2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 4 Family in India

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 4 Family in India

2nd PUC Sociology Family in India Text Book Questions and Answers

I. One Mark Questions.

Question 1.
What is Joint Family?
Answer:
Joint family is a group of kins of several generations, ruled by a Head in which there is a joint residence, common kitchen and property where members are bound with each other by natural obligation.

Question 2.
Mention one characteristic of Joint family?
Answer:
Common property:
The members hold a common property. As O. Mulley writes “The joint family is a co-operative institution similar to ajoint stock company in which there is ajoint property”. The total earnings of the members are pooled into a common purse of the family and family expenses are met with, out of that.

Question 3.
Who called the Indian Joint Family as a ‘Greater Home’?
Answer:
Henry Maine called the joint family a ‘Greater Home’.

Question 4.
Who is the head of Joint Family?
Answer:
In the patriarchal joint family usually the eldest male member known as ‘karta’ exercises authority and is the head of Joint family.

Question 5.
Who is the ‘Karta’?
Answer:
In the patriarchal joint family usually the eldest male member known as ‘karta’ exercises authority and is the head of Joint family.

Question 6.
Mention one advantage of Joint Family.
Answer:
Economic Advantage:
Joint family prevents properly being divided, sub-division and fragmentation. Co-operation of all members supports the economic activities. It is the best pattern of living that is most inducive to growth.

Question 7.
Mention one disadvantages of Joint family.
Answer:
More Reproduction:
In .the Joint family the responsibility for bringing up and educating the children is shared. No individual feels responsibility to control procreation because of the limited income Of the family. The off-springs are treated equally.

Question 8.
What is lllom?
Answer:
The Nambudri Joint family of Kerala is called ’lllom’.

Question 9.
What is Tarawad?
Answer:
Tarawad were matrilineal institutions. Fathers had no significant properties separate from their own Tarawads to give their children, and fathers held no special claims over their children.

Question 10.
Who is Karavan?
Answer:
The households of the Tarawad, their properties, were managed by senior male called ‘Karanavan’. The ‘Karnavan’ is the head of a large extended family.

Question 11.
What is Patriarchal Joint family?
Answer:
The patriarchal Joint family is one which the eldest male member of the family looks after family affairs. It is a Joint family which is father-centered.

Question 12.
What is Matriarchical Joint family?
Answer:
Matriarchal Joint family are ones is which fathers have no significant properties from their own to give their children. For eg: Tarawads were matrilineal institutions, where senior female member manages the affairs of the Tarawad.

Question 13.
Mention any one change in the Tarawad?
Answer:
Karavan no more remains as the absolute ruler of the Tarawad, and his powers are curtained.

Question 14.
Give anyone different between patriarchal and Matriarchical family.
Answer:
In a Patriarchical family the eldest male member of the family looks after the family affairs. For a Matriarchical family the senior most female member manages the internal affairs of the family (Tarawad). But their properties are managed by a senior male member called ‘Karanavan’.

Question 15.
What is uxorilocality or uxorilocal residence?
Answer:
In the Matriarchal family of Nagavamshi Kshatriya (Bunts) of coastal Karnataka and Kasargod, the Nagavamshi girls do not move to their husband’s place after marriage, rather their husband’s move into their wives place, as it is called ‘Aliya Santhati’ (son-in¬law’s lineage). Hence, the pattern of residence is uxorilocal or uxordilocality (staying with wife’s relatives).

Question 16.
Name one changing factor of Joint family?
Answer:
Changes in ownership of property:
The ownership of property of Joint family has changed due to the implementation of the Hindu, ‘Inheritance and Succession At 1956,’ other legislative and legal facilities which provides properly rights for women’s.

Question 17.
Who is the author of the book ‘Kinship Organization in India’?
Answer:
Iravathi Karve.

Question 18.
Who is the author of the book ‘Marriage and Family in India’?
Answer:
K.M.Kapadia.

Question 19.
What is ’Okka’?
Answer:
The ‘Okka’ or the patrilineal and patrilocal joint family is the basic group among courgettes.

II. Two Marks Questions.

Question 20.
Define Joint Family?
Answer:
“A Joint family is a group of people who generally live under one roof, who eat food cooked at one hearth who hold property in common, participate in common family worship and are related to each other as some particular type of kindred.” – Iravati Karve (kinship organization in India)

Question 21.
Mention any two characteristics of Joint Family?
Answer:

Depth of Generations
Common Roof.

Question 22.
Mention any two advantages of Joint Family?
Answer:

Economic Advantage
Protection of Members.

Question 23.
Mention two powers of Kartha.
Answer:

Karta exercises authority.
All other members of the family are sub-ordinates to the ‘Kartha’.

Question 24.
Mention any two disadvantages of Joint family?
Answer:

More Reproduction.
Hinders social mobility and low-status of women.

Question 25.
Mention two types Joints Family?
Answer:

Patriarchal Joint Family
Matriarchal Joint Family.

Question 26.
Mention any two changes of Tarawad.
Answer:

Karnavan no more remains as the absolute ruler of Tarawad, and his powers are curtailed.
Unlike in the past, the self-earned property of a Tarawad member goes to his widow and children after his death, or to his mother or mother’s mother.

Question 27.
Mention any two causes for changes in Joint family.
Answer:

Industrialization
Urbanization.

Question 28.
Mention any two effects of Industrialization on Joint family.
Answer:

Agriculture was pushed to the background and with it changed those social institutions which were products of Agri-based joint families.
Cottage industries managed by Joint families were unable to complete against industrialization and thrown out of the market. They became jobless or found employment in industries.

Question 29.
Mention any two effects of empowerment of women on Joint family.
Answer:

Women now-a-days have respectable position, if not entirely an equal position on par with men.
The ownership of property of joint family has changed due to the implementation of the Hindu, ‘Inheritance and Succession Act 1956, other legislative and legal facilities provide property rights to women.

Question 30.
Mention any two legislation which affected joint family.
Answer:

The Hindu Marriage Act of 1955.
The Civil Marriage Act of 1957.

Question 31.
Mention any two effects of modern education on joint family.
Answer:

Modern education lead to occupational mobility and enable people to more into other professions thus leading to disintegration of joint families.
Modern education brought changes in the philosophy of life of men and women and weakened traditional norms and values of joint family.

Question 32.
What do you mean by (Aliya Santhathi) lineage of son-in-law?
Answer:
The pattern in which the son-in¬law moves into wife’s family residence after marriage is called Aliya Santhathi.

Question 33.
Mention any two effects of urbanization on joint family.
Answer:

Rural to urban migration led to forming independent families and to the disintegration of joint families.
Percentage of agricultural workers reduced due to rural to urban migration.

III. Five Marks Questions.

Question 34.
Explain five characteristics of Joint Family.
Answer:
Characteristics of Joint Family:

Common Kitchen: Members eat the food prepared jointly at the common kitchen. Normally the wife of ‘Kartha’ supervises the kitchen work. The single common kitchen is an unique element of joint family.
Common Property: The members hold a common property. As O’ Malley writes The joint family is a co-operative institution similar to a joint stock company in which there isjoint property the total earnings of the members are pooled into a common purse of the family and family expenses are met with that.
Arranged Marriages: In the joint family, the elder consider it as their privelage to arrange the marriages of the members. The individuals right to select his/her life partner is undermined. The younger members rarely challange the decision and arrangements.
Higher Rate of Procreation: The size of joint family is by nature bigger. It is found to be associated with higher rate of reproduction. It is so because in the past procreation was regarded as a religions duty of the householder. Children, particularly, male children, were desired to fulfill ancestral obligations.
Self-Sufficiency: Joint family is relatively self-sufficient. It used to meet the economic, recreational, medical educational and other needs of members.

Question 35.
Describe the advantages of Joint Family.
Answer:
Advantages of Joint Family:
1. Economic Advantage:
Joint family prevents property being divided, sub-division and fragmentation. The Co-operation of all members supports the economic activities. It is best pattern of living that is conducive to growth.

2. Provinces Recreation:
Joint family provided recreation to its members. Similarly in a Joint family the children study and play together. As a result there grows the feeling of oneness.

3. Protection of Members:
Joint family protects their members during childhood, adult and old age. It is capable of providing assistance at the time of pregnancy, sickness, death and other situations.

4. Development of Personality:
Joint family helps a person to build his/her own personality. He learns the lesson of generosity, patience, service, co-operation and obedience. A sense of sacrifice replaces selfishness. As such the disciplines in a joint family are self-imposed on its members. The family prospers if the patriarch and the other constituents observe the norms soundly and healthily.

5. Socialism in Wealth:
Joint family is like a co-operation trust and in Joint family each member works according to his capability and gets according to his need. In this sense to a larger extent achieves the socialistic order. The joint kitchen, naturally, runs on an understanding of mutual adjustment. Naturally those who are benefited by the generosity of others remain obliged and grateful.

Question 36.
Explain any five disadvantages of Joint Family.
Answer:
Disadvantages of Joint Family:
1. Promotes Idleness:
Joint family is the home for idlers and drovers as the non-earning members do not want to earn livelihood, In the Joint family it happens that some people have to exhaust themselves while the others lend a life of utter lethargy.

2. Hindrance to the Development of Personality:
There is very little opportunity for the fostering of individual autonomy or self-dependence.

3. Encourages Litigation of Nepotism:
It encourages litigation at the time of partition of common property generally disputes crop up peaceful life is disturbed by such litigation, quarrels and conflicts. Joint family systems are the root cause of Nepotism and discrimination of the head of the family Karta).

4. Leads to Quarrels:
It is the hot-bed of quarrels and among the member of joint family. There is a continuous strife and fighting over the doings of children. There is also the clash of ideas and temperaments.on account of which there are constant quarrels between the elders and young members of the family.

5. Unfavorable for Savings and Investments:
It is not favourable to large accumulation of capital. When one has to share one’s income with large family, it is not possible to save much. The property of the family being jointly owned is sometimes allowed to go waste.

Question 37.
Write a note on Patriarchal Joint Family.
Answer:
The Patriarchal Joint family is father-centered. The eldest male member of the family looks after the family affairs. Patriarchal joint families are found among the – Nambudris of Kerala, the Mundas of Chotanagpur, and the Angami Nagas of Assam.

Nambudri Patriarchal Joint Family – Illom:
The patrilineal families of Nambudris of Kerala is called ’Illom’. They were landowners. Land was considered indivisible and indivisibility was ensured by the rule of primogeniture’. The Nambudri Illom consisted of a man, his wife or wives, his children and his younger brothers. Sometimes, the Illom included his old parents or his eldest son’s children.

The eldest son married a girl from his caste, to ensure the continuation of Illom property among themselves. The other sons’, generally do not marry Numbudri women though it is not barred. Only when the eldest son fails to have children, then the next senior member marries and continues the family, The right of partition being restricted, junior members of the family have only the right to maintenance.

The eldest son of the Illom has absolute control over the family property. He has no power to alienate it by sale or gift without the consent of the other members even female members have to give their consent to alienate it.

Question 38.
Write a note on Tara wad
Answer:
Tarawad – Nair’s Matriarchal, Joint Family:
Tarawads were matrilineal institutions. Fathers had no significant properties separate from their own Tarawads to give their children, and fathers held no special claims over their children. Care and discipline of a son in the Tarawad was a duty of an uncle, the mother’s brother, resident in the Tarawad, the Tarawad institutions included family, household, and lands maintained a status and a life beyond any individual material support for the house hold was drawn from the inseparable lands of the Tarawad.

The households of Tarawad, their properties were managed by a senior male called a ’Karanavan’. The ‘Karnavan’ was the head of a large extended family. The internal management of the affairs of the Tarawad were in fact directed by a senior female – a mother, aunt or grandmother of all sharing the wealth and status of the Tarawad.

Both male and female had a whole- life security within their mother’s tarawads. Fathers visited only on occasion. The Karavan is an absolute ruler of the family. On his death the next senior male member becomes Karnavan. Fie can invest money in his own name, can mortgage property, can give money, land as gift and is not accountable to any member in respect of income and expenditure.

When Tarawad becomes too large, it is divided into ‘Tavashis’. A Tavashis in relation to a women is ‘a group of persons consisting of a female, her children and all descendents in the j matrilineal.

Question 39.
State the changes in Tarawad.
Answer:
Changes in Tarawad:

Tarawad property has now became divisible.
Karnavan no more remains as the absolute ruler of Tarawad, and his powers are curtailed.
Members of the Tarawad are entitled for maintenance even though they live outside the Tarawad.
Nairs marraige has been made more stable and hence an intimate relation prevails between husband and wife.
Unlike in the past, the self-earned property of a Tarawad member goes to his window and children after his death or to his mother or mother’s mother.

Question 40.
Explain the causes for changes in Joint Family.
Answer:
Causes for Changes in Joint Family
Sociologists have identified factors which brought changes in Joint Family are as follows:
1. Industrialization:
Professor Yogendra Singh holds that one way to characterize change is to associate conjugal or nuclear forms j of families with relatively modernized or industrial society and extended or joint families with traditional agrarian and preindustrial societies. Goerge P. Murdock also holds that the forms and functions of family have undergone adaptive changes in the technological, and economic superstructure of society.

With the establishment of factories in many places of the country, agriculture was pushed to the background and with it changes those social institutions which were its products. The industrial centers pulled person of different families out of the traditional peasant society comprising of joint families.

The down of industrial era, the village and cottage industries experienced a serious set back and thrown out of market, pressed by poverty, hunger and debt, traditional artisans were forced to leave their natal homes. The manpower released out of centers scattered over many distant places in India. This struck at the process of change in joint family gained momentum from the rapid development of transport and communication.

2. Urbanization:
The percentage of workers dependent on agriculture comes down and more and more people migrate to cities and towns in search of jobs. The urban centres also provide people with various amenities of life concerning transport and communication, sanitation and health, education and employment etc.,

People are tempted by the hure of urban facilities and there is rural to urban migration. Gradually they lost control over joint family and remained independent in cities in the nuclear families.

3. Rapid Growth of Population:
Rapid growth of population brought corresponding increase of pressure on land. Agriculture being the prime occupation of the villages the rural youth faced the problem of unemployment people began to move to cities and industrial ceners in search of jobs. Thus they had to leave the traditional joint families which resulted in the breakdown of jointness.

4. Modern Education:
Changed the attitude of people. It enabled people to get into jobs or professions. It lead to occupational mobility. It brought changes in the attitude, beliefs, values and ideologies of people and also created individualistic feelings.

The male literacy rate increased from 27.16% in 1951 to 82% in 2011, and that of female increased from 8.86% to 65.4% during the same period. This brought changes in the philosophy of life in men and women and provided new avenues of economic Independence through employment.

5. Empowerment of Women:
The patriarchal authority of joint family system was affected by awareness among women through social reforms and movements. Education made them aware of their rights and status in society. It brought about drastic changes in the practices and ideals of family. Social reformers worked and brought about considerable success for the cause of women.

The women joined the freedom struggle and intermingled in the national main stream. This affected the patriarchal authority of the joint family and led to disintegration of joint family.

6. Social Legislations:
Legislations enacted during the British rule proved harmful for joint family. Gains of Learning Act 1930 the right of women to share in the property of the joint family by the Hindu Law of Inheritance Act of 1929 and the Hindu Women’s Right to Property Act of 1937. Sati Prevention Act 1782, Hindu Widow Remarriage Act, 1856, Child Marriage Restraint Act 1902 have brought changes in family relations.

After Independence, the process of reforms continued and fundamental changes in the law of inheritance have been brought about by the Hindu Succession Act, 1956. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and the Civil Marriage Act, 1957 gave freedom to the adult males and females to marry according to their choice, and helped the women to seek divorce on certain grounds.

These legislations gave enough facility to the members to divide the joint family immediately after the death of the father. The necessity of jointness also weakened due to various governmental provisions relating to old age pension, widow pension etc.,

Question 41.
Explain the views of K.M.Kapadia and Milton Singer on disintegration of Joint Family.
Answer:
Disintegration of Joint Family Views:
By K.M.Kapadia:
has evaluated the recent trends affecting the joint family. Legislation regarding co-parcenary gave greater rights to individual members and how various labour laws for the benefits of employees have reduced the reliance on the joint family to some extent.

But he also maintains that there has been little disintegration of the institution of the joint family as such kapadia asserts that form of the joint family might have undergone change but its functions remain the same. Kapadia is of the opinion that the cultural ideal of ‘care of dependents’ favour the continuation of the joint family in India.

By Milton Singer:
Milton Singer’s study on nineteen leading industrial families of Madras revealed that even though there have been changes in the size of the family, status of women and household activities, nevertheless the families living in nuclear households continue to maintain numerous joint family obligations. Many a time members also subscribe to the norms of that system.

IV. Ten Marks Questions.

Question 42.
Define Joint Family and expalin its characteristics.
Answer:
A Joint family is a group of people who generally live under one roof, who eat food cooked at one hearth who hold property in common, participate in common family worship and are related to each other as some particular type of kindred. – Iravati Karve (kinship organization in India)
Characteristics of Joint Family:
1. Common Kitchen:
Members eat the food prepared jointly at the common kitchen. Normally the wife of ‘Kartha’ supervises the kitchen work. The single common kitchen is an unique element of joint family.

2. Common Property:
The members hold a common property. As O’Malley writes ‘Thejoint family is a co-operative institution similar to a joint stock company in which there is joint property.’ the total earnings of the members are pooled into a common purse of the family and family expenses are met with that.

3. Arranged Marriages:
In the joint family, the elder consider it as their privilege to arrange the marriages of the members. The individuals right to select his/her life partner is undermined. The younger members rarely challenge the decision and arrangements.

4. Higher Rate of Procreation:
The size of joint family is by nature bigger. It is found to be associated with higher rate of reproduction. It is so because in the past procreation was regarded as a religions duty of the householder. Children, particularly, male children, were desired to fulfill ancestral obligations.

5. Self-Sufficiency:
Joint family is relatively self-sufficient. It used to meet the economic, recreational, medical educational and other needs of members.

6. Depth of Generation:
Joint family consists of people of three or more generations including grand-parents, parents and children. Sometimes other kins such as uncles, aunts.

7. Common Roof:
Henry Maine called joint family a ‘Greater Home’. Members of the joint family normally reside together under the same roof. Due to the scarcity of accommodation or educational and employment problems, members of the joint family may reside separately. Still, they try to retain regular contacts and the feeling of belonging to the same family. They have emotional and economical links with the original family.

8. Common Worship:
Joint family derives its strength from religion. It is associated with various religious rituals and practices. Every family may have its own deity (kula devata) and its own religious tradition. All family members take part in common worship, rites and ceremonies. At least once a year they joint other members to take part in the festivals, feasting, marriage ceremonies etc.,

9. Exercise of authority:
In the patriarchal joint family usually the eldest male member known as ‘karta’ exercise authority. The super ordination of the eldest member and the sub-ordination of all the other members to him is a key-note of the joint family. His commands are normally obeyed by others. ‘Karta’rules his family by love and affection. Similarly, in the matriarchal joint family, the eldest female (matriarch) member exercises the supreme authority.

10. Identification of mutual rights and obligations towards the family:
Family members identify themselves with their family. Every members has his own duties and obligations towards the family. The family is turn, protects the interests and promotes the welfare of all. The senior members of the family act as the guide for other members.

Question 43.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages in Joint Family.
Answer:
Advantages of Joint Family:
1. Economic Advantage:
Joint family prevents property being divided, sub-division and fragmentation. Co-operation of all members supports the economic activities. It is best pattern of living that is conducive to growth.

2. Provinces Recreation:
Joint family provided recreation to its members. Similarly in a Joint family the children study and play together. As a result there grows the feeling of oneness.

4. Development of Personality:
Joint family helps a person to build his/her own personality. He learns the. lesson of generosity, patience, service, co-operation and obedience. A sense of sacrifice replaces selfishness. As such the disciplines in,a joint family are self- imposed on its members. The family prospers if the patriach and the other constituents observe the norms soundly and healthily.

5. Socialism in Wealth:
Joint family is like a co-operation trust and in Joint family each member works according to his capability and gets according to his need. In this sense to a larger extent achieves the socialistic order. The joint kitchen, naturally, runs on understanding of mutual adjustment. Naturally those who are benefited by the generosity of others remain obliged and grateful.

Disadvantages of Joint Family:
1. Promotes Idleness:
Joint family is the home for idlers and drovers as the non-earning members do not want to earn livelihood. In the Joint family it happens that some people have to exhaust themselves while the others lend a life of utter lethargy.

2. Hindrance to the Development of Personality:
There is very little opportunity for the fostering of individual autonomy or self-dependence.

3. Encourages Litigation of Nepotism:
It encourages litigation at the time of partition of common property; generally disputes crop up peaceful life Is disturbed by such litigation, quarrels and conflicts. Joint family systems are the root cause of Nepotism and discrimination of the head of the family Karta).

4. Leads to Quarrels:
It is the hot-bed of quarrels and bickering among the member of joint family. There is a continuous strife and fighting over the doings of children. There is also the clash of ideas and temperaments on account of which there are constant quarrels between the elders and young members of the family.

6. More Reproduction:
In a Joint Family, the responsibility for bringing up and educating the children is shared. No individual feels responsibility to control procreation because of the limited income of the family. The off springs of all members are treated equally.

7. Hinders Social Mobility and Low-Status:
Joint Family damages individual initiative and enterprise and it does not provide proper opportunity for the members to develop their talents. Any new enterprise or adventure on the part of the young people may be discouraged by the ‘Karta’. Women are neglected and were not allowed to develop individuality and inequality of women prevailed. It hindered social mobility.

Question 44.
Write a note on lllom and Tarawad.
Answer:
The Patriarchal Joint family is father- centered. The eldest male member of the family looks after the family affairs. Patriarchal joint families are found among the – Nambudris of Kerala, the mundas of Chotanagpur, and the Angami Nagas of Assam.
Nambudri Patriarchal Joint Family – lllom:
The patrilineal families of Nambudris of Kerala is called ’lllom’. They were landowners. Land was considered indivisible and indivisibility was ensured by the rule of primogeniture’. The Nambudri lllom consisted of a man, his wife or wives, his children and his younger brothers. Sometimes, the lllom included his old parents or his eldest son’s children.

The eldest son married a girl from his caste, to ensure the continuation of lllom property among themselves. The other sons’, generally do not marry Numbudri women though it is not barred. Only when the eldest son fails to have children, then the next senior member marries and continues the family.

The right of partition being restricted, junior members of the family have only the right to maintenance. The eldest son of the lllom has absolute control over the family property. He has no power to alienate it by sale or gift without the consent of the other members even female members have to give their consent to alienate it.

Tarawad – Nair’s Matriarchal, Joint Family:
Tarawads were matrilineal institutions. Fathers had no significant properties separate from their own Tarawads to give their children, and fathers held no special claims over their children. Care and discipline of a son in the Tarawad was a duty of an uncle, the mother’s brother, resident in the Tarawad, the Tarawad institutions included family, household, and lands maintained a status and a life beyond any individual material support for the house hold was drawn from the in separable lands of the Tarawad.

The households of Tarawad, their properties were managed by a senior male called a ‘Karanavan’. The ‘Karnavan’ was the head of a large extended family. The internal management of the affairs of the Tarawad were in fact directed by a senior female – a mother, aunt or grandmother of all sharing the wealth and status of the Tarawad.

Both male and female had a whole-life security within their mother’s tarawads. Fathers visited only on occasion. The Karnavan is an absolute ruler of the family. On his death the next senior male member becomes Karavan. He can invest money in his own name, can mortgage property, can give money, land as gift and is not accountable to any member, in respect of income and expenditure.

When Tarawad becomes too large, it is divided into ‘Tavashis’. A Tavashis in relation to a women is-‘a group of persons consisting of a female, her children and all descendants in the matrilineal.

Question 45.
Explain the causes for changes in Joint Family.
Answer:
Causes for Changes in Joint Family: Sociologists have identified factors which brought changes in Joint Family are as follows.
1. Industrialization:
Professor Yogendra Singh holds that ’one way to characterize change is to associate conjugal or nuclear forms of families with relatively modernized or industrial society and extended or joint families with traditional agrarian and preindustrial societies. Goerge P. Murdock also holds that the forms and functions of family have undergone adaptive changes in the technological and economic superstructure of society.

People are tempted by the lure of urban facilities and there is rural to urban migration. Gradually they lost control over joint family and remained an independent in cities in the nuclear families.

3. Rapid Growth of Population:
Rapid growth of population brought corresponding increase of pressure on land. Agriculture being the prime occupation of the villages the rural youth faced the problem of un-employment people began to move to cities and industrial ceners in search of jobs. Thus they had to leave the traditional joint families which resulted in the breakdown of jointness.

Social reformers worked and brought about considerable success for the cause of women. The women joined the freedom struggle and intermingled in the national mainstream. This affected the patriarchal authority of the joint family and led to disintegration of joint family.

6. Social Legislations:
Legislation enacted during the British rule proved harmful for joint family. Gains of Learning Act 1930 the right of women to share in the property of the joint family by the Hindu Law of Inheritance Act of 1929 and the Hindu Women’s Right to Property Act of 1937. Sati Prevention Act 1782, Hindu Widow Remarriage Act, 1856, Child Marriage Restraint Act 1902 have brought changes in family relations.

After Independence, the process of reforms continued and fundamental changes in the law of inheritance have been brought about by. the Hindu Succession Act, 1956. The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and the Civil Marriage Act, 1957 gave freedom to the adult males and females to marry according to their choice’, and helped the women to seek divorce on certain grounds.

Question 46.
Describe the views of I.D.Desai of Indian Villages.
Answer:
I.P.Desai studied a small part town in Gujarat called ‘Mahura’ in early sixtes. Based on data collected by I.P.Desai, examined the question of ’Jointness’ in terms of religion, occupational relations, property, education, urbanisation, kinship obligations and household composition. Besides the structural aspect of family, I.P.Desai examined carefully the types of ‘Jointness’ based on degree, intesity and orientation regard to functions and obligations which people perform for each other, though living separately and at different far off places.
Desai finds the following types of ‘Jointness’:

Households with zero degree of jointness.
Households of low degree of jointness (joint by the way of the fulfillment of mutual obligations)
Households with high degree of jointness (jointness by way of common ownership of property)
Households with higher degree of jointness (marginallyjoint families)
Households of highest degree of jointness (traditionaljoint families)

Desai concludes that today family in structurally nuclear and functionally joint. It is undoubtly clear that people have dependency in joint family, though it is another thing that they are constrained to live apart from their parents and brothers due to structural conditions on which they have no control.

According to I.P.Desai the structural conditions on which they do not have any control in only apparent not real. Today’s joint family may rise to several nuclear families and each nuclear family may become a small joint family and after two decades when grand children are born, the depth of generations becomes three. Indian family is altering between clearness and jointness in a cyclical fashion.

2nd PUC Sociology Family in India Additional Questions and Answers

I. One Mark Questions.

Question 1.
What did Henry Maine call the Joint Family?
Answer:
He called the Joint Family as a ’Greater Home’.

Question 2.
Who wrote the book ‘Kinship. Organization in India?
answer:
Iravati Karve.

Question 3.
Who wrote the book ‘Marriage and Family in India’.
Answer:
K.M.Kapadia.

Question 4.
Who wrote the book ‘Same aspects of Family in Mahwa’?
Answer:
I.P.Desai

Question 5.
How does O’Malley write about common property of Joint Family.
Answer:
The Joint Family is a co-operative institution similar to a joint stock company in which there is joint property.

Question 6.
Where are Patriarchal Joint Family generally found?
Answer:
Nambudris of Kerala, the Mundas of Chotanagpur and the Angami Nagas of Assam.

Question 7.
What is Tavashis?
Answer:
When Tarawad becomes too large, it is divided into Tavashis.

Question 8.
Where is an Uxorilocal pattern usually found?
Answer:
Southern Coastal Karnataka and Kasargod.

II. Five Marks Questions.

Question 9.
Write a note on “OKKA”.
Answer:
Okka- Coorgies Patriarchal Joint Family. The ’Okka’ or the patrilineal and patrilocal joint family is the basic group among coorgs. Membership of an Okka is acquired by birth, and always identifies a man with his ’okka’. His association with his ’okka’ does not cease even after the death, because he then becomes one of the body of apotheosized ancestors (Karanava) who are believed to look after the ’okka’ of which they were members when alive.

Normally the elementary families inside an okka are potential groups of fission. The principles of segregation of the sexes and the unity of the members of a generation which run right through coorgies are also at work. Inside the okka, united some members against the others.

In Coorg, the agonistically related males form a corporate body enjoying the bulk of rights in the okka. The men have a sense of belonging to the okka which is absent in all but the oldest women.

A girl has to leave her natal ’okka’ on marriage, and this break in residential continuity is an important factor having legal and other consequences. Daughters are destined to leave their natal okkas and the children that are born to them enrich and perpetuate a different okka.