2nd PUC Geography Model Question Paper 1 with Answers

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Model Question Paper 1 with Answers

Time : 3 hrs
Max. Marks : 100

Instrctions:

• Graph sheets and statistical tables will be supplied on request.
• Scientific calculators may be used.
• All working steps should be clearly shown.

Section – A

I. Answer the following questions in a sentence each: (1 × 10 = 10)

Question 1.
Name any two countries which have highest birth rate in the world?
Answer:
The highest birth rate countries of the world are

1. Niger and
2. Chad.

Question 2.
What is Mining?
Answer:
The extraction of the minerals from the earth. Ex: Manganese, Coal.

Question 3.
Name the first artificial satellite launched by Russia?
Answer:
The first artificial satellite launched by Russia was the sputnik, It was launched in 1957.

Question 4.
Define Mega city.
Answer:
A Mega city is a general term for cities with their suburubs with population of more than 10 million of people or Megacity.

Question 5.
Which state has longest sex ratio in India?
Answer:
Kerala state has highest sex ratio.

Question 6.
Name the dam which was constructed across the river sutlej-Himachal Pradesh?
Answer:
Bhakra-Nangal dam has been constructed across the river sutlej Himachal Pradesh.

Question 7.
What is Tissue culture?
Answer:
The growing of a cell or tissue or an organ in an artificial aseptic and nutritive medium is called Tissue culture.

Question 8.
What for Digboi is famous?
Answer:
Digboi is famous for the production of mineral oil.

Question 9.
Where was the first cotton Industry established in India?
Answer:
The first cotton Industry was established in Mumbai in 1854 in India.

Question 10.
On which river bank Kolkata port Located?
Answer:
Kolkata port is located on the bank of river Hoogly.

Section – B

II. Answer any ten of the following in 2-3 sentences Each: (2 × 10 = 20)

Question 11.
Differentiate between secondry and tertiary activities.
Answer:
The secondary occupation are concerned with processing, manufacturing and constructions, Industries. Tertiary activitiesw helps both the primary and secondary sectors.

Question 12.
Why lumbering has developed in cold temnarte regions?
Answer:
Lumbering is developed in cold temperate regions of the world as

1. Single variety of Trees are distributed in a large Area.
2. Wood is utilized for the manufacturing of wood pulp, paper and Building materials.
3. Modem scientific Technology had Helped in cutting the trees easily.
4. Adequate Transport facilities are Available.
5. Establishment of factories in the near by places and export of these products.

Question 13.
Mention any 2 cultural and religious towns of the world.
Answer:
The places of pilgrimage and worship like Jerusalem, Mecca, Rome, Puri, Jagannath, Varanasi, Mathura, Madurai are the important cultural and religions towns.

Question 14.
Name 2 states of Highest and Lowest HDI in India.
Answer:
Kerala state has the highest HDI in India, and Chattisgarh has the lowest HDI in India.

Question 15.
Name the varieties of Coffee.
Answer:
The varities of coffee are:

1. Coffee Robusta.
2. Coffee Arabica
3. Coffee Libirica

Question 16.
Mention any 4 metallic minerals.
Answer:
The 4 mettalic minerals are

1. Iron ore
2. Manganese ore
3. Bauxite
4. Gold

Question 17.
Distinguish between conventional and non conventional energy sources.
Answer:
The resources which are being used since early phase of Industrial relvolution are called conventional Source of energy. Ex: Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas. The resources which are being developed in the recent years are called non-conventional source of energy. Ex: Solar, wind, Tidal, Geo thermal and Biogas.

Question 18.
Mention the major sugar producing states of India.
Answer:
The major sugar producing states oflndia are uttar pradesh, Maharastra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, A.P, Gujarath, Bihar, Haryana, and Uttaranchal.

Question 19.
Write the advantages of Rail transport.
Answer:
The advantages of Rail transport are:

1. They have helped in the commercialization of agricultural sector through the movement of perishable goods, necessary inputs and implements.
2. They help the industty by transporting raw- material, Labour, fuel by distribution and marketing.
3. Railways are contributing 100% of goods traffic in iron and steel, 98% mineral oil, manganese ore and building stone, 90% in coal, cement and metal ores, 70% in raw cotton, 65% in cotton textile, 50% infertilizer and 35%. in food grains.
4. Railway are promoting the movement of goods and passenger traffic.

Question 20.
State the comodities of Export from India.
Answer:
The commodities of India’s export are Agricultural, and Allied products, ores and, minerals, gems and Jewlleary, Electronic goods, textiles, Handcraft, engineering goods and petroleum products.

Question 21.
What are the causes of Air Pollution.
Answer:
The causes of Air pollution are:

1. Increased use of varieties of fuels such as coal, petrol and diesel.
2. Increase in emission of Toxic gages from Industrial activities into the atmosphere.
3. Mining activities release dust in the air.
4. Important pollutants are oxides of sulphur and Nitrogen, hydro carbon, carbon di-oxide, carbon monoxide, lead and asbestos.

Question 22.
Define sustainable Development with examples.
Answer:
The term ‘sustainable development’ is defined as development to achieve the needs of presant generation without compromising future generations needs.

Section – C

III. Answer any 8 of the following in 25 – 30 sentences each: (5 × 8 = 40)

Question 23.
Explain the scope of Human Geography.
Answer:
Human Geography covers a very wide scope or field. It is concerned with the study of human societies in their relation to the environment. It includes the study of population, economic activities, human settlement, human culture, political aspects and human role in the modification of the natural environment.

Human Geography involves the sutdy of all kinds of human life and activities in relation to environment. In early human societies, nomadic population existed through hunting, fishing and gathering tools and dwellings were made of wood, stone, animal skin and bone.

All these developments brought about greater changes to the natural environment, early societies were able to develop their economic, social and political systems. Transportation and trade network were established. The internal canibustion engine, automobile and extraction of fossil fuels resulted in a drastic change, all these had an impact on the natural environment.

Human Geography helps us to understand the world where we live and the circumstance affecting people and nation. It tells about the different culture in different societies in different regions of the earth. There is a wide variation and diverrities in the natural environment.

The variation is in human fife, culture language, religion, settlement, occupation, dress, diet etc. Human Geography gives explanation for these variations in relation to natural environment.

Question 24.
Explain the distribution of population in the world.
Answer:
The population of the world is unevenly distributed. The distribution of population is expressed in terms of density. The density is the ratio between the numbers of people to the size of land. It is usually measured as number of persons per sq km.
Density of Population = \(\frac{\text { Total population }}{\text { Total geographical area }}\)
Continent wise total population and Density of population 2011.

By looking at the table we can say that some areas are densely populated and some are thinly populated. The density of the world population has been divided into three regions nemely

1. Areas of High Density which comprises.
   • Eastern, Southern and South eastern parts of Asia.
   • North western part of Europe.
   • North eastern part of USA. and South eastern part of Canada.
2. Areas of Medium Density:
   • Argentine, Southeast Africa and Australia.
3. Areas of low Density:
   • North and South poles, The hot and cold deserts and high rainfall zones.

Question 25.
Explain the demographicycle.
Answer:
The Demographic cycle is a model used to represent the process of population transformation of countries from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates as part of the economic development process of a country.
There are 5 stages namely:
1. First Stage (High stationary):
It is characterised by both high birth rate and high death rate it is found when the country is economically backward. Population remains stationary.

2. Second stage (Early expanding)
It begins with the declining of death rate while the birth rate remains unchanged. Due to improvement in food and sanitation life span
increases. Many Developing countries are in this stage.

3. Third Stage (Late expanding):
Death rate declines and birth rate begins to fall yet there is large increase of population since birth exceeds deaths. This is due to increased wages, urbanization, an increase in the status and education of women and an increase in parental investement in the education of children and other changes.

4. Fourth stage (Low stationary):
It is characterized with low birth rate and low death rate. So the population becomes stationary. Due to the changing life style many diseases are caused in this stage. Japan sweeden denmark and Belgium are in thisstage.

5. Fifth stage (Declining):
Population begins to decline as birth rate is lower than death rate. East european countries like norway sweeden are in this stage.

Question 26.
Write a note on world water transport.
Answer:
Water transportation is ideal for the movements of bulky heavy large Quantities of commodities as well as perishable products. Oceans are considered as the natural high way of the world. There are wide range of ships used for transportation such as liners. Cargoes, tankers and refrigerator ships.
Some of the important ocean routes are:

1. The northern Atlantic sea Route: It connect north eastern USA and north western Europe.
2. The mediterranean sea Route: This route passes through the heart of the old world. A variety of products are transported through the route as the crude oil is the most important.
3. The cape of good Hope Sea Route: This sea route is the oldest. This route is very important for the African countries.
4. The North pacific Sea Route: This sea route links the ports on the west coast North America with those of east Asia.
5. The south pacific sea Route: This sea route connects western Europe and North America with Australia and Newzealand.
6. The South Atlantic Sea Route: This sea route connects the eastern coast of South America with western coast of Africa and Europe. The shipping canals play a very important role in the world transport, the major shipping canal in the world are the suez and the panama canal.

Question 27.
Explain the causes and impacts of rapid growth of population in India?
Answer:
The causes for rapid growth of population are High brith rate and low death rate.
High birth rate:
High brith rate is the major factor in rapid growth of population in India. The death rate has very sharply decline and caused for population eviction. The causes for high brith rate are early marriage, universal marriage, religious and Social superstitions. Joint family System, illiterory, polygamy, poverty, Slow urbanisation process and tropical climate. All these have been caused directly and indirectly for high birth rate.

Low death rate:
Low death rate has resulted to the population explotion in a country. The causes for low death rate are control of epidemics, decline in the incidence ofmalaria and tuberculosis, expansion of medical facilities, Control of infant mortality, spread of Education and improvement in the nutrition level .
Impact of rapid growth of population The rapid growth of population has led to number of problems.

1. Unemployment and under employment.
2. Shortage of food and malnutrition.
3. Burden on civic and social amenities.
4. Low per capita income.
5. Increase of unproductive population

Question 28.
What is migration? Explain the types of migration.
Answer:
Movement of people from one place to another is called migration migration isalso another cause for change of population size of a region.
Migration may be permanent or temporary on the basis of place it can be classified in 2 types

1. Internal Migration
2. International Migration.

The movement of people within the country region is internal migration. It may take place from rural to rural, rural to urban, urban to urban, urban to rural, areas. The movement of people from one country to another country across the political boundary is called International migration.

Question 29.
Give an account on land use pattern in India.
Answer:
The layout or arrangement of the uses of the land is known as “land use pattern”. The important types of land use in the country are:
1. Forest Area:
The proportion of the forest area is not evenly distributed in the country. According to National forest policy 1952, the total area of the forest land is 33.3% Madhya pradesh, ArUnachal Pradesh, Andra Pradesh and Andaman Nicobar Islands are reporting under large area of forest due to heavy rain fell and relief features. In contrest Dadra Nagar Haveli, Haryana, Punjab and Goa state have less area under forest.

2. Land not available for cultivation:
The land used for human settlements, transport routes, canals, mountains, deserts come under this category. The total land area of this type accounts 14.2% Arunachala pradesh. Rajasthan Gujarath and Madhya Pradesh have more area of this type. In contrast Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Chandigarh and Sikkim have less area under this category.

Pattern of land use (in million hectares):

3. Other uncultivated land including fallow land:
Permanent pasture, other grazing area land under tree crops grooves and cultivable waste come under the above category. The permanent pasture and other grazing area is high in Rajastan, Himachal Pradesh and Madhya prades it is less in Manipur, Goa, and Andamon and Nicobar Islands.

The land under tree crops and groves is found high in the state of uttar pradesh, Andra pradesh and less area in goa, Delhi, pondechery. The cultivable waste land is found more in Rajastan, madhya pradesh and maharastra and less in tripura, manipur and punjab

4. Fallow lands:
The land which is not utilized for cultivation for last 3-5 years is considered as fallow land this category is more in the state of Rajastan, Andhra pradesh and Jharkhand it is less in Tripura, puduchery and Andaman and Nicobar islands.

5. Net sown area:
India has a net sown area of 46.2% of the total land in India. Still we need to increase the net sown area in order to meet the increasing demand for food and Raw materials the proporation and distribution of the net sown area is not evenly distributed all over the country.

It differs from one state to another on the basis of Relief features, Soil, climate. The highest proportion is found in the state of punjab, Haryana, West Bengal and least in Arunachalpradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur and sikhim

Question 30.
Discuss the importance of agricultural in India.
Answer:
The importance of agricultural in India are:

1. Main Source of livelihood: About 70% of the people directly and. indirectly depend on agriculture for their livelihood.
2. Food Supply: Agriculture provides food grains, fruits, Vegetables, spices etc to the people and fodder for domestic animals.
3. Provides employment facilities: Agriculture is the Largest sector providing highest employment.
4. Source of National Income: It contributes to the National income of the country.
5. Source of raw materials: It also provides raw material for many Industries. Such industries are called Agro-based Industries. Ex: Cotton textile, sugar, Jute textile, Etc.
6. Source of Revenue: Agriculture provides a large a mount of revenue to the state and central Govt. But, Indian agriculture Largely depend on monsoon rain. So, it has been remarked that ‘ Indian buget is gamble with the monsoons.
7. Support to teritary sector: Agriculture is mainly contributes to the progress of transportatiorl and communication, banking, insurance Etc.
8. Help to Internal trade: Agricultural product varies from one region to another in India. Agricultural products are transported from the area of surplus production to the area of scarsity, through internal trade. Eg: Cotton, Tute, tea, Coffee, Etc.
9. Support to export: Many Agricultural products produced in the country are exported ie, tea, coffee, jute, tabacco, sugar, spices, Etc.
10. Political and social Importance: The political and social situation in the, country is determined by the agricultural population as Well as production to a maximum extent.

Question 31.
Describe the distribution of wheat cultivation in India?
Answer:
There are 2 important wheat growing regions in the country.

1. The alluvial regions which includes uttar pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, Madhya pradesh, west Bengal, and Uttaranchal
2. The black soil regions, which includes Maharashtra, Gujarat and western A.P, Punjab, Rajasthan, Bihar, Karnataka States.

UP, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and MP these five states contributes 86% out of the countries production.
A. Uttar Pradesh:
Uttar Prades is the leading producer, accounts for 34.11% of the countries output. The wheat belt Lies in the areas b/w the river Ganga and Ghaghra. Gorakhpur is the Largest wheat producing district, Meerut, Bulendeshahar, Moradabud, Each are the other wheat growing destricts in this state.

B. Punjab:
Punjab is the Second leading wheat growing state oflndia which accounts 21.41% in the total wheat output of the country. Yield per hectare is 45.6 quantities. It is high, due to modem methods of cultivation, fertile soil and adequate irrigation facilities. Jalandar, Ferozepur, Amistsar and patiala districts are the leading wheat growers of this state.

C. Haryana:
Haryana is the 3rd important producer,accounts for 13.2%. Because of irrigation facilities, Jind, Rohtak, Hissar, Kamal, Ambala are the leading producers of wheat.

D. Rajasthan:
Rajasthan is the important producer, accounts for 8.31%, Ganganagar, Kota, Alcoare, Jaipur are the important districts.

E. Madhya Pradesh:
Production accounts for 10.46% to the countries output. .Yield per hectare is low, Indore, Bhopal, Vidish, Gwalior, Jabalpur are the important destricts. Other wheat growing states are Gujarat, Maharastra, Himachal prades, West Bengal, Karnataka. In Karnataka, Bijapur, Raichur, Belgam and Dharwad are the important wheat growing districts.

Question 32.
Write a note on Road transport of India.
Answer:
Roads provides the most fundamental mode of transport in modem society. Roads are consideralto be vital for economic growth as they are quicker, more convenient and flexible, cheaper for short distance. They are the most ancient and universal form of transport.

In Indian the actual road development started only after N agpur plan in 1943, when a ‘ 10 year road plan’ was prepared. It aimed at increasing the road length in the country from 265 Lakh km to 4 lakh km. The plan also classified roads into 4 types:

1. National Highway.
2. State Highway.
3. District Roads.
4. Village Roads.

Due to shortage of funds plan was not successful India has one of the largest road network. India is a land of villages and we cannot achive economic progress unless we improve agriculture and village industries. The ‘ Roads help to connect the isolated villages of the country so road transport is very convenient for rural areas.

The National Highway Authority of India [NHAI] has been setup by the union Govt, in 1989. The lanes from single to double and conversion of National Highway into express Highway are important works.

Question 33.
Explain the causes and problems of slums.
Answer:
Most of the slums are inhabited by poor people lacking reliable sanitation serius supply of clean water reliable electricity timely Law enfortement and other Basic services slum residences are poorly built, deteriorated buildings.
Problems of Slum:
The problems of people living in shims are:

1. People living in slums work in high risk jobs and un organised sectors so they are paid less.
2. They are undernourished prone to different types diseases and illness.
3. They cannot afford to give proper education to their children the poverty makes them to take drug, alcoholism, dime, vandalism and finally they face social exclusion.
4. They are poor.
5. Children of slums are prone to follow bad habits.

Section – D

IV. Answer any one of the following: (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 34.
Discuss the distributionof Coal in India.
Answer:
The distribution of coal in India is concentrated in certain areas. A large amount of coal reserves are located in the state of jharkhand, chhathisgarh, Maharastra, odisha, madhya Pradesh, Andra Pradesh and West Bengal.

The remaing coal reserves are located in uttar pradesh and North eastern states. Currently the leading producer of coal in India are Jharkhand, Chattishgarh, odisha, and Madhya Pradeshy.
Chattisgarh:
It holds the 3^rd position in respect of coal reserves but it is having 1st place in the production of coal in India. Major coal fields of the states are located in the northern part of the state i.e., surguja, Bilasapur and Korba.

Jharakhand:
It is the 2^nd Largest producer of coal in India. Most of the Coal fields are located in narrow belt stretching east west direction there are 21 coal fields in this states of these Jharia, Bokaro, Giridhi, Karnapur, Ranagarh, Auranga, and Daltoganj coal fields are very important. Jharia is one of the oldest and richest coal fields of India. It has been recognized as the “Store house of the best metallurgical coal” in the country.

Odisha:
It stands 2^nd place in coal reserves, But it is the 3^rd Largest producer of coal. Most of its coal deposists in Dhenkanal, Sambalapur and sundaragarh districts. Here Talcheris an important coal producing area which is located in Dhenkanal, and Sambalapur districts.

Madhya Pradesh: M.P. Occupied 4^th position among the major coal producing states of the country. The main coal deposits are located in sidhi-shadhil, Betur, N arasingpur and chindbwara districts. The Singrauli coal field in shahdol and Sidhi is the largest in the state.

Andra Pradesh:
Most of the coal reserves are in the Adilabad, Rarimnagar, warangal, Khaminaim (East and West Godavari districts).

Maharastra:
The Coal deposits of the state occur in [ wardha valley Ballarpur, warora in chandarpur district.

West Bengal:
Burdwan, Bankara, puruilla, Birbhum, Darjeeling and talpaigarj are the cheif coal producing districts. Raniganj is the Largest coal field of west Bengal.

Question 35.
Explain the development and distribution of Iron and steel industry in India.
Answer:
India is the 8^th largest producer of Iron-Steel in the world. The production of Iron and steel countinuosly in creased in recent years due to the establishment of many steel plant under private and public sector. In 1981 production was only 8.800 million homes. It has increased to 15.02 million tormes in 1991, 38.3 million tonnes is 2004. So India is the major steel production country in the world.

Iron and Steel industries are raw material oriented. The important raw materials required for this industries are iron are, coal, limestone. There are weight losing raw materials so Iron and Steel industries must locate year raw materials avaiable regions.

The Eastern India or North-Eastern peninsular belt includes chotanagpur pleateau west Bengal. Jharkhand, orissa and M.P. In these regions the raw material which required for iron and steel ‘industries are available abundantly here and other important advantages are cheap Labour water Supply, transport and market.

Question 36.
(a) Construct aline graph to represent the following data.
Karnataka: Selected district-wise Area under rice (in hectares)

District	Area
Bellary	722721
Davanagere	130208
Mysore	123803
Raichur	164925
Shimoga	131070
Mandya	88657

(b) Construct a bar graph by using the following data.
India: Decade wise sugar production (in million tons)

Year	Production
1951	57.05
1961	110
1971	126.36
1981	156.24
1991	241.08
2001	286.00
2011	310

Answer:
(a) Karnataka: Selected district-wise Area under rice (in hectares)

(b) India: Decade wise sugar production (in million tons)

Section – E

V. Answer any 2 questions of the following: (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 37.
Distinguish between primary and secondary data.
Answer:
The data those have been collected and analysed already by some departments, organizations, Ngo’s are called secondary data. Secondary sources of date is classified into two sources.

• Published Sources:
• Unpublished sources:

under published sources we have
1. International publication:
In this years books, monographs and reports are published by different agencies like WHO, FAO, UNDP and UNESCO.

2. Government publications:
The important sourceof secondary data are the publications of the Govt, of India, state Govt and district Bulletins. These publications comprise the census of India, weather reports and statistical abstract by corporations, boards, district council and civil departments prepare and maintain the periodical reports.

3. Private Documents:
The companies, trade unions, different political and non-political organisation and welfare association are having unpublished reports and records,

Question 38.
Explain the components of GIS.
Answer:
The components of GIS are:

1. Data: Geographical data can be divided into three classes nemely
   • Spatial Any data which is associated with a specific geographic location is called a spatial Data. Ex: Bangalore city.
   • Non-spatial Data: Any data which is not associated with a specific geographic location is called a non spalial data.
   • Continuous Data: The data which have no diserete boundaries and have fuzzy boundaries like soil, atmospheric temperature and land elevation.
2. Software: GIS software is designed to collect, store, process, geographical data and construct maps.
3. Hardware: Hard ware comprises storing and processing devices like central process unit (CPU) Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, Printer, Scahner, are useful for GIS.
4. People: This component consists of the skilled people who involve in data capturing, processing and analyzing.
5. Analysis: It involves the processing of GIS data with various analyses so as to get meaningful information:

Question 39.
Explain the 3 segments of GPS.
Answer:
The segments of GPS are:
(1) The space segment:
The satellites of GPS are launched and positioned at an altitude of 20,200 km almost 3 times of the earth’s radius. The space segment consists of a constellation of 24 functioning GPS satellite located in six orbital planes with 4 satellites in each orbital plane.

(2) The control segment:
It consists of facilities necessary foi satellites especially healthy monitoring, telemetery tracking command and control clock error computation of satellites. There are 5 ground GPS station namely

1. Hawaii
2. Colorado spring
3. Aseension Island
4. Diego-Garlia
5. Kwajalein

(3) The user segment:
It is a total user and supplier community both civilian and military. The user segment consists of all earth based GPS receivers. The receiver is camposed of an antenna and preamplifier radio signal micro processor control and display device, data recording unit and power supply. The GPS receiver decodes the timing signals from the visible satellites the space and control segments are largely transparent to the operations of navigation functions.