2nd PUC Geography Model Question Paper 2 with Answers

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Model Question Paper 2 with Answers

Time : 3 hrs
Max. Marks : 100

Instrctions:

• Graph sheets and statistical tables will be supplied on request.
• Scientific calculators may be used.
• All working steps should be clearly shown.

Section – A

I. Answer the following questions in a sentence each: (1 × 10 = 10)

Question 1.
Who is called the father of human Geography?
Answer:
Friedrich Ratzel is called of human Geography.

Question 2.
What is demography?
Answer:
The study of characteristics of human population such as size, growth density distribution and statistics. The word demography is derived from the two Greek words ‘demo’ means population and ‘graphy’ means description.

Question 3.
What do you mean by economic activity?
Answer:
The activities pursued by human beings perform to satisfy their needs of food, clothing, shelter and others are known as economic acitiuity.

Question 4.
What is transportation?
Answer:
Movement of people and goods from one place to another is called transportation.

Question 5.
What are Hamlets?
Answer:
Hamlets are smaller than village and lacking of public utilities.

Question 6.
In which year family planing programme was introduced in India?
Answer:
The family programme was introduced in India in the year 1952.

Question 7.
What do you mean by land use pattern?
Answer:
The layout or arrangement of the uses of the land is known as land use pattern.

Question 8.
What is Intensive farming?
Answer:
The land holding are usually small and populated area farming is very intensive and produce more and it is know as Intensive farming.

Question 9.
What is an ore?
Answer:
A naturally occuring solid material from which a metal are vauable mineral can be extrated is called an ore.

Question 10.
Which city is called Java of India?
Answer:
Gorakhpur in Uttar pradesh is called Java of India.

Section – B

II. Answer any 10 of the following in 2 – 3 sentence each. (2 × 10 = 20)

Question 11.
Why Coimbatore is called manehester of south India?
Answer:
Coimbature is the most important center with 323 cotton mills. So it is called manehester of south India.

Question 12.
Mention the 3 important Railway Gauges.
Answer:
The important Railway Gauges are:

1. Broad-Guage.
2. Metre – Guage
3. Narrow – Guage.

Question 13.
What are the types of population?
Answer:
The types of pollution are:

1. Air Pollution.
2. Water Pollution.
3. Land Pollution.
4. Noise Pollution.

Question 14.
What is Economic Geography?
Answer:
Economic Geography deals with the influences of various Geographical factors on the economic activities of man like Agriculture, manfacturing industries, Transport and communication.

Question 15.
Mention the different techniques of mining?
Answer:
The different techniques of mining are:

1. Open Cast mining
2. Underground mining
3. Shaftmining.

Question 16.
Differentiate between million city and mega city.
Answer:
Million city:
Total population of one million and above, the urban area is known as million city. The number of million cities in the world has been increasing followed by paris in 1850 and Newyork in 1860.

Mega city:
A mega city is a general term for cities together with suburbes with population of more than 10 million people.

Question 17.
Name the varities o Wheat in India.
Answer:
The varities of Wheat are:

1. Bread wheat
2. Macoroni wheat
3. Emmer wheat
4. Indian Dwarf wheat

Question 18.
Name the major cotton producing states of India?
Answer:
Gujarath, Maharastra, Andrapradesh, and Haryana are the major cotton producing states of India.

Question 19.
What are the uses of minerals.
Answer:
The minerals resourceses provide raw material which are necessary for industrial development of the country.

Question 20.
Name the areas deficient in railway route.
Answer:
The areas deficient in railway route are:

1. The desert in Rajasthan which has sparse population.
2. The broken and hilly areas of chotanagpurandOdishapleateau.
3. The north – eastern region in Assam, Megalaya, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal pradesh, and the north – western region in Jammu and Kashmir.

Question 21.
How is thermal electricity is produced?
Answer:
Steam is produced from boiling water. For that fuels like coal, petroleum, natural gas are used. Then the steam is passed through pipes to run dynamos. The. dynamos will produce the electricity.

Question 22.
State the significance of Air transport in India.
Answer:
Air transport is a recent development it is the transportation of goods and passenger by means of Aeroplanes and Helicoptors it is an efficient means for speedy transport of people, mail, and goods it is the costliest, fastest means of to transport, it is also a convenient means of transport accross the water bodies and useful during natural calamities.

Section – C

III. Answer any 8 of the following in 25 – 30 sentence each. (5 × 8 = 40)

Question 23.
What are the main objectives of multipurpose river vally project:
Answer:
The river vally projects which provide multiple benefits are known as multi – puropose projects. It helps to develop catchment area, systematic utilisation ofriver water, construction and maintenance of these are both by state and central Govt. These projects were implemented through 5 year plans the project helps the development of entire region.
It serves many purposes, some of the important – objectives are:

1. To provide water for irrigation
2. To control floods
3. To generate hydro – electricity
4. To prevent soil errosion
5. To reclaim land for agriculture
6. To develop in land fishing and fish breeding.
7. To provide recreation
8. To supply water for drinking and industrial purpose.
9. To provide navigation facilities.
10. To promote afforestation.
11. To control malaria and epidemics.

Question 24.
Explain the importance of mass communication.
Answer:
Communication refers to exchange of ideas and information. In the older days messages have conveyed by drums, smoke signals or flag signals. Then came letters carried by hand by birds and animals postal services, were introduced for collecting, distributing and delivering letters, parcels and other items.

Electronic technology has provided various mass communication like newspaper, Radio, Television, satellite, computer net working, Internet, E-Mail, GIS, GPS and remote sensing. Now these are the important means of communication. Communication create awareness about policies, learning, adopt new technological innovations in agriculture and industry. They have laid a base for modem business.

Thus communication plays a vital rolein the development of a nation. The telephone or Radio are linked the people world wide and they can speak each other directly. Telegraph was invented by samuel Morse in 1844. Telephone was invented by Alexander graham bell in 1875. Radio was invented by marcoin in 1888.

Television was invented by John logi Blaird and colour Television was invented by peter mark USA in 1940. TodayNewspaper touch every part ofthe country as it covers international, national and local news as well as entertainment with other information. The Telex system is to write the messages typed out in one place can be transmitted to distant places.

The Radio has its own name by broadcasting news and information which will reach all corners of the country. Television allows the audio and video facilites to gain information for public. Rapid communication have great political implication for leaders.

Question 25.
What are the objectives of rain water harvesting?
Answer:
The main objectives of rain water harwesting are:

1. It checks the run off water and avoid flooding.
2. It replenishes the ground water table and enable the wells.
3. It hepls to overcome the in adequacy of surface water to meet demand of water.
4. If the ground water happens to be, brackish, it will reduce the salinity.
5. It also reduce ground water contamination and improve water quality.
6. It hepls to incrase agricultural production and improve ecology of an area.

Question 26.
Discuss the problems of rural settlements.
Answer:
The important common problems of rural settlements are:

1. Supply of water is most inadequate people in the rural areas particulary in mountain and desert regions walk for longer distances to fetch drinking water.
2. The water borne diseases such as cholera, Jaundice etc. are the common problems.
3. Many rural areas are facing the problems of natural disasters which occur frequently such as floods and droughts.
4. Agricultural areas are severely affected due to lacking of Irrigation.
5. Being dominated by agriculture effects of droughts are severe and have effects which stretch for many years.
6. The rural houses are lacking toilet and disposal facilities of solid waste, garbages which cause health related problems.
7. The houses are made up of mud wood, and Thatch which are damaged by heavy rains and floods, They require proper maintenance every year.
8. Most of the houses do not have proper ventilation and the design of the houses also includes animal shed with fodder storage.
9. The rural settlement are lacking roads and other modem communications.

Question 27.
Write the advantage and dis-advantage of hunting:
Answer:
The advantage ofhunting are:

1. For food – animals like deer, rabbit, duck, squrirrels, hunted for the sake of food.
2. Hunting also provides ctothing and shelter to the tribal people.
3. Fur and hide were used to make clothing.

Disadvantages:

1. By hunting animals, we are hunting the entire communities of certain animals. For ex: wolves and tiger are becoming more and more extinct because we are killing them to the maximum extent.
2. Hunting of marine life is leading to the decrease in the balance of oxygen in the seas, Oceans.

Question 28.
What is Horticulture? Explain its development in India.
Answer:
Horticulture is the compound word of two latin words hortus meaning Garden and cloere meaning cultivate. The art of systematic growing of fruits* vegetables, flowers, species, plantation crops medicinal and aromatic plants in small plots is called Horticuture.

The geographical and .socio-economic factors are ideal for development of horticulture. In India its has good potential for growing variety of Horticultural crops. India has emerged as an important producer of Horticutural crop, next to -china India is second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. India produces 257.3 million tonnes ofHorticulture products.

Question 29.
What are the Merits of the Green Revolution?
Answer:

1. Increage in agricuMal production and yield per hectare.
2. Prosperity to farmers – This inchidees their economic situation improving, even small and marginal farmers. It is due to increase of form production and more earnings.
3. Better land use by employing two or three crop patterns.
4. Better scientific methods applied as per requirement of farms.
5. New seeds have been developed with . better yield and disease fighting capability.
6. Reduction ofimports of food grains.
7. Improve country’s economic development.
8. Directly it has helped the growth of agro based industries.
9. Effects on rural employments it increase in trade and change attitudde of the farmers.

Question 30.
What are the problems caused with rapid growth of population?
Answer:
The Rapid growth of population has led to number of problems. They are:
1. Unemployment and under employment:
The major problem caused by rapid growth of population is unemployment and under employment. It affected on young educated people both in rural and urban areas.

2. Shortage of food and Malnutrition:
India is an agricultural country It is self sufficient of food grains. Due to the rapid growth of population there is pressure on source of food people are poorly fed. Malnutrition is prevailing throughout the country.

3. Burden on Civic and Social ame nities:
Education, health, medical, housing, drinking water, electricity and sanitation are the basic necessities of a society though government is providing all these. It is not enough with the increase of population.

4. Low percapita income:
The National income of a country has increased about 3.6% per annum but percapita income is only 1.5% low per capita income affects the economic condition of the people.

5. Increase of the unproductive population:
The entire population of the country is not productive. The people belonging to 16 to 60 yrs are known as productive. Below 15 years and above 60 yrs are unproductive. They are dependant on others.

6. Others:
The other factors responsible for the rapid growth of population are slow economic development, mass poverty, low standard of living, political unrest and social problems like theft, robbery, corruption, environmental pollution and immorality.

Question 31.
Give an account of Iron And Steel Industry in India.
Answer:
The iron and steel Industries is a basic Industry and mother of all Industry. The production and consumption of iron and steel is an index of the economic development of a country. The 1^st modem Iron and steel Industry in India was estableshed in 1870 at Kulti in West Bengal.

In 1907 the Tata Iron and steel company [TISCO] was established at Jamshedpur in Jharkhand. In 1923 the Iron and steel works [MISCO] has established at steel plant at Bhadravathi in Karnataka. The Indian Iron and steel companey [IISCO] has setup a steel plant at Bumpur in west Bengal in 1919.

After Independence much Importance was given to the production of steel so new steel plants were setup at Rourkela [1955], Durgapur [1956], Bhilai [1957], Bokaro [1965], Salem [1981], and Vishakapatnam [1990]. The Iron and steel Industry are established both under public and private sector. There are major Iron and steel Industry in India they are:

1. Tata Iron and steel company [TISCO]
2. Vishweswariah Iron and steel company [VISCL]
3. Indian Iron and Steel company [IISCO]
4. Hindustan steel company
5. Bokaro steel plant.
6. Bhilai Steel plant
7. Durgapur steel plant.
8. Salem steel plant.
9. Vishakapatnam steel plant.

Question 32.
Write a note on the Hirakud project.
Answer:
The Hirakud project is the most important multipurpose project of Orissa. This project utilises the water of river Mahanandi ‘ and was undertaken in 1948.
The aims of this project are:

1. To regulate the mahanandi River (flood control) which is known as the tears of orissa.
2. The develpoment of irrigation.
3. Generationofhydro-electricpower.

This project comprises the construction of 3 dams on river Mahanandi at Hirakud, Tikarapure and Naraj. It is constructed across the Mahanandi about 9.7 Km a\Vay from Sambalpur in Orissa. The dam is 61 int high, 480mts long and 810 TMC of water gross storage capacity in its reserviour. It is one of longest dams in the world.
There are 3 canals that take off from the reservoir.

1. Sambalpur canal (19Km)
2. Baragarh canal (24Km)
3. Sasam canal (23Km)

Together irrigates 2.54 Lakh hectares. The project has two hydro electric power stations with an installed capacity of 270 M.W. The Mahanandi Delta irrigation scheme and navigation facilities have also taken place.

Question 33.
Give an account an floriculture in India.
Answer:
Cultivation of different types of flowers for commercial purpose is called as floriculture. India’s agroclimate conditions are suitable for the cultivation of flowers.
Flower culture has played dignificant role in India:

1. It has capability to evelate the income of the formers.
2. Even the women are engaged in this farming and eradicates unemployment to rural people its supports exports.
3. India is known for growing tradiional flowers like, Jasmine, marigold, tube rose, crossanda, aster.
4. Due to the potentialities of this sector it produces an income and employment opportunities.

Question 34.
Explain the causes and problems of Slums.
Answer:
The problems of people living in slums are:

1. People living in slums work in high risk jobs and un organised sectors so they are paid less.
2. They are undernourished prone to different types diseases and illness.
3. They cannot afford to give proper education to their children the poverty makes them to take drug, alcoholism, crime, vandalism and finally they face social exclusion.
4. They are poor.
5. Children of slums are prone to follow bad habits.

Section – D

IV. Answer any one of the following. (10 × 1 = 10)

Question 35.
What are the locational factores for aluminium Industry? Explain.
Answer:
Aluminium Industries are located only in some place of India. Its development is based on three major locational factors

1. Electricity
2. Bauxite
3. Other materials

It is estimated that for the production of one tone of Aluminium requires about 18573 k.w of electricity. Hence electricity is required in abundance for Aluminium industries. Bauxite is raw meterial of the industry for the production of one tonne of Aluminium 6 Tonnes of Bauxite is required. The other materials are Petrolium, Coke, caustic soda, calcium, calcium flouride and also requires huge capital.

Aluminium industries are distributed in the areas which are abundant in supply of Bauxite and electricity India produces about 11 % of total world production. The important Aluminium producing states are West- Bengal, U.P, Chattisgarh, Orissa, Maharastra, Karnataka and T.N.

Question 36.
Explain about urban waste disposal in India.
Answer:
The unwanted discarded materials from houses and commercial industrial and agricultural materials through out urban wide. Urban centres are known for large amount of waste genaration. It is a serious problem in India. In metro politan cities like mumbai, Kolkata, chennai, Bangalore, etc. about 90% of the solid waste is collected and disposed.

The waste may be treated as resource and utilized for generating energy and composed and treated waste ferment relesed toxic bio-gases to the atmosphere including methane, this waste should be treated as resources and utilized for genarating energy and composed.

Section – E

V. Answer any two of the following. (10 × 2 = 20)

Question 37.
Construct a single bar-graph by using the following data.
Karnataka: Decade-wise Sex ratio (per 1000 Male)

Year	Female
1951	966
1961	959
1971	957
1981	963
1991	960
2001	965
2011	968

Answer:

Question 38.
(A) Construct a Pie Diagram using the following data
India: Types of Railway-gauges – 2012

Types	Percentage
Broad gauge	86
Meter gauge	10
Narrow gauge	4

(B). Construct a Double line – graph by using the following Date.
Karnataka: Selected District (Use sex ratio per 1000 male)

Answer:
(A) Calculation of degree
Broad guage 86 = \(\frac{86}{100} \times 360\) = 309.6
Meter guage 10 = \(\frac{10}{100} \times 360\) = 36°
Narrow guage 4 = \(\frac{4}{100} \times 360\) = 14.4°

(B)

Question 39.
Answer any two Questions of the following:

1. Distinguish between software and Hardware.
2. What is the importance of GPS?
3. Mention any 5 Elemente of remote sensing.

Answer:
1. Distinguish between software and Hardware:
Software : These are the programmes designed to run the computer, However GIS software is designed to collect, store, process geographical date and construct maps. Few software of the GIS : Are GIS, Arc Info, IGIS

Hardware:
Hardware: It comprises storing and processing device like central process unit (CPU), Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, Printer, Scanner etc which are useful for GIS.

2. The importance of GPS:

• It provides comparitively high accuracy.
• It has an ability to determine the velocity and time.
• Signals are obtained by user what ever he maybe on the globe, in air, on ground and at sea.
• No uses charge, requiring only relatively low – cost hardware.
• GPS signals are available 24 hrs a day.
• Position information is provided in three dimensions.

3. 5 Elemente of remote sensing:

• Energy source or Illumination (A): The first requirement for remote sensing is to have an energy source which illuminates or provide electro magnitic energy to acquire in formation o fthe earth’s surface.
• Radiation and the Atmosphere (B): As the energy travels from its source to the target it will come in contact weith and interact with the atmosphere it passes through.
• Interaction with the largest (c): Once the energy makes it way to the target depending on the properaties ofboth the target and the radiation.
• Recording of energy by the sensor (D) After the energy has been scattered by or emitted from the target we require a seusor to collect and record the electromagnetic radiation.
• Transmission Reception and processing (E): The energy recorded by the sensor has to be transmitted, often in electronic form, to a receiving and processing station where the data are processed into an image.

Question 40.
Answer any 2 of the following

1. Write the importance of remote sensing.
2. Explain the components of GIS.
3. Explain the application of GPS.

Answer:
1. The importance of remote sensing:

2. The components of GIS:

• Data: Geographical data can be divided into three classes nemely spatial, non-spatial, and continuous data.
  • Spatial: Any data which is associated with a specific geographic location is called a spatial Data. Ex: Bangalore city.
  • Non-spatial Data: Any data which is not associated with a specific geographic location is called a non spalial data.
  • Continuous Data: The data which have no diserete boundaries mid have fuzzy boundaries like soil, atmospheric temperature and land elevation.
• Software: GIS software is designed to collect, store, process, geographical data and construct maps.
• Hardware: Hard ware comprises storing and processing devices like central process unit (CPU) Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, Printer, Scanner, are useful for GIS.
• People: This component consists of the skilled people who involve in data capturing, processing and analyzing.
• Analysis: It involves the processing of GIS data with various analyses so as to get meaningful information.

3. The application of GPS:
A. Navigation:
In Navigation, by using GPS can save countless hours in the field. Even if it is under water can be located up to one hundred meters by scaling co ordinates from a map, entering way points and going directly to the site. Ex: comer posts, plot centres, accident sites.

B. Remote sensing and GIS:
GPS positioning can be integrated info remote sensing methods such as photo grammetry and aerial scanning magnetometres and video technology. The GPS can be linked to a laptop, computer in the field and with appropriate soft ware users can also have all their data on a common base with every little distortion.

C. Surveying /mapping:
The high precesion of GPS carrier phase measurement together with appropriate adjustment algorithm provides an adequate tool for a variety of task for surveying and mapping using DGPS method Accurate and timely mapping of almost anything can be carried out.

D. Geodesy:
Geodetic mapping and other control surveys can be carried out effectively using highgrade GPS equipment.

E. Military:
The GPS was primarily developed for real-time military positioning. Military applications include marine and land navigation.