex-Ratio in India.
4. Birth Rate and Death Rate.
5. Increasing Literacy Rate of Indian Population.
6. Increasing Rural-Urban Differences.

1. Size and Growth of India’s Population: India is the second most populous country in the world after China. According to 2011 census India’s population is 121 crores (1.21 billion). Between 1901-1951 the average annual growth rate did not exceed 1.33%, a modest rate of growth. In fact between 1911 and 1921 there was a negative rate of growth of – 0.03%.

This was because of the influenza epidemic during 1918-19 :5% of the total population of the country. The growth rate of population substantially increased after independence from British rule going up to 2.2% during 1961-1981. Since then although the annual growth rate has decreased it remains one of the highest in the developing world.

2. Age Structure of the Indian Population: India has a very young population – that is, the majority of Indians tend to be young, compare to most other countries. The share of the less than 15 age group in the total population has come down from its highest level of 42% in 1971 to 29% in 2011. The share of the 15-60 age group has increased slightly from 53% to 63%, while the share of the 60+ age group is very small but it has began to increase (from 5% to 8%) over the same period.

But the age composition of the Indian population is expected to change significantly in the next two decades. 0-14 age group will reduce its share by about 11% (from 34% in 2001 to 23% in 2026) while the 60 plus age group will increase its share by about 5% (from 8% in 2001 to about 12% in 2026).

3. The Declining Sex-Ratio in India: The sex ratio is an important indicator of gender balance in the population. The sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males. The trends of the last four decades have been particularly worrying from 941 in 1961 the sex ratio had fallen to an all time low of 927 in 1991 before posting a modest increase in 2001. According to the Census of India 2011 sex ratio has been increased and now it is 940 females per 1000 males. But what has really alarmed demographers, policy makers, social activists and concerned citizens is the drastic fall in the child sex ratio.

The sex ratio for the 0-6 years age group (known as the juvenile or child sex ratio) has generally been substantially higher than the overall sex ratio for all age groups, but it has been falling very sharply. In fact the decade 1991¬2001 represents an anomaly in that the overall sex ratio has posted its highest ever increase of 6 points from the all time low of 927 to 933, but the child sex ratio in 2011 census has dropped from 927 to 914, a plunge of 13 points taking it below the overall sex ratio for the first time.

4. Increasing Literacy Rate of Indian Population: Literacy varies considerably across gender, regions, and social groups. As can be seen from Table No. 4, the literacy rate for women is almost 22% less than the literacy rate for men. However, female literacy has been rising faster than male literacy, partly because it started from relatively low levels.

Female literacy rose by about 11.2 percent between 2001 and 2011 compared to the rise in male literacy of 6.2 per cent in the same period. Female literacy was 8.9% in 1951 has increased to 65.4 in 2011 male literacy in the same period wan 27.2% has increased to 82.17. In 1951 total literacy rates 18.3% has increased to 74.04 in 2011.

5. Increasing Rural-Urban Differences: According to 2011 Census, 68.8% population lives in rural areas while 31.2% people live in urban areas. The urban population has been increasing its share steadily, from about 17.3% in 1951 to 31.2 in 2011, an increase of about two and a half times.

Question 30.
Describe the advantages of joint family.
Answer:
1. Economic Advantage: Joint family prevents property being divided, subdivision and fragmentation. Cooperation of all the members supports the economic activities. It is the best pattern of living that is most conducive to the growth.

2. Protection of Members: Joint family protects their members during childhood, adult and old age. It is capable of providing assistance at the time of pregnancy, sickness, death and other situations.

3. Provides Recreation: Joint family provides recreation to its members. Similarly in a joint family the children play together. As a result there grows the feeling of oneness.

4. Development of Personality: Joint family helps a person to build his/her own personality. They learn the lessons of generosity, patience, service, cooperation and obedience. Here a sense of sacrifice replaces selfishness. As such the disciplines in a joint family are self-imposed on its members.

5. Socialism in Nature: Joint family is like a Cooperative Trust and in joint family each member works according to his capability and gets according to his need. In this sense to a larger extent achieves the socialistic order. The joint kitchen, naturally, runs on an understanding of mutual adjustment. Naturally those who are benefitted by the generosity of others remain obliged and grateful.

Question 31.
Define panchayat Raj. Explain the functions of village panchayat.
Answer:
Panchayat Raj is as a real democratic political apparatus, which would bring the masses into active political participation to establish a genuine political of rural India. Generally it is also called as “Decentralization of Democracy”. Since 1959 “Democratic Decentralization has been gradually extended throughout India.

After the implementation of the constitution 73rd amendment act 1992. Panchayat Raj has brought politics down to village level. Balawant Rai Mehta committee recommended three Tier Structure of the Panchayat Raj institution. Namely,

1. Village Panchayat – at the village level.
2. Panchayat Samithi – at Block level and
3. Zilla Panchayat – at the District level.

In brief we can understand the general functions of panchayat raj.
Functions of Village Panchayat: The functions of Village Panchayat are

• Provision of water supply
• Maintenance of minor irrigation
• School buildings, (d) Family Planning
• Construction of wells and tanks

Promotion of agriculture and animal husbandry, poultry, fisheries, promotion of village and cottage industries providing electric facility. Construction and maintenance of Roads and Bridges, creating awareness regarding primary and secondary Education, maintenance of Public Health, general Sanitation and Welfare of weaker section, maintenance of public properties and regulation and fairs and festivals and promotion of social and cultural activities.

Question 32.
Explain any five functions of Mass- Media.
Answer:
1. Information: The media provides a continuous flow of information about the world, from T.V., Newspapers and radio reports the political, sports, entertainment and weather reports, the stock market and news stories and issues that affect us personally.

2. Correlation: The media explains and helps us to understand the meaning of the information. It provides support for established social norms and has an important role in the socialization of children.

3. Continuity: The media has a function in expressing the culture, recognizing new social developments and forgoing common values.

4. Entertainment: The media provides amusement, diversion and reduces social tension.

5. Mobilization: To encourage economic development, work, religion or support in times of war, the media can campaign to mobilize society to meet these objectives.

6. Social Reformation: The beginnings of the print media and its role in both the spread of the social reform movement and the nationalist movement have been noted. After independence, the print media continued to share the general approach of being a partner in the task of nation building by taking up developmental issues as well as giving voice to the widest section of people.

The bravest challenge that the media faced was with the declaration of Emergency in 1975 and censorship of the media. Fortunately, the period ended and democracy was restored in 1977. India with its many problems can be justifiably proud of a free media.

7. National Consciousness: It was only in the mid 19th century, with further development in technologies, transportation and literacy that newspapers began to reach out to a mass audience. People living in different comers of the country found themselves reading or hearing the same news. It has been suggested that this was in many ways responsible for people across a country to feel connected and develop a sense of belonging or ‘we feeling’.

Question 33.
Explain the types of peasant movements of Kathaleen Gough.
Answer:
Kathaleen Gough presented a five-fold typology of peasant movements in India. They are:

1. Restorative rebellions
2. Religious movements
3. Social banditry
4. Terrorist vengeance
5. Mass insurrections

1. Restorative Rebellions: This type of movement is aimed at the restoration of old systems in place of the current systems. The Santal tribal agitation against the British is one example of this type of movement.

2. Religious Movements: This type of movement is based on the belief that their consolidated efforts would bring about a golden period and a charismatic leader will free them of their misery’. Such movements are therefore called as ‘Millennium movements’ or ‘Messianic movements’. Stephen Fuchs, however, states that more than 50% of the peasant movements in India are religious movements. An example is the Kerala’s Mapillai agitations from 1836 to 1921.

3. Social Banditry: Looting the rich landlords of villages and distributing the loot among the poor is termed as Social banditry. This arises as an expression of anger against feudal landlords; and the bandits become heroes in the eyes of the villagers. Dacoity by thugs between the 17th and 18th century in the Central India, and dacoity by Narasimha Reddy and his team in Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, during 1946-47 are some examples for this type of movement.

4. Terrorist Vengeance: Revenge is the sole motive of such movements. Such movements involve elimination of individuals who are thought to be enemies. Feudal lords, corrupt government officials are often victims of such homicidal acts.

5. Mass Insurrections: This type of movement is spontaneous in nature. They are often triggered by dissatisfaction over long pending issues. Initially, dissent is expressed through strikes, non-cooperation, shouting slogans, boycott etc. They turn violent when the authority attempts to control them by the use of force. Such movements are often not backed by ideologies or charismatic leaders. For example, in recent years in Delhi, a movement against corruption and violence against women.

Question 34.
What is sanskritization? Discuss its factors.
Answer:
1. Ritual: Inspite of the Theoretical existence of certain restrictions, the low castes or other groups did manage to imitate the customs and rites of “Twice-born” (DWIJAS) castes. This is the best Way of claiming higher position in the caste hierarchy.

2. Marriage: According to a strict rule of Brahminism, a Brahmin should give his daughter in marriage before she attains puberty. Pre-puberty marriages were commonly practiced. It was foremost duty of a Brahmin father to give his daughter in marriage before she attains puberty, otherwise he would be committing a great sin. And marriage among the Brahmin was Indissoluble.

On the other hand, among the low Hindu castes post-puberty marriages were very common and the dissolution of marriage was possible. Now in order to rise up in the caste Hierarchy the low Hindu castes started practicing pre-puberty marriages and marriage also become Indissoluble.

3. Treatment of Widows: A Brahmin widow for instance was not allowed to re-marry, and receives miserable treatment. She required to shave her head and should not allow wearing any ornaments. She was regarded inauspicious, and not allowed to attend any important functions.

On the other hand, among the low castes marriage is dissoluble and widow re-marriages are practiced. Widows are not required to shave their heads. The codes which regulate sexual behaviour are not as strict as those among the higher castes. In the imitation process these groups, they banned widow-remarriage, and started treating the widow in the same way on that of the ‘High’ Hindu castes.

4. Treatment of Women: Comparatively, women among the high Hindu castes receive bad treatment and hold secondaiy position. Virginity in brides and chastity in wives is preferred. A wife is expected to treat her husband as the God. Women perform a number of “Vratas” or Religious vows with the aim of successing long life for the Husband. Hence they are not allowed to attend important functions. Whereas women among the lower castes generally receive good treatment and occupy good position. In order to imitate the higher castes, they started treating women in a bad manner and gave them the secondary position.

5. Kinship: According to M.N. Srinivas, “In the sphere of kinship, sanskritization stresses the importance in the patrilineal lineage, sanskritization results in increasing the importance of sons. The members of higher castes prefer sons to daughters, whereas among the lower castes both boys and girls are preferred. For instance among Non-Brahmin though son is preferred, a daughter is also demanded. The treatment that receives is not as harsh as that of Brahmins. Nowadays lower castes prefer sons to daughters.

6. Ideology: Sanskritization also resulting in the use of New Ideas and values which have been frequently expressed in Sanskrit literature. The ideas and values such as Karma, Dharma, Papa, Punya, Maya, Samskara, Moksha etc. The Twice- born castes use these ideas in their conversation, Through the process of Sanskritization lower caste groups were exposed to these ideas and values which are frequent in their conversation.

7. Food Habits: Brahmins in India are by and large strict vegetarian except Kashmiri, Sarhwath and Bengali Brahmin. The lower castes usually are Non-vegetarian. Sanskritization results in the change of food habits in the direction of high, frequently twice-born caste. Some of the lower castes-become strict vegetarian and practice teetotalism in order to raise the caste hierarchy.

8. Dress Habits: It has already pointed out that Dwijas, as they are entitled to wear the sacred thread “JANIVAR” at the vedic rite of upanayana while Shudras do not. Some low castes wear the sacred thread and also imitated their dress style such as wearing dhoti, shalya, turban, kachche, panche, and so on.

V. Answer any two of the following questions in 25-30 sentences each: ( 2 × 10 = 20 )

Question 35.
Define National integration and explain challenges to national integration.
Answer:
National integration refers to national unity and a sense of belonging to the nation. It is an essential aspect in the making of a nation. Promotion of national integration is regarded as a part and parcel of the policy of any country’.

According to Benjamin “National integration refers to the assimilation of the entire people of a country to a common identity”. In simple words, National Integration refers to the process wherein a feeling of togetherness, a sense of national unity and above all, a sense of national belongingness is developed among people. It is in this context, the concept of ‘National integration’ has assumed importance. There are many challenges to National integration. They are as follows:

1. Regionalism
2. Communalism
3. Linguismand
4. Extremism and Terrorism

1. Regionalism: Regionalism is expressed in the desire of people of one region to promote their own regional interest at the expense of the interests of other regions. It has often led to separatism and instigated separatist activities and violent movements. Selfish politicians exploit it. Thus, regionalism has challenged the primacy of the nationalistic interests and undermines national unity. Regionalism is mainly of four forms namely

• Demand for separation from the Indian Union
• Demand for a separate statehood
• Demand for a full-fledged statehood
• Inter-states disputes- Border disputes.

2. Communalism: Communalism is the antagonism practiced by the members of one community against the people of other communities and religion. Communalism is the product of a particular society, economy and polity, which creates problems. Communalism is an ideological tool for propagation of economic and political interests. It is an instrument in the hands of the upper class to concentrate power by dividing people. The elites strive to maintain a status against transformation by dividing people on communal and religious lines.

3. Linguism: Linguism implies one sided love and admiration towards one’s language and a prejudice and hatred towards other languages. India is a land of many languages and it has been called as a ‘Museum of languages’. Diversity of languages has also led to linguism. It has often been manifested into violent movements posing threat to national integration. Linguistic tensions are prevailing in the border areas which are bilingual.

4. Extremism and Terrorism: Extremism and terrorism have emerged during the recent years as the most formidable challenges to national integration. Extremism refers to the readiness on the part of an individual or group to go to any extreme even to resort to undemocratic, violent and harmful means to fulfil one’s objectives. In the past India has been facing the problems of terrorism since independence. India has faced this problem in Nagaland (1951), Mizoram (1966), Manipur (1976), Tripura (1980) and West Bengal in (1986).

Terrorism in India is essentially the creation of politics. According to Prof. Rama Ahuja there are four types of terrorism India,

• Khalistan oriented terrorism in Puniab
• Militants terrorism in Kashmir,
• Naxalite terrorism in West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh Telangana, Maharastra, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh.
• ULFA terrorism in Assam.

The Khalistan oriented Sikh terrorism was based on a dream of theocratic state, Kashmir militants are based on their separate identity. The Naxalite terrorism is based on class enmity. Terrorism in North Eastern India is based on the identity crisis and the grievance situation. In addition to these factors, corruption, poverty, unemployment youth unrest, widening gap between rich and poor, which are also the major challenges for national integration.

Question 36.
Explain changes in caste-system during post-independent India.
Answer:
Changes in caste system in post independent period can be discussed under two headings, viz., Functional Changes in Caste System and Changes in the Role of Caste System.

1. Functional Changes in the Caste System: The caste system has neither disintegrated nor did it disappear in present India despite many modifications. During the last six decades caste structures has considerably changed. Though, these two important features of hereditaiy membership and hierarchy have not changed at all. But we do find some changes in the following:

• Occupational choice is relaxed
• Decline and Disappearance of the caste panchayaths
• Commensal restrictions are relaxed
• The religious basis of caste has ramped. Caste is no more believed to be divinely ordained.
• Caste is no longer restricts newly valued individual freedom and the occupational career of an individual, though his social status continue to be dependent on his caste membership.

2. The Changes in the Role of Caste System:
The major changes in the role of Caste system are following:
(i) Elections Based On Caste System Caste in modem India is very important, and every political party is aware of its vote catching power though the political leaders condemn caste verbally. But in practice caste consideration are important.

(ii) Increase of Caste Consciousness and Organizations: Caste consciousness and organization l have increased in modem India. Caste based Educational Institutions, Banks, Hostels, Cooperative Societies, Charities, Marriage halls and journals, which are the indicators of caste consciousness. The journals, published by the caste organization, are the units of the media of communicative integration. The community aspect of caste has been made more comprehensive and permanent. “According to G. S. Ghurye ” Thus a vicious circle has been created. The feeling of caste solidarity is now so strong that it is truly described as caste patriotism”.

(iii) Impact of Modern Means of Transport and Communication: According to M.N Srinivas “The building of Roads all over India, and the introduction of Railway, Postal service, cheap paper and printing especially in regional languages enabled castes to organize as they had never done before. A post card carried news of a caste meeting and the railways enabled members sheltered in far-flung villages to come together when necessary, with the availability of cheap news print facilitated, the founding of caste journals, whose aim was to promote the interests of their respective castes.

(iv) Impact of Modern Education:
Education has been liberalized in post independence era. No doubt, modem educated youths being inspired by the ideals of equality, liberty, fraternity, scientific outlook, secularism, etc. have changed their attitudes towards caste system. It did not necessarily mean that caste has disappeared. The educated leaders started caste journals and held conferences. Funds were collected to organize the caste meetings and to help the poorer members. In general, it may be said that the last hundred years have seen a great increase in caste solidarity and the concomitant decrease of a sense of interdependence between different castes.

Question 37.
Explain the role of Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in eradicating untouchability.
Answer:
Freedom struggle and eradication of untouchability were both very important for Gandhiji. He preached against untouchability and has set a model by his deeds and words. He himself lived with the Harijans and shared their sorrows and sufferings. He made them participate in worships, prayers, keerthanas. He wrote extensively in ‘Harijan’ and ‘Young India’ about the condition of Harijans and propagated in favour of various legal provisions against several kinds of injustice meeted out by the untouchables.

He cleaned the streets and toilets of Scheduled Castes. By his selfless, sincere self effort he created awareness among the Harijans regarding cleanliness, sanitation and health. After 1931, Indian National Congress set up a council to consider the problem of untouchability.

It was due to ceaseless effort of this council that ‘Harijan Sevak Sangh’ came into existence. The sangh also provides the Harijan students with financial assistance and scholarships. Kasturaba BalikaAshram in Delhi, Harijan Balika Vidyalaya at Sabarmati are just two examples of schools started by the Sangh for the cause of female education. The Sangh has branches all over the country and it is maintaining 120 boarding houses. Gandhiji called untouchables as Harijana and popularised the word Harijana. The word Harijana was first coined by Gujarathi saint Narasimha Mehatha.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, popularly known as Baba Saheb stood for the emancipation of untouchables. Being the chief architect of the constitution, he has legalised the uplifitment of the untouchables through the inclusion of many articles. The constitution of India guarantees, protects, and safeguards the rights and interests of all in general and of untouchables in particular. Ambedkar wanted to instil in the hearts of untouchables, the ideas of self-dignity, self¬confidence and self-respect.

For the very same purpose he had started the ‘Bahishikrita Hitakarini Sabha’. The movement he had started was known as ‘self-respect movement’. In order to attain a respectable position in society, he asked untouchables to follow five principles, i.e., ‘Pancha Sutras’. They are; Self Improvement, Self-Dependence, Self-Respect, Self-Confidence and Self Progress.

In order to create awareness among the . untouchables Ambedkar started a paper called ‘MookaNayaka’. He brought them under one banner; organized ‘All-India Depressed Classed Conference’ in 1942 at Nagpur. In his dalit movement, Ambedkar suggested three principles: Education, Agitation and Organization.

Question 38.
Explain the importance of village studies.
Answer:
Importances of village studies are summarized below.
1. Field Work is an Antidote to Book View: According to M.N. Srinivas, studies of Indian village communities would be of great significance for planners and administrators. Information provided by a Sociologist, is based on his intensive fieldwork experience and no account of book knowledge can ever be a substitute for this.

M.N.Srinivas undertook a study on Rampura village near Mysore, with a view to highlight that the agricultural practices of the Indian peasant can only be understood in the context of his Technology, level of knowledge, legal and social institutions, religion and way of life. He has recorded his experience in Rampura village in his work ‘Remembered Village’.

2. Calculated opposition to change: Over the last hundred years or more, the peasant has been represented as extremely conservative, pigheaded, ignorant and superstitious. But the Sociological studies do not subscribe to this view. McKim Marriot’s study of Kishan Garhi village in Uttar Pradesh reveals that the peasants had accepted new crops, techniques of cultivation, etc., and had opposed only a few changes.

Thus, the headman of Rampura village wanted bull-dozers and electricity, but not a school. Electricity and bull-dozer would get him name and fame, his authority over others becomes stronger, etc. But, a school would make labour scarcer, educated poor people may lose respect they have for the rich and so on.

There are key persons in each village thus, who exploit every change to their benefit. If he then opposes the tool or process, it is not because of stupidity but because of his intelligence. Only a field-study of the village community could shed light on aspects which otherwise go unnoticed.

3. Literary Bias: Literature on caste states that caste is immobile. This is not a fact as through Sanskritization, castes have tried to move up on the local hierarchy. This is also true of the conditions of women. Condition of women prevalent among the upper castes were generalized to include all . Hindus. But, the truth is that the women of lower castes are better placed in comparison to women of upper castes.

Observation of Hindu social life has been vitiated by book view and the upper-caste view. Thus, the only solution for this literary bias lies in doing field research. Field-studies suggest something different, from what is found in religious texts. It is clear that the book-view and upper- caste view may be biased and need not be a fact always. Only field research can help us to overcome literary bias and accept facts about village communities.

4. Recording for later evaluation: Prof. Yogesh Atal states that “Roots of the present are always to be found in the past and an analysis of the present would guide the future. Hence, a comparison and evaluation of the impact of planned change at a later date necessarily demands that the present be recorded”.

5. Development of Analytical Categories: The study of Indian village community has helped in developing certain analytical categories. Field studies conducted in different parts of the country point to the existence of certain processes of change which have been labelled either locally or on an all India basis.

For instance, analytical models like Sanskritization and Westernisation (M.N. Srinivas), Kulinisation (N. Prasad), De-Sanskritization ‘ (Majumdar), Universalisation and Parochialisation (McKim Marriot), Great tradition and little tradition (Robert Redfield), etc., have helped in the analysis of transformation that the village communities are undergoing. A. R. Desai’s Rural Sociology in India is an important work in this regard.

6. Village Studies are important for Social Reformation: Prof. Ramakrishna Mukherjee’s analysis makes it clear that the village has become the centre of all discussions and debates. Plan, Budget, Administrative strategy, etc., all have become rural area oriented. Thus, planners, economists, administrators, sociologists, reformers and others concentrate on village and are busy collecting data on them. Under the impact of planned and non-directed changes, villages are undergoing transformation. Thus, there is the need for the study of village communities in India.

VI. Answer any two of the following questions in 15 sentences each: ( 2 x 5 = 10 )

Question 39.
Write a note on Pushkar Annual Fair.
Answer:
The Pushkar Fair is the annual camel and livestock fair, held in the town of Pushkar in the state of Rajasthan. It is one of the world’s largest camel fairs, and apart from buying and selling of livestock it has become an important tourist attraction. Thousands of people go to the banks of the Pusbkar Lake where the fair takes place. Men buy and sell their livestock, which includes camels, cows, sheep and goats. The women go to the stalls, foil of bracelets, clothes, textiles and fabrics.

A camel race starts off the festival, with music, songs and exhibitions to follow. It is celebrated for five days from the Kartik ekadashi to Kartik Poomima, the full moon day of Kartik in Hindu calendar. The full moon day is the main day and the day, according to legend, when the Hindu god Brahma sprung up the Pushkar Lake, thus numerous people swim in its sacred waters.

There are many such fairs having socio, economic and Religions importance taken place in Karnataka also. For example fair at Yamanur in Dharwad Dt, Bavashankari in Bagalkote and Tippe Swamy fair in Dhavanagere (dt). Ground Nut fair in Bangalore, Cauvery Theerthodbhava at Bhagamandala, Antaragange fair in Kolar etc.

Question 40.
Explain the factors facilitating Malaprabha Agitation.
Answer:
A dam was to construct over Malaprabha in 1960 at an estimated cost of Rs. 30 crores. But, it had consumed 162 crores up to 1980 and yet was incomplete. The project which was considered to be a boon for the three districts of Belgavi, Vijayapur and Dharwad. The catchment area under Malaprabha project had been a part of the chronically draught-prone region.

Into this traditional agriculture’, irrigation was introduced in 1973-74 under Malaprabha project lead to salinity and water-logging. Factors Facilitating Malaprabha Agitation. We may analyse the factors responsible for Malaprabha agitation as follows:

1. The Issue of Price Stability: Farmers were encouraged to grow Varalaxmi cotton and hybrid varieties of jowar. The market price of these crops was appealing and hence farmers did not mind purchasing costly seeds, manure, pesticides etc. Despite the poor quality of seeds, new techniques of cultivation which they were unaware of, etc., their hopes soared high. In 1978-79 the price of Varalaxmi cotton came down form Rs. 1000 to Rs. 350 per quintal. As if fuelling to this situation there was a steep hike in the prices of fertilizers.

2.The Levy Issue: Other causes of Malaprabha agitation is imposition of betterment levy with retrospective effect on the basis of increase in land value following irrigation. It varies from Rs. 500 to Rs. 1,500 per acre, to be paid in 20 years. What caused resentment was the peasants were asked to pay levy on all their land in the catchment area without considering whether or not the whole area was under cultivated or irrigated, etc. Apart from this inadequate channel management created the problems of water-logging and salinity.

3. The Role of Local Bureaucracy: The most important factors to be noticed are corruption, apathy of the Bureaucrats, Redtapism, forced recoveries and failure of political leadership.

Question 41.
Discuss the process of Modernization in India.
Answer:
Modernization in India is undergoing the following processes:

• At the economic level, there is a persistent and growing tendency to adopt the rational, mechanized industrial economy in place of older communal familistic tool economy. This is even responsible for the breakdown of traditional systems like jajmani system.
• At the political level, the change in the power structure is being introduced through the abolition of semi-feudal group-oriented power structure of the past and by replacing it by a rational parliamentary democratic structure of power.
• At the cultural level, the change in the realm of values is from sacred value system to secular value system.
• At the social level, there is a decline in the traditional principle of described status and role to achieve status and role.

Yogendra Singh in his work “Modernization of Indian Tradition” is of the opinion that a unique feature of modernization in India is that it is being carried forward through adaptive changes in the traditional structures rather than structural dissociation or breakdown.

Question 42.
Write a note on Dalit Movement.
Answer:
The Dalit movement mobilises Dalits to fight against social, economic, religious and political inequalities. Dalits or the deppressed classes are seeking solutions for their problems like oppression and exploitation through organised efforts. Achieving self respect and self reliance are the main objectives of the dalit movement.

In Karnataka, Dalit movement may be studied under two phases; the pre¬independent and the post independent. Further, the pre-independent movement is subdivided into three phases. They are,

1. Basaveshvara and the Dalit movement.
2. Dalit movement in the old Mysore region.
3. Dalit movement in the Mumbai – Karnataka region.

1. Basaveshvara and the Dalit Movement: Basaveshvara’s religious reform movement in the 12th century may be seen as an inspiration to the dalits and the oppressed classes. Basaveshvara was against domatic religious practices and caste hierarchy; and involved people belonging to the lower classes in his reformist movement. Such involvement was a morale booster to the oppressed classes.

Madivala Machayya, Ambigara Chowdayya, Medar Kakayya, Madara Channayya, Samagara Haralayya all from the lower classes, were actively involved in the reformist movement and this may be seen as the beginning of new era in the lives of the dalits. Likewise, this movement saw the active participation of women from the lower castes. Kottanada Somavva, amuge Rayamma, Aaydakki Lakkamma are some of them.

2. Dalit Movement in the Old Mysore Region: In the old Mysore region, the dalit movement did not happen as an independent movement, but, it had the inspiration of the Mysore Maharaja and Praja Mithra -mandali and miller committee.

3. Dalit Movement in the Mumbai Karnataka: The social, economic, educational and political conditions of Dalits of the Mumbai Karnataka region were no different from those of other parts of India. Majority of them were very poor and were unable to educate their children. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, spent a considerable time in organising and reforming dalits in order to improve their social, economic and educational conditions.

Two major dalit movements emerged in Karnataka in the post-independent period. They are;

1. Bhimsena
2. Dalit Sangharsha samiti (DSS).

1. Bhimasena: In the year 1970, B. Shamsundar started an organization called Bhimsena in the Hyderabad Karnataka region. Bhimsena had an Ideology to fight against untouchability and oppression in a radical way. Dalits were trained to defend themselves against oppression.

2. Karnataka Dalit Sangharsha Samiti: Since it’s inception, it was not interested in affiliation to any political party and maintained distance from politicians. The organization grew strong, some of the leaders began to establish relationships with politicians.