KSEEB Solutions for Class 10 English Prose Chapter 8 Science and Hope of Survival

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Karnataka State Syllabus Class 10 English Prose Chapter 8 Science and Hope of Survival

Science and Hope of Survival Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes

Check your understanding:

Question 1.
a) ‘If you are so clever, why are you so poor?’
The professional addressed as ‘you’ in the statement above refers more than others to a ________________(Fill in the blank choosing from the alternatives below)
i) scientist
ii) lawyer
iii) doctor
iv) businessman.
Answer:
i. Scientist

b) Justify your choice in the above question.
Answer:
In the very next line the author wonders why some choose to be scientists even though other professionals like lawyers, doctors and businessmen earn much more.

Question 2.
Read paragraphs (1) and (2) carefully, and fill in the blanks in the columns below:
Answer:

Question 3.
A few words are given below. Some of them are related to the field of business, and some to the field of science. Maybe a couple of them are related to both. Read, discuss and fill them in columns A, B and C respectively.
Wealth, profit and loss, friendship, rational thinking, advertisement, exploring nature, exploitation of nature, discovery, commerce, research, playing to popular sentiments, universality.

Answer:

Note: Even in the field of business rational thinking, exploring nature, research etc., are prevalent. However, these words appear primarily in the field of science.

Question 4.
The writer says, “I found myself in Geneva.” It expresses, more than anything else, the writer’s
(Choose the right option and fill in the blank)
i) pleasure
ii) surprise
iii) anxiety
iv) annoyance.
Answer:
(ii) Surprise.

Question 5.
A few statements are given below. Read them and say which of them are true or false, according to the text. Tick Yes/No accordingly.

1. The war was going on between the US and the USSR when the Geneva meeting was called. (Yes/No)
2. Everyone lived under the fear of annihilation by nuclear weapons. (Yes / No)
3. In a nuclear war, the first who strikes will be the survivor. (Yes/No)
4. The three superpowers were willing to put a ban on nuclear weapon tests. (Yes/No)

Answer:

1. Yes
2. Yes
3. No
4. Yes.

Question 6.
Earth tremors are caused by two factors. One is the earthquake. What is the other factor?
Answer:
Nuclear explosion.

Question 7.
Which of the following qualities helped the scientists to come up with a solution to the problem? Which of them did not? Put right (✓) or (✗) wrong in the boxes accordingly.

• self-assessment [ ]
• popularity [ ]
• self-discipline [ ]
• self-praise [ ]
• experience [ ]
• respect for evidence [ ]

Answer:

• assessment (✓)
• Self-praise (✗)
• Popularity (✗)
• Experience (✓)
• Self-discipline (✗)
• Respect for evidence (✓)

Question 8.
What was the important decision that the politician$ took before the Geneva Summit?
Answer:
The decision on the nuclear test ban.

Question 9.
“Immersion in science does not go with practical sense,” suggests.
i) foolishness of scientists
ii) absentmindedness of scientists
iii) that scientists do not bother about the results of their work. (Complete the sentence with the right choice)
Answer:
(ii) absentmindedness of scientists.

Question 10.
With whose help can the world be ready with preparedness to face the challenges that the natural calamities pose?
Answer:
A scientist, a meteorologist to be precise.

Question 11.
Write the names of at least three subjects that come under the category of basic sciences.
Answer:
Physics, Chemistry, Biology.

Question 12.
Who can best ensure our safety in the world?
Answer:
Scientists.

Think about the text:

Question 1.
Pursuit of science is an exciting adventure. Do you agree? Can you compare this with other types of adventures like pursuit of sports?
Answer:
Yes, everybody could agree that the pursuit of Science is really an exciting adventure. When compared to other types of adventure like Sports, Art, Music, Whatever may be the field, Science needs determination perseverance and hard work. In all the fields especially in the science field, the major reward comes from the discovery itself.

Question 2.
Which sentences in the text suggest that the author was involved more in theoretical research than in its application to warcraft?
Answer:
I enjoyed the Mathematical Challenge. I did not give much thought to how it connects with real life.

Question 3.
“A paradox may refer to a person, a thing or a situation that has two opposite features and therefore seems strange.” In the light of the definition, how is ‘MAD’ a paradox?
Answer:
Yes, Really “MAD” was a paradox. Here the two opposite features were
(i) The agreed nations who had the nuclear powers signed to stop the test of the nuclear weapons and the other was
ii) if any one of the nations had violated the agreement.

Question 4.
What was the ‘problem’ that the nuclear powers had faced? Was it a violation of the agreement or was it the detection of violation? Explain briefly.
Answer:
The nuclear powers had to free both the problems. All nations were not ready to believe the other nations. They had the threat if any country could violate and if they violate how could it be detected.

Question 5.
Why were the technical experts summoned by the three superpowers?
OR
Why was Keilis-Borok summoned to the Geneva conference?
Answer:
Keilis-Borok and other technical experts were summoned by the three superpowers to Geneva to discuss the problem of nuclear weapons. Since the tremor caused by an earthquake was the same as the tremor caused by a nuclear explosion, if countries which signed the treaty violated the terms, it would be difficult to know the violation. So the technical experts from the Soviet Union, United States and United Kingdom – three powers possessing nuclear weapons – met to come up with suggestions.

Question 6.
In which area did Keilis-Borok’s theoretical knowledge have a direct application?
Answer:
Kellis Borok’s theoretical knowledge had a direct application in the area of survival of the humankind.

Question 7.
“Iron Curtain” is referred to as a barrier. It was outwardly difficult for the opposite sides of the iron curtain to find out the solution for the problem of violation of the agreement. What was the reason?
Answer:
Different cultural backgrounds would make it difficult for the opposite sides of the iron curtain to find solutions for the problem of violation of the agreement.

Question 8.
How are scientists able to work in spite of political and cultural differences?
Answer:
The scientists are able to work in spite of political and cultural differences because they are able to work out a common language, based on respect to hard evidence, undisputable ranking only by expertise, and persistent self-criticism.

Question 9.
Make a list of lessons that the writer learnt at the Geneva Summit.
Answer:
The writer learnt that:
a) The scientists were able to work out a common language based on respect to hard evidence, indisputable ranking by expertise only, and persistent self-criticism.
b) There were people all over the world who thought and interacted the way he did.
c) It was not necessary for him to feel lonely abroad.
d) While there is science, there is hope of survival and well-being of all.

Question 10.
Give a few examples which illustrate the writer’s stand that scientists are the most practical people in the world.
OR
Scientists are the most practical people in the world. Justify.
OR
Why does Kellis-Borok consider the scientists to be practical? Mention any two examples of discovery to prove this.
Answer:
According to the author, the scientists are the most practical people in the world. This could be seen in new technologies, new brands of the industry from defense to entertainment. The scientist invent antibiotics, electronics, biotechnology, synthetic fibers, the green revolution, and genetic forensic diagnosis, etc.

Question 11.
Who will be headhunted by financial institutions and pharmaceutical industries? Why?
Answer:
People trained in theoretical Physics are headhunted by financial institutions and those trained in frontiers of biological research become founders and directors in the pharmaceutical industry for their knowledge of basic science.

Question 12.
Some statements are given below. Are they true? Why/why not?
a) Money is more powerful than intellectual resources.
b) Intellectual resources help the survival of mankind.
c) Basic research is a way of stalling disasters.
Answer:
a) Money is more important than intellectual resources – False
There is no assurance that money can buy everything. In fact many problems are created by money. But intellectual resources, of which science is the most significant, can improve the quality of life.

b) Intellectual resources help the survival of mankind – True
It is because of the intellectual resources that we have combated many diseases. Though man is not the fittest among all the creations of God, he is able to ensure his safety against the other powerful creatures of nature because of his intellectual resources. Basic research can help our survival by giving us new sources of energy and new mineral deposits. Basic research can also protect us against terrorism.

c) Basic research is a way of stalling disasters – True
Meteorologists study the ecological changes and forewarn people about natural disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis, storms etc. People can be evacuated from the area posed with danger.

Science and Hope of Survival Additional Questions and Answers

Answer the following questions in a word or a sentence each:

Question 1.
Who is a writer, according to Tolstoy?
Answer:
According to Tolstoy, a writer is a person who cannot live without writing.

Question 2.
What, according to Keilis-Borok, is science?
Answer:
According to Keilis-Borok, science is an exciting adventure where major reward comes from the discovery itself.

Question 3.
Who was Tolstoy?
Answer:
Leo Tolstoy was a Russian writer, author of the famous novel ‘War and Peace’.

Question 4.
What are the advantages of being a scientist?
Answer:
In addition to honours and promotions, a scientist gets freedom, camaraderie and independence, as also the overwhelming feeling of uncdvering nature’s mysteries.

Question 5.
Where was the writer doing research on the theory of seismic waves?
Answer:
In Moscow.

Question 6.
Who had summoned Kellis-Borok to attend the meeting?
Answer:
The President of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Question 7.
Which were the three superpowers possessing nuclear weapons at the time?
Answer:
The Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom.

Question 8.
Where did the technical experts from the Soviet Union, United States and United Kingdom meet?
Answer:
At Geneva.

Question 9.
Why was there a threat of annihilation by nuclear weapons?
OR
“Every child lived under the threat of annihilation.” What caused this threat? Which powers were willing to come to an agreement to face this threat?
Answer:
The superpowers – the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom had more than enough nuclear bombs to destroy the others in the first strike. Hence every man, woman, and child on the earth lived under the threat of annihilation by nuclear weapons. These superpowers were willing to come to an agreement to face this threat.

Question 10.
What protected the earth from the threat of nuclear destruction?
Answer:
The threat of mutually assured destruction was for some years the only thin thread protecting the earth from destruction.

Question 11.
Expand M.A.D.
Answer:
Mutually Assured Destruction.

Question 12.
What would be the result of continuing with nuclear tests?
Answer:
Continuing nuclear tests would mean the development of even stronger bombs, introducing even more imbalance into the global nuclear standoff.

Question 13.
Why were the technical experts summoned to Geneva?
Answer:
The three nuclear powers were willing to come to an agreement on putting a ban on the nuclear weapon test. But the problem was how to detect if there was a violation of the agreement. Hence the experts were summoned to Geneva to solve the problem.

Question 14.
What was the problem before the experts assembled in Geneva?
Answer:
Suppose the nuclear powers signed an agreement to stop the test of nuclear weapons, but one of the signatories violated the agreement and secretly made an underground nuclear explosion, how could this be detected? – that was the problem before the experts who had gathered at Geneva.

Question 15.
What problem was directly connected with the theory of seismic waves?
Answer:
The problem of detection of any secret underground nuclear tests had a direct connection with the theory of seismic waves.

Question 16.
What episode taught the writer that as a scientist he had people all over the world who thought and interacted the way he did?
Answer:
The episode is the atmosphere of the cold war in which scientists from opposite sides had to come to an understanding to promote world peace and prevent the use of nuclear weapons.

Question 17.
How does the world benefit from scientists who think alike?
Answer:
The world has the hope of survival. Scientists who think alike will have this as the common goal, irrespective of the nations they belong to.

Question 18.
What opinion of a scientist does the writer hold?
Answer:
The writer thinks that a scientist also cannot live without science.

Question 19.
What were the scientists working together on?
Answer:
The scientists were working together on preventing the use of nuclear weapons.

Question 20.
Who was F. Press?
Answer:
Frank Press was one of the best educators on human nature.

Question 21.
What was the direct application of seismic waves?
Answer:
Using seismic waves, scientists could find out if nuclear weapons were secretly tested.

Question 22.
What example does the writer give to show that immersion in science did not go with practical sense?
Answer:
The writer gives the example of the greatest mathematician of our time who was so involved in a problem that he left home wearing shoes from two different pairs.

Question 23.
“Ours is the time of contest over issues not completely understood”. What does ‘ours’ refer to?
Answer:
‘Ours’ refers to the current age of scientific inquiry and discovery.

Question 24.
What issues are not completely understood?
Answer:
Issues of scientific importance are contested but not yet completely understood.

Question 25.
What, according to Keilis-Borok, is more important than science?
Answer:
According to Keilis-Borok, human qualities are more important for humankind than science.

Question 26.
How can science become the guardian and caretaker of humankind?
Answer:
Science can become the guardian and caretaker of humankind if it is used humanly.

Question 27.
What is iron curtain?
Answer:
Iron curtain is the name for the socio-political border that was believed to exist between Western Europe and the Communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

Question 28.
Who was McGeorge Bundy?
Answer:
McGeorge Bundy was United States National Security Advisor to presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson.

Answer the following questions in 2-3 sentences each:

Question 1.
In addition to war, what other man-made disasters are cited by the author?
Answer:
A massive release of radioactivity from nuclear waste disposal and an outburst of mass violence are cited by the author as man-made disasters.

Question 2.
What is meant by mutually assured destruction?
Answer:
Each superpower had enough nuclear bombs to destroy the others in the first strike. But in the twenty minutes it took for the rockets to reach their targets, the other side had plenty of time to launch retaliation strikes ensuring the destruction of their enemies only a few minutes later. This is termed as mutually assured destruction.

Question 3.
What did the writer learn from his experience in Geneva?
Answer:
The episode at Geneva taught the writer that as a scientist he had people all over the world who thought and interacted the way he did. It taught him never to feel lonely abroad. And, above all, it taught him that while there is science, there is hope of survival and well-being for all of us.

Question 4.
What reward does a scientist get from the study of science? How is it different from those of lawyers and business people in this respect?
OR
According to Keilis-Borok, “being a scientist is more exciting than being a doctor or an engineer.” Why?
Answer:
The major reward for a scientist comes from the discovery itself. While lawyers, doctors and businessmen enjoy a much higher income, scientists get freedom, camaraderie and independence instead. More than in other occupations, the honours and promotions depend on the scientist himself, besides the overwhelming feeling of uncovering yet another of nature’s mysteries.

Question 5.
How did the threat of mutually assured destruction protect the world?
Answer:
At the height of the cold war, every superpower had more than enough nuclear bombs to destroy the others in the first strike. If one country sent a nuclear missile to the enemy country, the enemy could know it immediately and retaliate by sending its own missile in the opposite direction. In the bargain, nations would destroy each other mutually. This threat of mutually assured destruction was for some years the only thin thread protecting the world from destruction.

Question 6.
According to the Borok, why do some people choose to become scientists though they may not earn much money?
OR
“According to Borok, some people decide to become scientists instead of becoming lawyers, doctors and engineers”. Give reasons.
OR
Despite low income, why do some people choose to become scientists?
Answer:
According to the author Borok, some people choose to become scientists because they cannot live without science. To them science is an adventure and the discovery made is the reward. Instead of money they enjoy freedom, friendship and the joy of uncovering the mysteries of nature.

Question 7.
Why did the scientists meet at Geneva?
OR
‘Technical experts were summoned to solve the problem that arose’. What was the problem?
OR
Why did technical experts from the nuclear power nations meet in Geneva? The scientists met at Geneva to discuss the problem of nuclear weapons. Since the tremor caused by an earthquake was the same as the tremor caused by a nuclear explosion, if countries which signed the treaty violated the terms, it would be difficult to know the violation. So the technical experts from the Soviet Union, United States and United Kingdom – three powers possessing nuclear weapons – met to come up with suggestions.

Question 8.
Who can best ensure our safety in the world? How?
Answer:
Only scientists can best ensure our safety in the world. In 1960 the scientists of the world came together for the Nuclear Test Ban showing that even as politicians fought, scientists came together to save the world. Even in the present scenario, when the safety of mankind is threatened by both nature and man, it’s not money, but scientific solutions that can save the world. It is the scientists with their tools that are up to the challenge and can ensure that we all safely move with the time.

Question 9.
Why does Keilis-Borok feel that science is the indispensable guardian and caretaker of humanity? Support the statement with examples.
Answer:
Keilis-Borok feels that only the basic research in science can create a springboard
for developing new disaster-preparedness industry. Science is not the beginning and not the end either. If humanly used, it is their indispensable guardian and caretaker. In the present scenario the safety of mankind is threatened by both natural and man-made disasters. Be it tsunami, be it terrorism, money alone cannot tackle the problem. Scientific solutions are the only hope. Thus the author has umpteen reasons to conclude that science is the hope of survival.

Question 10.
Which are the two factors that cause earth tremors?
Answer:
Earth tremors are caused by two factors:
(a) Earthquakes and
(b) underground nuclear explosions.

Question 11.
“Science is our indispensable guardian and caretaker”. Support this statement with a few examples which illustrate the writer’s stand.
Answer:
Science is our indispensable guardian and caretaker because it is only Science that can ensure that we move with time safely. When it comes to the question of ensuring that countries that have signed the treaty of not carrying out nuclear explosions keep to their word, it is only Science that can differentiate between the tremors caused by nuclear explosions and natural earthquakes. It is Science that can give us new sources of energy, new mineral deposits, and efficient defense from terrorism.

Question 12.
According to Keilis-Borok, “Science is an exciting adventure”. Explain.
Answer:
According to Keilis-Borok, Science is an exciting adventure where the major reward comes from the discovery itself. It is this element of discovery that attracts scientists to science. They may not get money out of it. Yet their discovery brings the reward. Instead of money, they enjoy freedom, discovering the mysteries of nature and teamwork. The quality that helps the scientists to come up with a solution to the problem is their ability to have self-assessment. Thus science is a different type of adventure and, according to Keilis-Borok, the indispensable guardian and caretaker of humanity is science.

Answer the following questions in 5-6 / 8-10 sentences each:

Question 1.
When the author compares writers and scientists, what does he want to achieve?
Answer:
By comparing a writer and a scientist, the author wants to highlight the degree of involvement these two professionals have with their work. Though writers and scientists don’t have much in common as far as their work is concerned, the author brings them together for comparison because their attitude to their work is the same. Just as a writer writes because he cannot live without writing, a scientist experiments because he is passionate about the joy of discovery.

Question 2.
What does the author mean by the phrase ‘the iron curtain’?
Answer:
The ‘Iron Curtain’ was the symbolic, ideological, and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end of the Cold War, roughly from 1945 to 1991. To the east of the Iron Curtain, the states were under the control of the Soviet Union, either directly or through ‘puppet governments.’ To the west were the democratic European states. The Iron Curtain took physical shape in the shape of border defences between the countries of western and eastern Europe, most notably the Berlin Wall. Winston Churchill used the phrase during his speech ‘Sinews of Peace’ on March 5, 194

Question 3.
Which are the natural and man-made disasters that threaten our civilization?
OR
What are the commonly recognized threats for the survival of our civilization?
Answer:
The very survival of our civilization is threatened by natural and man-made disasters. Among them are earthquakes, self-inflicted destruction of megacities, environmental catastrophes, economic and social crises. Today, a massive release of radioactivity from a nuclear waste disposal, an earthquake in the middle of a megalopolis, an outburst of mass violence, or any other global disaster, can cause up to a million of casualties, render large part of our world uninhabitable, trigger global economic depression, or a war in a ‘hot’ region.

Question 4.
Why does the writer say that while there is science, there is hope of survival and well-being for all of us?
Answer:
In 1960, at the height of the cold war, the writer was summoned by the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences to go to Geneva to discuss a problem. The problem that posed danger to the whole of mankind was the fact that each of the superpowers possessed enough nuclear power that could wipe out the whole world. In such a situation it was necessary that nations came together to sign a treaty pledging not to carry out nuclear tests. However, by signing the treaty alone, the problem couldn’t be solved as one of the nations could still carry out nuclear explosions even after signing a treaty.

Though it was true that every explosion caused tremors, it was also true that natural earthquakes also caused tremors. Then how could one decipher whether the tremor was the outcome of natural disaster or nuclear explosion? It was to try and find an answer to this question which was connected to the very survival of mankind that scientists belonging to the opposite sides of the Iron Curtain had to come together. Though it was the height of the cold war, scientists exhibited the power of rational thinking by coming together as a large body of like-minded intellectuals interested in the question of the survival of mankind. This experience made the writer conclude that science has the hope for the survival of mankind.

Read the following extracts and answer the questions given below them:

Question 1.
“If you are so clever, why are you so poor?”
a) Who is the person referred to as ‘you’ and ‘clever’?
b) What does the writer intend to show with this statement?
Answer:
a) The person referred to as ‘you’ and ‘clever’ is the scientist.
b) The writer intends to show that although scientists are very wise, their wisdom does not generally help them in generating wealth. That is, scientists are generally wise but not wealthy.

Question 2.
And hence, the technical experts were summoned to solve the problem that arose.
a) Where were the technical experts summoned?
b) What was the problem before the experts?
c) What problem was directly connected with the theory of seismic waves?
Answer:
a) To Geneva.
b) Since the tremor caused by an earthquake was the same as the tremor caused by a nuclear explosion, if countries which signed the treaty violated the terms, it would be difficult to know whether the tremor was the outcome of a natural disaster like an earthquake or a nuclear explosion.
c) The problem of detection of any secret underground nuclear tests had a direct connection with the theory of seismic waves.

Question 3.
This episode taught me that as a scientist I have people all over the world who think and interact the way I do.
a) Who are the ‘people’ being referred to?
b) Which episode is being spoken about?
c) How does the world benefit from scientists who think alike?
Answer:
a) The ‘people’ being referred to are scientists.
b) The episode is the atmosphere of the cold war in which scientists from opposite sides had to come to an understanding to promote world peace and prevent the use of nuclear weapons.
c) The world has the hope of survival. Scientists will have the common goal of preventing the use of nuclear weapons, irrespective of the nations they are.

Question 4.
The three nuclear powers were willing to come to an agreement.
a) Who were the three nuclear powers?
b) What was the agreement?
c) Why were they willing to come to an agreement?
Answer:
a) Soviet Union, United States and United Kingdom.
b) The three nuclear powers were willing to come to an agreement on putting a ban on the nuclear weapon test.
c) Continuing nuclear tests meant development of even stronger bombs, introducing even more imbalance into the global nuclear standoff.

Question 5.
“My theoretical knowledge had a direct application in the area of survival of humankind”.
a) In which field did the author, Borok, have theoretical knowledge?
b) How would it have a direct application in the area of survival of humankind?
c) How would the author’s theoretical knowledge be helpful?
Answer:
a) The author was doing research on seismic waves and had theoretical knowledge in this field.

b) Underground nuclear explosions produced earth tremors like those generated by earthquakes. With this knowledge, the author would know the difference between the two. This would help in checking the violation of the Nuclear Test Ban agreement.

c) The author’s theoretical knowledge would be helpful in detecting the violation of the nuclear test ban agreement.

Question 6.
At that time, every man and child on the Earth lived under the threat of annihilation.
a) What caused this threat?
b) Why did everyone live under the threat?
c) What did the three powers do to avoid the threat?
Answer:
a) Because it was the height of the cold war in 1960.
b) There was a threat of annihilation by nuclear weapons. When nuclear weapons are used, the distinction between soldiers and laypeople ceases to be and all are under the threat of being wiped out.
c) The three powers decided to put a ban on the testing of nuclear weapons.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.
When the cold war began, the author was in
A) Geneva
B) Moscow
C) Paris
D) New York
Answer:
B) Moscow

Question 2.
According to Borok, for a scientist the major reward comes from
A) writing books
B) global war
C) the discovery itself
D) attending conferences
Answer:
C) the discovery itself

Question 3.
What did ‘MAD’ stand for?
A) Mad people
B) Multiplication addition division
C) Mutually assured destruction
D) Mutually assured development
Answer:
C) Mutually assured destruction

Question 4.
The cold war was fought between
A) the Soviet Union and the United States
B) the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom
C) the United States and the United Kingdom
D) the Soviet Union and China
Answer:
A) the Soviet Union and the United States

Question 5.
What problem arose from the agreement between nuclear powers?
A) how to detect presence of nuclear weapons
B) how to detect absence of nuclear weapons
C) how to detect sale of nuclear weapons
D) how to detect Violations of the agreement banning nuclear explosions
Answer:
D) how to detect Violations of the agreement banning nuclear explosions

Question 6.
How could nations violate the nuclear test ban?
A) by buying nuclear weapons
B) by selling nuclear weapons
C) by detecting use of nuclear weapons
D) by underground nuclear testing
Answer:
D) by underground nuclear testing

Question 7.
What is the exciting venture into the great unknown mentioned here?
A) deep sea diving
B) scientific research
C) space exploration
D) bungee jumping
Answer:
B) scientific research

Question 8.
Who once wrote that a writer is not merely a person who writes; a writer is a person who cannot live without writing?
A) Stalin
B) Tolstoy
C) Dostoevsky
D) Lenin
Answer:
B) Tolstoy

Question 9.
According to Borok, the three super powers in the world are
A) U.K., U.S.S.R., India
B) U.S., France, U.K.
C) U.K., U.S.A., U.S.S.R.
D) U.K., Japan, India
Answer:
C) U.K., U.S.A., U.S.S.R.

Question 10.
How long does it take for a nuclear bomb to be dropped on the enemy’s target?
A) 10 minutes
B) 20 minutes
C) 30 minutes
D) 40 minutes
Answer:
B) 20 minutes

Question 11.
The writer says, “I found myself in Geneva”. It exposes more than anything else, the writer’s
A) pleasure
B) surprise
C) anxiety
D) annoyance
Answer:
B) surprise

Question 12.
Everyone on the Earth lived under the threat of annihilation by
A) nuclear weapons
B) superpowers
C) natural calamities
D) earthquakes
Answer:
A) nuclear weapons

Question 13.
The three nuclear powers were willing to put a ban on
A) testing of nuclear weapons
B) nuclear war
C) possession of nuclear weapons
D) the cold war.
Answer:
A) testing of nuclear weapons

Question 14.
According to Keilis-Borok, the indispensable guardian and caretaker of humanity is
A) the scientist
B) science
C) nuclear energy
D) the super powers.
Answer:
B) science

Enrich your vocabulary:

Task 2: Fill in the blanks with correct collocations (appropriate combination of Words) choosing from those given in brackets:

The government sanctioned a few crores of rupees to build a stadium in our town. The builders made __________ with the stadium. While the work was in progress, unfortunately, a boulder rolled down on a worker and he was injured. Immediately, he was rushed to a nearby hospital. I wished him __________ The government took ________ against the builders. The builders made __________ of the bills of the hospital.
(a speedy recovery, a prompt payment, a swift action, a rapid progress)
Answer:

• a rapid progress
• a speedy recovery
• a swift action
• a prompt payment.

Task 3: Champaka is in Goa. She writes a letter to her friend, Suma. She consciously uses collocations leaving options for Suma to choose the right collocations. How would Suma use them?

Answer:

• Take a stroll
• Made friends
• Exchanged some interesting ideas
• Rising sea levels
• Menacing factors
• Irreparable damage.

Task 4: Match the words in the box on the left with the words that they collocate with on the right. Note that some words shown in box A may collocate with more than one word in box B. After matching, frame appropriate sentences. You may follow the given examples.

1. Sander’s joke drew hilarious laughter from the audience.
2. Amit raised certain doubts about the decisions of the meeting.
3. _________________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________________________
6. _________________________________________________________________
7. _________________________________________________________________
8. _________________________________________________________________
Answer:
3) Make money
4) Lay emphasis
5) Draw laughter
6) Combat violence
7) Raise doubts
8) Commit crime
3. It’s not easy to make money.
4. My mother lays emphasis on neatness.
5. Her pranks always draw laughter.
6. Every nation should be well-equipped with strategies to combat violence.
7. It’s a healthy practice to raise doubts in class.
8. We should try our best not to fall victims to violence and commit crimes.

Speak well:

Task 2: You can write a dialogue persuading your friend to accompany you on a trip to a hill station in Karnataka. You can make use of the following phrases:

You ought to ______________
I would urge you to ______________
You’d better ______________
Shouldn’t you ______________
Answer:
Speaker 1: You ought to relax a little bit. There is no point in working throughout the year without a break. Why don’t you accompany me on a trip to Agumbe?
Speaker 2: Thank you for asking. But I’m really tied up with work.
Speaker 1: Your problem is that you have become a workaholic. You’d better spend some time with your friends and family. I will arrange everything. You just join me.
Speaker 2: It’s sweet of you. But please do try arid understand my problem. This is a busy month for us.
Speaker 1: You somehow have to make time. Look at your eyes. They are full of dark circles. I would urge you to spend some time in the company of nature and come back refreshed. You can work better after a break.
Speaker 2: Your power of persuasion is great! Fine, I will speak to my boss tomorrow and ask for leave.
Speaker 1: Why keep till tomorrow what can be accomplished today? Call him right now and seek his permission. Shouldn’t you be packing tonight? We have to leave tomorrow itself.

Read and respond:

Task 1: Read the given story. The bits of the story are jumbled. You can arrange them in the right order to complete the story. You can also give a suitable title to it.

1. “Your candle has burned out, brother,” replied the stranger.
2. “I do not need a lantern,” he said. ‘Darkness or light is all the same to me.”
3. The blind man started off with the lantern and before he had walked far, someone ran into him. “Look out where you are’going!” he exclaimed to the stranger. “Can’t you see the lantern”?
4. In early times in Japan, bamboo and paper lanterns were made with candles inside. A blind man, visiting a friend one night, was offered a lantern to carry home with him.
5. “I know you do not need a lantern to find your way,” his friend replied. “But if you don’t have one, someone else may run into you. So, you must take it.”
Answer:
Title: The Foiled Ruse
4. In early times in Japan, bamboo and paper lanterns were made with candles inside. A blind man, visiting a friend one night, was offered a lantern to carry home with him.
2. “I do not need a lantern,” he said. “Darkness t>r light is all the same to me.”
5. “I know you do not need a lantern to find your way,” his friend replied. “But if you don’t have one, someone else may run into you. So, you must take it.”
3. The blind man started off with the lantern and before he had walked far, someone ran into him. “Look out where you are going!” he exclaimed to the stranger. “Can’t you see the lantern”?
1. ‘Your candle has burned out, brother,” replied the stranger.

Editing:

Task 2: Edit and rewrite the following article written by your friend for the school magazine on “Rockets.”

Rockets carry satellites and people into space, a rocket burn fuel produce an jet of gas. The hot gas expands and is blast downwards causing a force to push the rocket up. The first liquid-fuelled rocket is launched in 1926. it reached 12.5 M. The flight lasted 2.5 seconds. There many kind of rockets. Today rocket such Arianne 5 is used to send satellites. It’s size determine whether it is send up by a small or large rocket.
Note : Your editing includes

a) corrections b) deletions c) additions d) substitutions, wherever necessary. Rockets carry satellites and people into space. A rocket burns fuel to produce jet gas. The hot gas expands and blasts downwards, causing the force to push the rocket up. The first liquid-fuelled rocket was launched in 1926. It reached 12.5 F. The flight lasted 2.5 seconds. There are many kinds of rockets. Today rockets such as Arianne 5 are used to send a satellite. Its size determines whether it is sent up by a small or a large rocket.

Reporting:

Task 1: Read the conversation between Ram and Shashi. A friend of Ram and Shashi writes their conversation in a paragraph. Observe how he has done it.

• Ram: Hi Shashi, please come in.
• Shashi: Thanks.
• Ram: Would you mind taking off your shoes?
• Shashi: Sorry, I forgot. ,
• Ram: We always take off our shoes before we enter the house.

Ram was pleased to see Shashi and welcomed her. Shashi thanked him. Ram asked her politely if she could take her shoes off. Shashi regretted for not having remembered to do so. Ram told her about their practice at home.

Task 2: Read the conversation between two business partners and complete the passage by choosing the appropriate word/words given below.

• Jane: Good morning, Robert.
• Robert: Very good morning, Jane.
• Jane: Let’s not waste our time. Shall we begin?
• Robert: Sure. I’m rather glad you raised the subject.

Jane and Robert exchanged pleasantries. Jane was eager to get straight into the business. She asked him __________ Robert accepted and _________ that _________ glad she ________ the subject.
told her
had raised
if they should begin their talks
he was
Answer:
She asked him if they should begin their talks without wasting time. Robert accepted and told her that he was glad she had raised the subject.

Task 3: Read what happened in a camera shop between the owner, Henry and a customer, Arathi. Complete the paragraph that follows, using the given choices appropriately.

• Henry : Here’s a nice camera.
• Arathi: Oh, it’s beautiful
• Henry : That’s a little expensive.
• Arathi: How much is it?
• Henry : It’s 175 dollars.
• Arathi: I think this one will be fine.

Henry showed Arathi a nice camera. She__________________________________it was beautiful. Henry_______________________ the camera was a. bit costly. Later she __________________________ about its price to which he ______________________ 175 dollars. Finally, Arathi decided to buy it.
a) remarked that
b) wanted to know
c) replied that it was
d) admired it saying that.
Answer:
Henry showed Arathi a nice camera. She admired it saving that it was beautiful. Henry remarked that the camera was a bit costly. Later she wanted to know about its price to which he replied that it is 175 dollars. Finally, Arathi decided to buy it.

Task 4: Read the conversation between two old school friends and write it in a paragraph in the reported form.

• Chandan: I met Rani last week in Mysore.
• Raghu: Oh. Does she look the same?
• Chandan: There’s a little bit of change in her appearance. But, she remains the same.
• Raghu: What’s she doing now?
• Chandan: She works for a private company.

Begin with
Chandan told Raghu _______________________

Chandan told Raghu that he had met Rani the previous week in Mysore. Raghu showed his surprise with an exclamation and asked Chandan whether she looked the same. Chandan replied that there was a little bit of change in her appearance, but she remained the same. Further, Raghu wanted to know what Rani was doing then. Chandan replied that she worked for a private company.

Make reference:

Task 2: Your teacher asks you to find out the information on the following. Which reference material would you refer to?

1. Information on nuclear weapons,
2. Pronunciation of the word ‘exemplification.’
3. Synonym of the word‘natural.’
4. The place where the first nuclear bomb exploded,
5. Variations of the word ‘inspire’.
6. To know the spelling of the word ‘approximately’.
7. To collect information about the things that scientists need for their research.
8. To find out the phrase that means Ho continue’.

Answer:

1. Science Encyclopaedia
2. Dictionary
3. Thesaurus
4. Encyclopaedia
5. Dictionary
6. Dictionary
7. Science Encyclopaedia
8. Dictionary/Book of Idioms and Phrases.

Science and Hope of Survival Summary in English

In ‘Science and Hope of Survival’, Kellis-Borok shows how scientists across the globe, rise above their national identities, to find solutions for common problems of nations. The author begins by saying that though scientific involvement is not a money-making venture, scientists take to this path for the joy of freedom, camaraderie and independence scientific discoveries offer to scientists.

The author then moves on to share with the readers his experience during the cold war. He says that he was summoned by the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences to go to Geneva to discuss a problem. The problem that posed danger to the whole of mankind was the fact that each of the three superpowers – Soviet Union, United States and the United Kingdom – possessed enough nuclear power that could wipe out the whole world. If one country sent a nuclear missile to the enemy country, the enemy country would know it immediately and retaliate by sending its own missile in the opposite direction.

It would take a minimum of 20 minutes for the missiles to hit the other nations. In the bargain, nations would destroy each other mutually and that is why the situation was described as MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction. In such a situation it was necessary that nations came together to sign a treaty pledging not to carry out nuclear tests. However, by signing the treaty alone the problem wouldn’t get solved as one of the nations could still carry out nuclear explosions even after signing a treaty that it wouldn’t. Though it was true that every explosion caused tremors, it was also true that natural earthquakes also caused tremors.

Then how could one decipher whether the tremor was the outcome of natural disaster or nuclear explosion? It was to try and find an answer to this troubling question which was connected to the very survival of mankind that scientists belonging to the opposite sides of the Iron Curtain had to come together. The relieving feature was that though it was the height of the cold war in 1960, scientists exhibited the power of rational thinking by coming together as a large body of like-minded intellectuals interested in the question of the survival of mankind which depended on the decision of Nuclear Test Ban. This experience made the author conclude that science has the hope for the survival of mankind.

After talking about this particular experience, the author moves on to enumerating many more practical uses of scientific discoveries. He argues that though the common idea of scientists is that they are absent-minded intellectuals, their discoveries have the practical edge. Technology and industry stem from scientific research. Basic sciences have their application in different fields and hence are job-oriented.

The hope of science for the survival of mankind has larger significance also. In the present scenario the safety of mankind is threatened by both natural and man-made disasters. Be it a tsunami, be it terrorism, money alone cannot tackle the problem. Scientific solutions are the only hope. Thus the author has umpteen reasons to conclude that science is the hope of survival.

Science and Hope of Survival Summary in Kannada

Glossary:

• Leo Tolstoy: a Russian writer, author of the novel ‘War and Peace’
• merely: only
• camaraderie: a feeling of friendship when people work together
• promotion: a move to a more important position
• overwhelming: a great effect on you that you feel very happy
• F. Press: One of the best educators on human nature
• the cold war: unfriendly relationship between the US and the Soviet Union after the Second World War
• mystery: something that people do not know anything about
• generated: something produced
• annihilation: complete destruction
• retaliation: action against someone who has done something bad to you
• ominous: making you feel that something bad is going to happen
• acronym: a word made from the first letters of the name of any organisation, e.g. MAD
• standoff (n): a situation in which neither side in a battle can gain an advantage
• violate: disobey law / go against agreement
• survival Iron: a state that continues to live or exist
• Curtain: the name for the socio-political border that was believed to exist between Western Europe and the communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe
• obvious: clear
• indisputable: known to be true
• persistent: continuing to exist or happen
• self-criticism: the act of judging one’s own behaviour or character
• lore: knowledge or information about a subject
• immersion: being absorbed in an activity
• fundamental: the most basic or important parts of something
• forensic: of scientific method of finding out about a crime
• headhunt: an act to find people with right skills or experience for a particular job
• self-inflict: to cause pain or problem to oneself
• trigger: to make something happen very quickly
• trillion: the number 1,000,000,000,000 (1 lakh crores)
• staleiAate (n): a situation in which it seems impossible to come to an agreement or disagreement
• springboard: something that helps one to start doing something
• venture (n): a new activity that involves risk
• indispensable: very useful and necessary
• McGeorge Bundy: He was United States National Security Advisor to presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson.